{"id":223109,"date":"2026-01-08T11:28:25","date_gmt":"2026-01-08T11:28:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/223109\/"},"modified":"2026-01-08T11:28:25","modified_gmt":"2026-01-08T11:28:25","slug":"prefrontal-neural-geometry-of-learned-cues-guides-motivated-behaviours","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/223109\/","title":{"rendered":"Prefrontal neural geometry of learned cues guides motivated behaviours"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Pearce, J. M. &amp; Bouton, M. E. Theories of associative learning in animals. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52, 111\u2013139 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.111\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.111\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.52.1.111\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1146\/annurev.psych.52.1.111\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11148301\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Theories%20of%20associative%20learning%20in%20animals&amp;journal=Annu.%20Rev.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1146%2Fannurev.psych.52.1.111&amp;volume=52&amp;pages=111-139&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Pearce%2CJM&amp;author=Bouton%2CME\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Rolls, E. T. What are emotional states, and why do we have them? Emot. Rev. 5, 241\u2013247 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/1754073913477514\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/1754073913477514\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F1754073913477514\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/1754073913477514\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=What%20are%20emotional%20states%2C%20and%20why%20do%20we%20have%20them%3F&amp;journal=Emot.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1177%2F1754073913477514&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=241-247&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Rolls%2CET\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">O\u2019Doherty, J. P. The problem with value. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 43, 259\u2013268 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Tye, K. M. Neural circuit motifs in valence processing. Neuron 100, 436\u2013452 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Kahnt, T., Park, S. Q., Haynes, J. D. &amp; Tobler, P. N. Disentangling neural representations of value and salience in the human brain. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 111, 5000\u20135005 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1320189111\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1320189111\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1320189111\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1320189111\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014PNAS..111.5000K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24639493\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3977254\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Disentangling%20neural%20representations%20of%20value%20and%20salience%20in%20the%20human%20brain&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1320189111&amp;volume=111&amp;pages=5000-5005&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Kahnt%2CT&amp;author=Park%2CSQ&amp;author=Haynes%2CJD&amp;author=Tobler%2CPN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Rangel, A., Camerer, C. &amp; Montague, P. R. A framework for studying the neurobiology of value-based decision making. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 9, 545\u2013556 (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Rolls, E. T. Emotion Explained (Oxford Academic, 2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Paton, J. J., Belova, M. A., Morrison, S. E. &amp; Salzman, C. D. The primate amygdala represents the positive and negative value of visual stimuli during learning. Nature 439, 865\u2013870 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature04490\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature04490\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature04490\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature04490\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2006Natur.439..865P\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16482160\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2396495\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20primate%20amygdala%20represents%20the%20positive%20and%20negative%20value%20of%20visual%20stimuli%20during%20learning&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature04490&amp;volume=439&amp;pages=865-870&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Paton%2CJJ&amp;author=Belova%2CMA&amp;author=Morrison%2CSE&amp;author=Salzman%2CCD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Morrison, S. E. &amp; Salzman, C. D. Re-valuing the amygdala. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 221\u2013230 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Rudebeck, P. H. &amp; Murray, E. A. The orbitofrontal oracle: cortical mechanisms for the prediction and evaluation of specific behavioral outcomes. Neuron 84, 1143\u20131156 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Hinz, J. et al. Stimulus-specific and adaptive value representations in the basolateral amygdala in male mice. Nat. Commun. 16, 5239 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-60414-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-60414-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-025-60414-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-60414-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2025NatCo..16.5239H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40473617\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12141682\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stimulus-specific%20and%20adaptive%20value%20representations%20in%20the%20basolateral%20amygdala%20in%20male%20mice&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-025-60414-z&amp;volume=16&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Hinz%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Kahnt, T. &amp; Tobler, P. N. in Decision Neuroscience: An Integrative Perspective (eds Dreher, J.-C. &amp; Tremblay, L.) Ch. 9 (Elsevier, 2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Dalley, J. W., Cardinal, R. N. &amp; Robbins, T. W. Prefrontal executive and cognitive functions in rodents: neural and neurochemical substrates. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 28, 771\u2013784 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Sotres-Bayon, F. &amp; Quirk, G. J. Prefrontal control of fear: more than just extinction. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 20, 231\u2013235 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Kvitsiani, D. et al. Distinct behavioural and network correlates of two interneuron types in prefrontal cortex. Nature 498, 363\u2013366 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature12176\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature12176\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature12176\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature12176\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2013Natur.498..363K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23708967\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4349584\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Distinct%20behavioural%20and%20network%20correlates%20of%20two%20interneuron%20types%20in%20prefrontal%20cortex&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature12176&amp;volume=498&amp;pages=363-366&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Kvitsiani%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Moorman, D. E. &amp; Aston-Jones, G. Prefrontal neurons encode context-based response execution and inhibition in reward seeking and extinction. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 112, 9472\u20139477 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1507611112\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1507611112\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1507611112\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1507611112\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2015PNAS..112.9472M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26170333\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4522823\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prefrontal%20neurons%20encode%20context-based%20response%20execution%20and%20inhibition%20in%20reward%20seeking%20and%20extinction&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1507611112&amp;volume=112&amp;pages=9472-9477&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Moorman%2CDE&amp;author=Aston-Jones%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Kim, C. K. et al. Molecular and circuit-dynamical identification of top-down neural mechanisms for restraint of reward seeking. Cell 170, 1013\u20131027 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.07.020\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.07.020\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2017.07.020\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.07.020\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28823561\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5729206\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Molecular%20and%20circuit-dynamical%20identification%20of%20top-down%20neural%20mechanisms%20for%20restraint%20of%20reward%20seeking&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2017.07.020&amp;volume=170&amp;pages=1013-1027&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Kim%2CCK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Otis, J. M. et al. Prefrontal cortex output circuits guide reward seeking through divergent cue encoding. Nature 543, 103\u2013107 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature21376\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature21376\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature21376\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature21376\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2017Natur.543..103O\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28225752\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5772935\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prefrontal%20cortex%20output%20circuits%20guide%20reward%20seeking%20through%20divergent%20cue%20encoding&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature21376&amp;volume=543&amp;pages=103-107&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Otis%2CJM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Corcoran, K. A. &amp; Quirk, G. J. Activity in prelimbic cortex is necessary for the expression of learned, but not innate, fears. J. Neurosci. 27, 840\u2013844 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5327-06.2007\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5327-06.2007\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.5327-06.2007\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5327-06.2007\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=17251424\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6672908\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Activity%20in%20prelimbic%20cortex%20is%20necessary%20for%20the%20expression%20of%20learned%2C%20but%20not%20innate%2C%20fears&amp;journal=J.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.5327-06.2007&amp;volume=27&amp;pages=840-844&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Corcoran%2CKA&amp;author=Quirk%2CGJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Courtin, J. et al. Prefrontal parvalbumin interneurons shape neuronal activity to drive fear expression. Nature 505, 92\u201396 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature12755\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature12755\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature12755\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature12755\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2014Natur.505...92C\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24256726\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prefrontal%20parvalbumin%20interneurons%20shape%20neuronal%20activity%20to%20drive%20fear%20expression&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature12755&amp;volume=505&amp;pages=92-96&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Courtin%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Bravo-Rivera, C., Roman-Ortiz, C., Brignoni-Perez, E., Sotres-Bayon, F. &amp; Quirk, G. J. Neural structures mediating expression and extinction of platform-mediated avoidance. J. Neurosci. 34, 9736\u20139742 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0191-14.2014\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0191-14.2014\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.0191-14.2014\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0191-14.2014\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25031411\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4099548\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Neural%20structures%20mediating%20expression%20and%20extinction%20of%20platform-mediated%20avoidance&amp;journal=J.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.0191-14.2014&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=9736-9742&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Bravo-Rivera%2CC&amp;author=Roman-Ortiz%2CC&amp;author=Brignoni-Perez%2CE&amp;author=Sotres-Bayon%2CF&amp;author=Quirk%2CGJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Jercog, D. et al. Dynamical prefrontal population coding during defensive behaviours. Nature 595, 690\u2013694 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-03726-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-03726-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03726-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-03726-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2021Natur.595..690J\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34262175\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dynamical%20prefrontal%20population%20coding%20during%20defensive%20behaviours&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03726-6&amp;volume=595&amp;pages=690-694&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Jercog%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Hok, V., Save, E., Lenck-Santini, P. P. &amp; Poucet, B. Coding for spatial goals in the prelimbic\/infralimbic area of the rat frontal cortex. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102, 4602\u20134607 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.0407332102\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.0407332102\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.0407332102\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.0407332102\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2005PNAS..102.4602H\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15761059\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC555486\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Coding%20for%20spatial%20goals%20in%20the%20prelimbic%2Finfralimbic%20area%20of%20the%20rat%20frontal%20cortex&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.0407332102&amp;volume=102&amp;pages=4602-4607&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=Hok%2CV&amp;author=Save%2CE&amp;author=Lenck-Santini%2CPP&amp;author=Poucet%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Campus, P. et al. The paraventricular thalamus is a critical mediator of top-down control of cue-motivated behavior in rats. eLife 8, e49041 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.49041\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.49041\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.49041\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.49041\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31502538\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6739869\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20paraventricular%20thalamus%20is%20a%20critical%20mediator%20of%20top-down%20control%20of%20cue-motivated%20behavior%20in%20rats&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.49041&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Campus%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Choi, E. A. et al. A corticothalamic circuit trades off speed for safety during decision-making under motivational conflict. J. Neurosci. 42, 3473\u20133483 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0088-22.2022\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0088-22.2022\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.0088-22.2022\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0088-22.2022\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35273082\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9034778\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20corticothalamic%20circuit%20trades%20off%20speed%20for%20safety%20during%20decision-making%20under%20motivational%20conflict&amp;journal=J.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.0088-22.2022&amp;volume=42&amp;pages=3473-3483&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Choi%2CEA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Kietzman, H. W., Trinoskey-Rice, G., Blumenthal, S. A., Guo, J. D. &amp; Gourley, S. L. Social incentivization of instrumental choice in mice requires amygdala-prelimbic cortex-nucleus accumbens connectivity. Nat. Commun. 13, 4768 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-32388-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-32388-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-32388-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-32388-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2022NatCo..13.4768K\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 26\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35970891\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 26\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9378688\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 26\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20incentivization%20of%20instrumental%20choice%20in%20mice%20requires%20amygdala-prelimbic%20cortex-nucleus%20accumbens%20connectivity&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-022-32388-9&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Kietzman%2CHW&amp;author=Trinoskey-Rice%2CG&amp;author=Blumenthal%2CSA&amp;author=Guo%2CJD&amp;author=Gourley%2CSL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Burgos-Robles, A. et al. Amygdala inputs to prefrontal cortex guide behavior amid conflicting cues of reward and punishment. Nat. Neurosci. 20, 824\u2013835 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nn.4553\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nn.4553\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnn.4553\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nn.4553\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28436980\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5448704\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Amygdala%20inputs%20to%20prefrontal%20cortex%20guide%20behavior%20amid%20conflicting%20cues%20of%20reward%20and%20punishment&amp;journal=Nat.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnn.4553&amp;volume=20&amp;pages=824-835&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Burgos-Robles%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Caracheo, B. F., Grewal, J. J. S. &amp; Seamans, J. K. Persistent valence representations by ensembles of anterior cingulate cortex neurons. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 12, 51 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fnsys.2018.00051\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fnsys.2018.00051\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffnsys.2018.00051\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fnsys.2018.00051\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30386219\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6199524\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Persistent%20valence%20representations%20by%20ensembles%20of%20anterior%20cingulate%20cortex%20neurons&amp;journal=Front.%20Syst.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffnsys.2018.00051&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Caracheo%2CBF&amp;author=Grewal%2CJJS&amp;author=Seamans%2CJK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Vander Weele, C. M. et al. Dopamine enhances signal-to-noise ratio in cortical-brainstem encoding of aversive stimuli. Nature 563, 397\u2013401 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-018-0682-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-018-0682-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0682-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-018-0682-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018Natur.563..397V\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dopamine%20enhances%20signal-to-noise%20ratio%20in%20cortical-brainstem%20encoding%20of%20aversive%20stimuli&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-018-0682-1&amp;volume=563&amp;pages=397-401&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Weele%2CCM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Kyriazi, P., Headley, D. B. &amp; Par\u00e9, D. Different multidimensional representations across the amygdalo-prefrontal network during an approach-avoidance task. Neuron 107, 717\u2013730 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.05.039\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.05.039\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2020.05.039\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.05.039\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32562662\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7442738\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Different%20multidimensional%20representations%20across%20the%20amygdalo-prefrontal%20network%20during%20an%20approach-avoidance%20task&amp;journal=Neuron&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2020.05.039&amp;volume=107&amp;pages=717-730&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Kyriazi%2CP&amp;author=Headley%2CDB&amp;author=Par%C3%A9%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Huang, W. C., Zucca, A., Levy, J. &amp; Page, D. T. Social behavior is modulated by valence-encoding mPFC-amygdala sub-circuitry. Cell Rep. 32, 107899 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107899\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107899\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2020.107899\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107899\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32668253\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7410267\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20behavior%20is%20modulated%20by%20valence-encoding%20mPFC-amygdala%20sub-circuitry&amp;journal=Cell%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2020.107899&amp;volume=32&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Huang%2CWC&amp;author=Zucca%2CA&amp;author=Levy%2CJ&amp;author=Page%2CDT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Yu, Y. H. et al. Optogenetic stimulation in the medial prefrontal cortex modulates stimulus valence from rewarding and aversive to neutral states. Front. Psychiatry 14, 1119803 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1119803\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1119803\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2023.1119803\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1119803\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37113545\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10126430\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Optogenetic%20stimulation%20in%20the%20medial%20prefrontal%20cortex%20modulates%20stimulus%20valence%20from%20rewarding%20and%20aversive%20to%20neutral%20states&amp;journal=Front.%20Psychiatry&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffpsyt.2023.1119803&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Yu%2CYH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Allen, W. E. et al. Thirst regulates motivated behavior through modulation of brainwide neural population dynamics. Science 364,\u00a0eaav3932 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aav3932\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aav3932\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aav3932\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aav3932\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Thirst%20regulates%20motivated%20behavior%20through%20modulation%20of%20brainwide%20neural%20population%20dynamics&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aav3932&amp;volume=364&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Allen%2CWE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Wang, P. Y. et al. Transient and persistent representations of odor value in prefrontal cortex. Neuron 108, 209\u2013224 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.033\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.033\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2020.07.033\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.033\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2020QBS.....4...28W\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32827456\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7886003\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Transient%20and%20persistent%20representations%20of%20odor%20value%20in%20prefrontal%20cortex&amp;journal=Neuron&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2020.07.033&amp;volume=108&amp;pages=209-224&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Wang%2CPY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Kondo, M. &amp; Matsuzaki, M. Neuronal representations of reward-predicting cues and outcome history with movement in the frontal cortex. Cell Rep. 34, 108704 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108704\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108704\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2021.108704\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108704\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33535051\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Neuronal%20representations%20of%20reward-predicting%20cues%20and%20outcome%20history%20with%20movement%20in%20the%20frontal%20cortex&amp;journal=Cell%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2021.108704&amp;volume=34&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Kondo%2CM&amp;author=Matsuzaki%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Ottenheimer, D. J., Hjort, M. M., Bowen, A. J., Steinmetz, N. A. &amp; Stuber, G. D. A stable, distributed code for cue value in mouse cortex during reward learning. eLife 12, RP84604 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.84604\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.84604\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.84604\" aria-label=\"Article reference 36\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.84604\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37382590\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10328514\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20stable%2C%20distributed%20code%20for%20cue%20value%20in%20mouse%20cortex%20during%20reward%20learning&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.84604&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Ottenheimer%2CDJ&amp;author=Hjort%2CMM&amp;author=Bowen%2CAJ&amp;author=Steinmetz%2CNA&amp;author=Stuber%2CGD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Musall, S., Kaufman, M. T., Juavinett, A. L., Gluf, S. &amp; Churchland, A. K. Single-trial neural dynamics are dominated by richly varied movements. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 1677\u20131686 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41593-019-0502-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41593-019-0502-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41593-019-0502-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41593-019-0502-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31551604\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6768091\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Single-trial%20neural%20dynamics%20are%20dominated%20by%20richly%20varied%20movements&amp;journal=Nat.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41593-019-0502-4&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=1677-1686&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Musall%2CS&amp;author=Kaufman%2CMT&amp;author=Juavinett%2CAL&amp;author=Gluf%2CS&amp;author=Churchland%2CAK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Steinmetz, N. A., Zatka-Haas, P., Carandini, M. &amp; Harris, K. D. Distributed coding of choice, action and engagement across the mouse brain. Nature 576, 266\u2013273 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-019-1787-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-019-1787-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1787-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-019-1787-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31776518\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6913580\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Distributed%20coding%20of%20choice%2C%20action%20and%20engagement%20across%20the%20mouse%20brain&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1787-x&amp;volume=576&amp;pages=266-273&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Steinmetz%2CNA&amp;author=Zatka-Haas%2CP&amp;author=Carandini%2CM&amp;author=Harris%2CKD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Litt, A., Plassmann, H., Shiv, B. &amp; Rangel, A. Dissociating valuation and saliency signals during decision-making. Cereb. Cortex 21, 95\u2013102 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq065\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq065\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fcercor%2Fbhq065\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq065\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20444840\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dissociating%20valuation%20and%20saliency%20signals%20during%20decision-making&amp;journal=Cereb.%20Cortex&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fcercor%2Fbhq065&amp;volume=21&amp;pages=95-102&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Litt%2CA&amp;author=Plassmann%2CH&amp;author=Shiv%2CB&amp;author=Rangel%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Zhang, Z. et al. Distributed neural representation of saliency controlled value and category during anticipation of rewards and punishments. Nat. Commun. 8, 1907 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-017-02080-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-017-02080-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-017-02080-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-017-02080-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2017NatCo...8.1907Z\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29203854\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5714958\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Distributed%20neural%20representation%20of%20saliency%20controlled%20value%20and%20category%20during%20anticipation%20of%20rewards%20and%20punishments&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-017-02080-4&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Zhang%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Rolls, E. T. Emotion, motivation, decision-making, the orbitofrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, and the amygdala. Brain Struct. Funct. 228, 1201\u20131257 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Stephenson-Jones, M. et al. A basal ganglia circuit for evaluating action outcomes. Nature 539, 289\u2013293 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature19845\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature19845\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature19845\" aria-label=\"Article reference 42\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature19845\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2016Natur.539..289S\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27652894\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5161609\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20basal%20ganglia%20circuit%20for%20evaluating%20action%20outcomes&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature19845&amp;volume=539&amp;pages=289-293&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Stephenson-Jones%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Stephenson-Jones, M. et al. Opposing contributions of GABAergic and glutamatergic ventral pallidal neurons to motivational behaviors. Neuron 105, 921\u2013933 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.12.006\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.12.006\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2019.12.006\" aria-label=\"Article reference 43\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.12.006\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31948733\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8573387\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Opposing%20contributions%20of%20GABAergic%20and%20glutamatergic%20ventral%20pallidal%20neurons%20to%20motivational%20behaviors&amp;journal=Neuron&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2019.12.006&amp;volume=105&amp;pages=921-933&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Stephenson-Jones%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Wallis, J. D. Decoding cognitive processes from neural ensembles. Trends Cogn. Sci. 22, 1091\u20131102 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Quirk, G. J. &amp; Mueller, D. Neural mechanisms of extinction learning and retrieval. Neuropsychopharmacology 33, 56\u201372 (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Grewe, B. F. et al. Neural ensemble dynamics underlying a long-term associative memory. Nature 543, 670\u2013675 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature21682\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature21682\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature21682\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature21682\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2017Natur.543..670G\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28329757\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5378308\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Neural%20ensemble%20dynamics%20underlying%20a%20long-term%20associative%20memory&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature21682&amp;volume=543&amp;pages=670-675&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Grewe%2CBF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Guyon, I., Weston, J., Barnhill, S. &amp; Vapnik, V. Gene selection for cancer classification using support vector machines. Mach. Learn. 46, 389\u2013422 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1023\/A:1012487302797\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1023\/A:1012487302797\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023%2FA%3A1012487302797\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.1023\/A:1012487302797\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Gene%20selection%20for%20cancer%20classification%20using%20support%20vector%20machines&amp;journal=Mach.%20Learn.&amp;doi=10.1023%2FA%3A1012487302797&amp;volume=46&amp;pages=389-422&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Guyon%2CI&amp;author=Weston%2CJ&amp;author=Barnhill%2CS&amp;author=Vapnik%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Bissonette, G. B. et al. Separate populations of neurons in ventral striatum encode value and motivation. PLoS ONE 8, e64673 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064673\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064673\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064673\" aria-label=\"Article reference 48\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064673\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2013PLoSO...864673B\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23724077\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3665540\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Separate%20populations%20of%20neurons%20in%20ventral%20striatum%20encode%20value%20and%20motivation&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0064673&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Bissonette%2CGB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Beyeler, A. et al. Divergent routing of positive and negative information from the amygdala during memory retrieval. Neuron 90, 348\u2013361 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.03.004\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.03.004\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2016.03.004\" aria-label=\"Article reference 49\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2016.03.004\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27041499\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4854303\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Divergent%20routing%20of%20positive%20and%20negative%20information%20from%20the%20amygdala%20during%20memory%20retrieval&amp;journal=Neuron&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2016.03.004&amp;volume=90&amp;pages=348-361&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Beyeler%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Zhang, X. &amp; Li, B. Population coding of valence in the basolateral amygdala. Nat. Commun. 9, 5195 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-07679-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-07679-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-07679-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-07679-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2018NatCo...9.5195Z\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30518754\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6281657\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Population%20coding%20of%20valence%20in%20the%20basolateral%20amygdala&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-018-07679-9&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Zhang%2CX&amp;author=Li%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Lutas, A. et al. State-specific gating of salient cues by midbrain dopaminergic input to basal amygdala. Nat. Neurosci. 22, 1820\u20131833 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41593-019-0506-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41593-019-0506-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41593-019-0506-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41593-019-0506-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31611706\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6858554\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=State-specific%20gating%20of%20salient%20cues%20by%20midbrain%20dopaminergic%20input%20to%20basal%20amygdala&amp;journal=Nat.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41593-019-0506-0&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=1820-1833&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Lutas%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Roelofs, K. &amp; Dayan, P. Freezing revisited: coordinated autonomic and central optimization of threat coping. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 568\u2013580 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41583-022-00608-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41583-022-00608-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41583-022-00608-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41583-022-00608-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35760906\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Freezing%20revisited%3A%20coordinated%20autonomic%20and%20central%20optimization%20of%20threat%20coping&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41583-022-00608-2&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=568-580&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Roelofs%2CK&amp;author=Dayan%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Szeska, C., Richter, J., Wendt, J., Weymar, M. &amp; Hamm, A. O. Attentive immobility in the face of inevitable distal threat\u2014startle potentiation and fear bradycardia as an index of emotion and attention. Psychophysiology 58, e13812 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/psyp.13812\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/psyp.13812\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fpsyp.13812\" aria-label=\"Article reference 53\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/psyp.13812\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33759212\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Attentive%20immobility%20in%20the%20face%20of%20inevitable%20distal%20threat%E2%80%94startle%20potentiation%20and%20fear%20bradycardia%20as%20an%20index%20of%20emotion%20and%20attention&amp;journal=Psychophysiology&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fpsyp.13812&amp;volume=58&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Szeska%2CC&amp;author=Richter%2CJ&amp;author=Wendt%2CJ&amp;author=Weymar%2CM&amp;author=Hamm%2CAO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">van Heukelum, S. et al. Where is cingulate cortex? A cross-species view. Trends Neurosci. 43, 285\u2013299 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Mante, V., Sussillo, D., Shenoy, K. V. &amp; Newsome, W. T. Context-dependent computation by recurrent dynamics in prefrontal cortex. Nature 503, 78\u201384 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature12742\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature12742\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature12742\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature12742\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2013Natur.503...78M\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24201281\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4121670\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Context-dependent%20computation%20by%20recurrent%20dynamics%20in%20prefrontal%20cortex&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature12742&amp;volume=503&amp;pages=78-84&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Mante%2CV&amp;author=Sussillo%2CD&amp;author=Shenoy%2CKV&amp;author=Newsome%2CWT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Bernardi, S. et al. The geometry of abstraction in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. Cell 183, 954\u2013967 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.031\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.031\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.09.031\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.031\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33058757\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8451959\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20geometry%20of%20abstraction%20in%20the%20hippocampus%20and%20prefrontal%20cortex&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2020.09.031&amp;volume=183&amp;pages=954-967&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Bernardi%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Flesch, T., Juechems, K., Dumbalska, T., Saxe, A. &amp; Summerfield, C. Orthogonal representations for robust context-dependent task performance in brains and neural networks. Neuron 110, 4212\u20134219 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.004\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.004\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2022.12.004\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.12.004\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36549271\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9796806\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Orthogonal%20representations%20for%20robust%20context-dependent%20task%20performance%20in%20brains%20and%20neural%20networks&amp;journal=Neuron&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2022.12.004&amp;volume=110&amp;pages=4212-4219&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Flesch%2CT&amp;author=Juechems%2CK&amp;author=Dumbalska%2CT&amp;author=Saxe%2CA&amp;author=Summerfield%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Fortunato, C. et al. Nonlinear manifolds underlie neural population activity during behaviour. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.07.18.549575\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/2023.07.18.549575\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.07.18.549575<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Rozeske, R. R. et al. Prefrontal neuronal circuits of contextual fear conditioning. Genes Brain Behav. 14, 22\u201336 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Del Arco, A., Park, J. &amp; Moghaddam, B. Unanticipated stressful and rewarding experiences engage the same prefrontal cortex and ventral tegmental area neuronal populations. eNeuro <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0029-20.2020\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1523\/ENEURO.0029-20.2020\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523\/ENEURO.0029-20.2020<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Rozeske, R. R., Valerio, S., Chaudun, F. &amp; Herry, C. Prefrontal neuronal circuits of contextual fear conditioning. Genes Brain Behav. 14, 22\u201336 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/gbb.12181\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/gbb.12181\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fgbb.12181\" aria-label=\"Article reference 61\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/gbb.12181\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25287656\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prefrontal%20neuronal%20circuits%20of%20contextual%20fear%20conditioning&amp;journal=Genes%20Brain%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fgbb.12181&amp;volume=14&amp;pages=22-36&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Rozeske%2CRR&amp;author=Valerio%2CS&amp;author=Chaudun%2CF&amp;author=Herry%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Beyeler, A. et al. Organization of valence-encoding and projection-defined neurons in the basolateral amygdala. Cell Rep. 22, 905\u2013918 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.097\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.097\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2017.12.097\" aria-label=\"Article reference 62\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2017.12.097\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29386133\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5891824\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Organization%20of%20valence-encoding%20and%20projection-defined%20neurons%20in%20the%20basolateral%20amygdala&amp;journal=Cell%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2017.12.097&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=905-918&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Beyeler%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Zhang, X. et al. Genetically identified amygdala\u2013striatal circuits for valence-specific behaviors. Nat. Neurosci. 24, 1586\u20131600 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41593-021-00927-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41593-021-00927-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41593-021-00927-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 63\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41593-021-00927-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34663958\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8556347\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genetically%20identified%20amygdala%E2%80%93striatal%20circuits%20for%20valence-specific%20behaviors&amp;journal=Nat.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41593-021-00927-0&amp;volume=24&amp;pages=1586-1600&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Zhang%2CX\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Kyriazi, P., Headley, D. B. &amp; Pare, D. Multi-dimensional coding by basolateral amygdala article multi-dimensional coding by basolateral amygdala neurons. Neuron 99, 1315\u20131328 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.07.036\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.07.036\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2018.07.036\" aria-label=\"Article reference 64\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.07.036\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30146300\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6342465\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 64\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Multi-dimensional%20coding%20by%20basolateral%20amygdala%20article%20multi-dimensional%20coding%20by%20basolateral%20amygdala%20neurons&amp;journal=Neuron&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2018.07.036&amp;volume=99&amp;pages=1315-1328&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Kyriazi%2CP&amp;author=Headley%2CDB&amp;author=Pare%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">O\u2019Neill, P.-K. et al. The representational geometry of emotional states in basolateral amygdala. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.09.23.558668\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/2023.09.23.558668\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.09.23.558668<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Headley, D. B., Kanta, V., Kyriazi, P. &amp; Par\u00e9, D. Embracing complexity in defensive networks. Neuron 103, 189\u2013201 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Ehret, B. et al. Population-level coding of avoidance learning in medial prefrontal cortex. Nat. Neurosci. 27, 1805\u20131815 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41593-024-01704-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41593-024-01704-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41593-024-01704-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 67\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41593-024-01704-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39075325\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11374698\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 67\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Population-level%20coding%20of%20avoidance%20learning%20in%20medial%20prefrontal%20cortex&amp;journal=Nat.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41593-024-01704-5&amp;volume=27&amp;pages=1805-1815&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ehret%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Hyman, J. M., Whitman, J., Emberly, E., Woodward, T. S. &amp; Seamans, J. K. Action and outcome activity state patterns in the anterior cingulate cortex. Cereb. Cortex 23, 1257\u20131268 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs104\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs104\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fcercor%2Fbhs104\" aria-label=\"Article reference 68\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/cercor\/bhs104\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22617853\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 68\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Action%20and%20outcome%20activity%20state%20patterns%20in%20the%20anterior%20cingulate%20cortex&amp;journal=Cereb.%20Cortex&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fcercor%2Fbhs104&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=1257-1268&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Hyman%2CJM&amp;author=Whitman%2CJ&amp;author=Emberly%2CE&amp;author=Woodward%2CTS&amp;author=Seamans%2CJK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Li, N., Daie, K., Svoboda, K. &amp; Druckmann, S. Robust neuronal dynamics in premotor cortex during motor planning. Nature 532, 459\u2013464 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature17643\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature17643\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature17643\" aria-label=\"Article reference 69\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature17643\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"ads reference\" data-track-action=\"ads reference\" href=\"http:\/\/adsabs.harvard.edu\/cgi-bin\/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&amp;bibcode=2016Natur.532..459L\" aria-label=\"ADS reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">ADS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27074502\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5081260\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 69\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Robust%20neuronal%20dynamics%20in%20premotor%20cortex%20during%20motor%20planning&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature17643&amp;volume=532&amp;pages=459-464&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Li%2CN&amp;author=Daie%2CK&amp;author=Svoboda%2CK&amp;author=Druckmann%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">Flavell, S. W., Gogolla, N., Lovett-Barron, M. &amp; Zelikowsky, M. The emergence and influence of internal states. Neuron 110, 2545\u20132570 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">Grillon, C. Associative learning deficits increase symptoms of anxiety in humans. Biol. Psychiatry 51, 851\u2013858 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01370-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01370-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0006-3223%2801%2901370-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 71\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01370-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12022957\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 71\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Associative%20learning%20deficits%20increase%20symptoms%20of%20anxiety%20in%20humans&amp;journal=Biol.%20Psychiatry&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0006-3223%2801%2901370-1&amp;volume=51&amp;pages=851-858&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Grillon%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR72\">Jo, Y. S., Heymann, G. &amp; Zweifel, L. S. Dopamine neurons reflect the uncertainty in fear generalization. Neuron 100, 916\u2013925 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.028\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.028\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2018.09.028\" aria-label=\"Article reference 72\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.09.028\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30318411\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 72\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 72\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dopamine%20neurons%20reflect%20the%20uncertainty%20in%20fear%20generalization&amp;journal=Neuron&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.neuron.2018.09.028&amp;volume=100&amp;pages=916-925&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Jo%2CYS&amp;author=Heymann%2CG&amp;author=Zweifel%2CLS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR73\">Griffiths, K. R., Morris, R. W. &amp; Balleine, B. W. Translational studies of goal-directed action as a framework for classifying deficits across psychiatric disorders. Front. Syst. Neurosci. 8, 101 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR74\">Bienvenu, T. C. M. et al. The advent of fear conditioning as an animal model of post-traumatic stress disorder: learning from the past to shape the future of PTSD research. Neuron 109, 2380\u20132397 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR75\">Sookman, D. &amp; Pinard, G. in Cognitive Approaches to Obsessions and Compulsions (eds Frost, R. O. &amp; Steketee, G.) Ch. 5 (Elsevier, 2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR76\">Peschard, V. &amp; Philippot, P. Overestimation of threat from neutral faces and voices in social anxiety. J. Behav. Ther. Exp. Psychiatry 57, 206\u2013211 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.06.003\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.06.003\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jbtep.2017.06.003\" aria-label=\"Article reference 76\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2017.06.003\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28708974\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 76\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Overestimation%20of%20threat%20from%20neutral%20faces%20and%20voices%20in%20social%20anxiety&amp;journal=J.%20Behav.%20Ther.%20Exp.%20Psychiatry&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jbtep.2017.06.003&amp;volume=57&amp;pages=206-211&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Peschard%2CV&amp;author=Philippot%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR77\">Grupe, D. W. &amp; Nitschke, J. B. Uncertainty and anticipation in anxiety: an integrated neurobiological and psychological perspective. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 14, 488\u2013501 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR78\">Blair, K. S. et al. Reduced optimism and a heightened neural response to everyday worries are specific to generalized anxiety disorder, and not seen in social anxiety. Psychol. Med. 47, 1806\u20131815 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/S0033291717000265\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/S0033291717000265\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0033291717000265\" aria-label=\"Article reference 78\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/S0033291717000265\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28290265\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 78\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5582689\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 78\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 78\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Reduced%20optimism%20and%20a%20heightened%20neural%20response%20to%20everyday%20worries%20are%20specific%20to%20generalized%20anxiety%20disorder%2C%20and%20not%20seen%20in%20social%20anxiety&amp;journal=Psychol.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1017%2FS0033291717000265&amp;volume=47&amp;pages=1806-1815&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Blair%2CKS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR79\">Likhtik, E., Stujenske, J. M., Topiwala, M. A., Harris, A. Z. &amp; Gordon, J. A. Prefrontal entrainment of amygdala activity signals safety in learned fear and innate anxiety. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 106\u2013113 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nn.3582\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nn.3582\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnn.3582\" aria-label=\"Article reference 79\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nn.3582\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24241397\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 79\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prefrontal%20entrainment%20of%20amygdala%20activity%20signals%20safety%20in%20learned%20fear%20and%20innate%20anxiety&amp;journal=Nat.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnn.3582&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=106-113&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Likhtik%2CE&amp;author=Stujenske%2CJM&amp;author=Topiwala%2CMA&amp;author=Harris%2CAZ&amp;author=Gordon%2CJA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR80\">Felix-Ortiz, A. C. et al. The infralimbic and prelimbic cortical areas bidirectionally regulate safety learning during normal and stress conditions. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.05.05.539516\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/2023.05.05.539516\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2023.05.05.539516<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR81\">Deserno, L., Boehme, R., Heinz, A. &amp; Schlagenhauf, F. Reinforcement learning and dopamine in schizophrenia: dimensions of symptoms or specific features of a disease group? Front. Psychiatry 4, 172 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR82\">Jia, R. et al. Neural valuation of rewards and punishments in posttraumatic stress disorder: a computational approach. Transl. Psychiatry 13, 101 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41398-023-02388-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41398-023-02388-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41398-023-02388-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 82\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41398-023-02388-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36977676\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 82\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10050320\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 82\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 82\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Neural%20valuation%20of%20rewards%20and%20punishments%20in%20posttraumatic%20stress%20disorder%3A%20a%20computational%20approach&amp;journal=Transl.%20Psychiatry&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41398-023-02388-4&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Jia%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR83\">Paxinos, G. &amp; Franklin, K. B. J. The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates 2nd edn (Elsevier, 2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR84\">Capuzzo, G. &amp; Floresco, S. B. Prelimbic and infralimbic prefrontal regulation of active and inhibitory avoidance and reward-seeking. J. Neurosci. 40, 4773\u20134787 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0414-20.2020\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0414-20.2020\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.0414-20.2020\" aria-label=\"Article reference 84\" data-doi=\"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0414-20.2020\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32393535\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 84\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7294792\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 84\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 84\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prelimbic%20and%20infralimbic%20prefrontal%20regulation%20of%20active%20and%20inhibitory%20avoidance%20and%20reward-seeking&amp;journal=J.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1523%2FJNEUROSCI.0414-20.2020&amp;volume=40&amp;pages=4773-4787&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Capuzzo%2CG&amp;author=Floresco%2CSB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR85\">Mathis, A. et al. DeepLabCut: markerless pose estimation of user-defined body parts with deep learning. Nat. Neurosci. 21, 1281\u20131289 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41593-018-0209-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 85\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41593-018-0209-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30127430\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 85\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 85\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=DeepLabCut%3A%20markerless%20pose%20estimation%20of%20user-defined%20body%20parts%20with%20deep%20learning&amp;journal=Nat.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41593-018-0209-y&amp;volume=21&amp;pages=1281-1289&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Mathis%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR86\">Hastie, T. Ridge regularization: an essential concept in data science. Technometrics 62, 426\u2013433 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/00401706.2020.1791959\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/00401706.2020.1791959\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F00401706.2020.1791959\" aria-label=\"Article reference 86\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/00401706.2020.1791959\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"mathscinet reference\" data-track-action=\"mathscinet reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ams.org\/mathscinet-getitem?mr=4165989\" aria-label=\"MathSciNet reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36033922\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9410599\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 86\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ridge%20regularization%3A%20an%20essential%20concept%20in%20data%20science&amp;journal=Technometrics&amp;doi=10.1080%2F00401706.2020.1791959&amp;volume=62&amp;pages=426-433&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Hastie%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR87\">Hastie, T., Tibshirani, R. &amp; Friedman, J. The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction 2nd edn, corrected 12th printing Jan 2017 (Springer, 2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR88\">Lundberg, S. M. &amp; Lee, S.-I. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. In Proc. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30 (eds Guyon, I. et al.) (NIPS, 2017).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Pearce, J. M. &amp; Bouton, M. E. Theories of associative learning in animals. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 52, 111\u2013139&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":223110,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[6916,134,1928,1929,133724,6570,111,139,69,133725,133726,147],"class_list":{"0":"post-223109","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-health","8":"tag-cortex","9":"tag-health","10":"tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","11":"tag-multidisciplinary","12":"tag-neural-circuits","13":"tag-neuroscience","14":"tag-new-zealand","15":"tag-newzealand","16":"tag-nz","17":"tag-operant-learning","18":"tag-prefrontal-cortex","19":"tag-science"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223109","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=223109"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/223109\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/223110"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=223109"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=223109"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=223109"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}