{"id":322140,"date":"2026-03-10T08:44:17","date_gmt":"2026-03-10T08:44:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/322140\/"},"modified":"2026-03-10T08:44:17","modified_gmt":"2026-03-10T08:44:17","slug":"ichnofossils-in-volcanic-glass-from-palaeoproterozoic-hydrothermal-vents-were-burrowed-by-microorganisms-probably-seeking-phosphate","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/322140\/","title":{"rendered":"Ichnofossils in volcanic glass from palaeoproterozoic hydrothermal vents were burrowed by microorganisms probably seeking phosphate"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Djokic, T., Van Kranendonk, M. J., Campbell, K. A., Walter, M. R. &amp; Ward, C. R. Earliest signs of life on land preserved in ca. 3.5 Ga hot spring deposits. Nat. Comm. 8, 15263 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Earliest%20signs%20of%20life%20on%20land%20preserved%20in%20ca.%203.5%20Ga%20hot%20spring%20deposits&amp;journal=Nat.%20Comm.&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Djokic%2CT&amp;author=Kranendonk%2CMJ&amp;author=Campbell%2CKA&amp;author=Walter%2CMR&amp;author=Ward%2CCR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Wacey, D. et al. Geochemistry and nano-structure of a putative ~3240 million-year-old black smoker biota, sulphur springs group, Western Australia. Precamb. Res. 249, 1\u201312 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Geochemistry%20and%20nano-structure%20of%20a%20putative%20~3240%20million-year-old%20black%20smoker%20biota%2C%20sulphur%20springs%20group%2C%20Western%20Australia&amp;journal=Precamb.%20Res.&amp;volume=249&amp;pages=1-12&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Wacey%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Dodd, M. S. et al. Evidence for early life in Earth\u2019s oldest hydrothermal vent precipitates. Nature 543, 60\u201364 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evidence%20for%20early%20life%20in%20Earth%E2%80%99s%20oldest%20hydrothermal%20vent%20precipitates&amp;journal=Nature&amp;volume=543&amp;pages=60-64&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Dodd%2CMS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Papineau, D. et al. Metabolically diverse primordial microbial communities in Earth\u2019s oldest seafloor-hydrothermal jasper. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm2296 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Metabolically%20diverse%20primordial%20microbial%20communities%20in%20Earth%E2%80%99s%20oldest%20seafloor-hydrothermal%20jasper&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Papineau%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Baross, J. A. &amp; Hoffman, S. E. Submarine hydrothermal vents and associated gradient environments as sites for the origin and evolution of life. Orig. Life 15, 327\u2013345 (1985).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Submarine%20hydrothermal%20vents%20and%20associated%20gradient%20environments%20as%20sites%20for%20the%20origin%20and%20evolution%20of%20life&amp;journal=Orig.%20Life&amp;volume=15&amp;pages=327-345&amp;publication_year=1985&amp;author=Baross%2CJA&amp;author=Hoffman%2CSE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Russel, M. J. The importance of being alkaline. Science 302, 580\u2013581 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20importance%20of%20being%20alkaline&amp;journal=Science&amp;volume=302&amp;pages=580-581&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Russel%2CMJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Dick, G. J. The microbiomes of deep-sea hydrothermal vents: distributed globally, shaped locally. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 271\u2013283 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Furnes, H., Banerjee, N. R., Muehlenbachs, K., Staudigel, H. &amp; DeWit, M. Early life recorded in Archean pillow lavas. Science 304, 578\u2013581 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Early%20life%20recorded%20in%20Archean%20pillow%20lavas&amp;journal=Science&amp;volume=304&amp;pages=578-581&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Furnes%2CH&amp;author=Banerjee%2CNR&amp;author=Muehlenbachs%2CK&amp;author=Staudigel%2CH&amp;author=DeWit%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Cavalazzi, B., Westall, F., Cady, S. L., Barbieri, R. &amp; Foucher, F. Potential fossil endoliths in vesicular pillow basalt, coral patch seamount, Eastern North Atlantic Ocean. Astrobio 11, 619\u2013631 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Potential%20fossil%20endoliths%20in%20vesicular%20pillow%20basalt%2C%20coral%20patch%20seamount%2C%20Eastern%20North%20Atlantic%20Ocean&amp;journal=Astrobio&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=619-631&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Cavalazzi%2CB&amp;author=Westall%2CF&amp;author=Cady%2CSL&amp;author=Barbieri%2CR&amp;author=Foucher%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Staudigel, H., Furnes, H. &amp; DeWit, M. Paleoarchean trace fossils in altered volcanic glass. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 6892\u20136897 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Paleoarchean%20trace%20fossils%20in%20altered%20volcanic%20glass&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl.%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;volume=112&amp;pages=6892-6897&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Staudigel%2CH&amp;author=Furnes%2CH&amp;author=DeWit%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Banerjee, N. R., Furnes, H., Muehlenbachs, Staudigel, H. &amp; DeWit, M. Preservation of ~3.4-3.5 Ga microbial biomarkers in pillow lavas and hyaloclastites from the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 241, 707\u2013722 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Preservation%20of%20~3.4-3.5%20Ga%20microbial%20biomarkers%20in%20pillow%20lavas%20and%20hyaloclastites%20from%20the%20Barberton%20Greenstone%20Belt%2C%20South&amp;journal=Earth%20Planet.%20Sci.%20Lett.&amp;volume=241&amp;pages=707-722&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Banerjee%2CNR&amp;author=Furnes%2CH&amp;author=Muehlenbachs%2C&amp;author=Staudigel%2CH&amp;author=DeWit%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">McLoughlin, N., Grosch, E. G., Kilburn, M. R. &amp; Wacey, D. Sulfur isotope evidence for a Paleoarchean subseafloor biosphere, Barberton, South Africa. Geology 40, 1031\u20131034 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sulfur%20isotope%20evidence%20for%20a%20Paleoarchean%20subseafloor%20biosphere%2C%20Barberton%2C%20South%20Africa&amp;journal=Geology&amp;volume=40&amp;pages=1031-1034&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=McLoughlin%2CN&amp;author=Grosch%2CEG&amp;author=Kilburn%2CMR&amp;author=Wacey%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Lepot, K., Benzerara, K. &amp; Phillippot, P. Biogenic versus metamorphic origins of diverse microtubes in 2.7 Gyr old volcanic ashes: multi-scale investigations. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 312, 37\u201347 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Biogenic%20versus%20metamorphic%20origins%20of%20diverse%20microtubes%20in%202.7%20Gyr%20old%20volcanic%20ashes%3A%20multi-scale%20investigations&amp;journal=Earth%20Planet.%20Sci.%20Lett.&amp;volume=312&amp;pages=37-47&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Lepot%2CK&amp;author=Benzerara%2CK&amp;author=Phillippot%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Bridge, N. J., Banerjee, N. R., Mueller, W., Muehlenbachs, K. &amp; Chacko, T. A volcanic habitat for early life preserved in the Abitibi Greenstone Belt. Can. Precamb. Res. 179, 88\u201398 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20volcanic%20habitat%20for%20early%20life%20preserved%20in%20the%20Abitibi%20Greenstone%20Belt&amp;journal=Can.%20Precamb.%20Res.&amp;volume=179&amp;pages=88-98&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Bridge%2CNJ&amp;author=Banerjee%2CNR&amp;author=Mueller%2CW&amp;author=Muehlenbachs%2CK&amp;author=Chacko%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Furnes, H. et al. Comparing petrographic signatures of bioalteration in recent to Mesoarchean pillow lavas: tracing subsurface life in oceanic igneous rocks. Precamb. Res. 158, 156\u2013176 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Comparing%20petrographic%20signatures%20of%20bioalteration%20in%20recent%20to%20Mesoarchean%20pillow%20lavas%3A%20tracing%20subsurface%20life%20in%20oceanic%20igneous%20rocks&amp;journal=Precamb.%20Res.&amp;volume=158&amp;pages=156-176&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Furnes%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Lepot, K., Philippot, P., Benzerara, K. &amp; Wang, G.-Y. Garnet-filled trails associated with carbonaceous matter mimicking microbial filaments in Archean basalt. Geobiology 7, 393\u2013402 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Garnet-filled%20trails%20associated%20with%20carbonaceous%20matter%20mimicking%20microbial%20filaments%20in%20Archean%20basalt&amp;journal=Geobiology&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=393-402&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Lepot%2CK&amp;author=Philippot%2CP&amp;author=Benzerara%2CK&amp;author=Wang%2CG-Y\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Fliegel, D. et al. Septate-tubular textures in 2.0-Ga pillow lavas from the Pechenga Greenstone Belt: a nano-spectroscopic approach to investigate their biogenicity. Geobiology 8, 372\u2013390 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Septate-tubular%20textures%20in%202.0-Ga%20pillow%20lavas%20from%20the%20Pechenga%20Greenstone%20Belt%3A%20a%20nano-spectroscopic%20approach%20to%20investigate%20their%20biogenicity&amp;journal=Geobiology&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=372-390&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Fliegel%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">McLoughlin, N. et al. Assessing the biogenecity and syngenicity of candidate bioalteration texture in pillow lavas of the ~2.52 Ga Wutai greenstone terrane of China. Chin. Sci. Bul. 55, 188\u2013199 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Assessing%20the%20biogenecity%20and%20syngenicity%20of%20candidate%20bioalteration%20texture%20in%20pillow%20lavas%20of%20the%20~2.52%20Ga%20Wutai%20greenstone%20terrane%20of%20China&amp;journal=Chin.%20Sci.%20Bul.&amp;volume=55&amp;pages=188-199&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=McLoughlin%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Grosch, E. G. &amp; McLoughlin, N. Reassessing the biogenicity of Earth\u2019s oldest trace fossil with implications for biosignatures in the search for early life. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 111, 8380\u20138385 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Reassessing%20the%20biogenicity%20of%20Earth%E2%80%99s%20oldest%20trace%20fossil%20with%20implications%20for%20biosignatures%20in%20the%20search%20for%20early%20life&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl.%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;volume=111&amp;pages=8380-8385&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Grosch%2CEG&amp;author=McLoughlin%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Sapers, H. M., Osinski, G. R., Banerjee, N. R. &amp; Preston, L. J. Enigmatic tubular features in impact glass. Geology 42, 471\u2013474 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Enigmatic%20tubular%20features%20in%20impact%20glass&amp;journal=Geology&amp;volume=42&amp;pages=471-474&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Sapers%2CHM&amp;author=Osinski%2CGR&amp;author=Banerjee%2CNR&amp;author=Preston%2CLJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Fisk, M. &amp; McLoughlin, N. Atlas of alteration textures in volcanic glass from the ocean basins. Geosphere 9, 317\u2013341 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Atlas%20of%20alteration%20textures%20in%20volcanic%20glass%20from%20the%20ocean%20basins&amp;journal=Geosphere&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=317-341&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Fisk%2CM&amp;author=McLoughlin%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">McLoughlin, N., Wacey, D., Phunguphungu, S., Saunders, M. &amp; Grosch, E. G. Deconstructing Earth\u2019s oldest ichnofossil record from the Pilbara Craton, West Australia: implications for seeking life in the Archean subseafloor. Geobiology 18, 525\u2013543 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Deconstructing%20Earth%E2%80%99s%20oldest%20ichnofossil%20record%20from%20the%20Pilbara%20Craton%2C%20West%20Australia%3A%20implications%20for%20seeking%20life%20in%20the%20Archean%20subseafloor&amp;journal=Geobiology&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=525-543&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=McLoughlin%2CN&amp;author=Wacey%2CD&amp;author=Phunguphungu%2CS&amp;author=Saunders%2CM&amp;author=Grosch%2CEG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Podbielski, M. et al. Troubles with tubules: how do iron-mineral chemical gardens differ from iron-mineralised sheaths of iron oxidising bacteria?. Geobiology 23, e70021 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Troubles%20with%20tubules%3A%20how%20do%20iron-mineral%20chemical%20gardens%20differ%20from%20iron-mineralised%20sheaths%20of%20iron%20oxidising%20bacteria%3F&amp;journal=Geobiology&amp;volume=23&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Podbielski%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Thorseth, I. H., Furnes, H. &amp; Heldal, M. The importance of microbiological activity in the alteration of natural basaltic glass. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56, 845\u2013850 (1992).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20importance%20of%20microbiological%20activity%20in%20the%20alteration%20of%20natural%20basaltic%20glass&amp;journal=Geochim.%20Cosmochim.%20Acta&amp;volume=56&amp;pages=845-850&amp;publication_year=1992&amp;author=Thorseth%2CIH&amp;author=Furnes%2CH&amp;author=Heldal%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Torsvik, T., Furnes, H., Muehlenbachs, K., Thorseth, I. H. &amp; Tumyr, O. Evidence for microbial activity at the glass-alteration interface in oceanic basalts. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 162, 165\u2013176 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evidence%20for%20microbial%20activity%20at%20the%20glass-alteration%20interface%20in%20oceanic%20basalts&amp;journal=Earth%20Planet.%20Sci.%20Lett.&amp;volume=162&amp;pages=165-176&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Torsvik%2CT&amp;author=Furnes%2CH&amp;author=Muehlenbachs%2CK&amp;author=Thorseth%2CIH&amp;author=Tumyr%2CO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">McLoughlin, N., Brasier, M. D., Wacey, D., Green, O. R. &amp; Perry, R. S. On biogenicity criteria for endolithic microborings on early Earth and beyond. Astrobio 7, 10\u201326 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On%20biogenicity%20criteria%20for%20endolithic%20microborings%20on%20early%20Earth%20and%20beyond&amp;journal=Astrobio&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=10-26&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=McLoughlin%2CN&amp;author=Brasier%2CMD&amp;author=Wacey%2CD&amp;author=Green%2COR&amp;author=Perry%2CRS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Barge, L. M. &amp; Price, R. E. Diverse geochemical conditions for prebiotic chemistry in shallow-sea alkaline hydrothermal vents. Nat. Geosci. 41561, 022\u201301067-1 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Diverse%20geochemical%20conditions%20for%20prebiotic%20chemistry%20in%20shallow-sea%20alkaline%20hydrothermal%20vents&amp;journal=Nat.%20Geosci.&amp;volume=41561&amp;pages=022-01067-1&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Barge%2CLM&amp;author=Price%2CRE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Papineau, D. Chemically oscillating reactions as a new model for the formation of mineral patterns in agate geodes and concretions. Minerals 14, 203 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Chemically%20oscillating%20reactions%20as%20a%20new%20model%20for%20the%20formation%20of%20mineral%20patterns%20in%20agate%20geodes%20and%20concretions&amp;journal=Minerals&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Papineau%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Papineau, D. et al. Widespread chemically oscillating reactions during oxidative organic diagenesis recorded during the Ediacaran. Chem. Geol. 683, 122753 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Widespread%20chemically%20oscillating%20reactions%20during%20oxidative%20organic%20diagenesis%20recorded%20during%20the%20Ediacaran&amp;journal=Chem.%20Geol.&amp;volume=683&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Papineau%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Fisk, M. R., Giovannoni, S. J. &amp; Thorseth, I. H. Alteration of oceanic volcanic glass: textural evidence of microbial activity. Science 281, 978\u2013980 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Alteration%20of%20oceanic%20volcanic%20glass%3A%20textural%20evidence%20of%20microbial%20activity&amp;journal=Science&amp;volume=281&amp;pages=978-980&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Fisk%2CMR&amp;author=Giovannoni%2CSJ&amp;author=Thorseth%2CIH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Papineau, D. et al. Nanoscale petrographic and geochemical insights on the origin of Paleoproterozoic stromatolitic phosphorites from Aravalli, India. Geobiology 14, 3\u201332 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Nanoscale%20petrographic%20and%20geochemical%20insights%20on%20the%20origin%20of%20Paleoproterozoic%20stromatolitic%20phosphorites%20from%20Aravalli%2C%20India&amp;journal=Geobiology&amp;volume=14&amp;pages=3-32&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Papineau%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Johannessen, K. C., McLoughlin, N., Vullum, P. E. &amp; Thorseth, I. H. On the biogenicity of Fe-oxyhydroxide filaments in silicified low-temperature hydrothermal deposits: Implications for the identification of Fe-oxidizing bacteria in the rock record. Geobiology 18, 31\u201353 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On%20the%20biogenicity%20of%20Fe-oxyhydroxide%20filaments%20in%20silicified%20low-temperature%20hydrothermal%20deposits%3A%20Implications%20for%20the%20identification%20of%20Fe-oxidizing%20bacteria%20in%20the%20rock%20record&amp;journal=Geobiology&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=31-53&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Johannessen%2CKC&amp;author=McLoughlin%2CN&amp;author=Vullum%2CPE&amp;author=Thorseth%2CIH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Maslennikov, V. V., Ayupova, N. R., Herrington, R. J., Danyushevskiy &amp; Large, R. R. Ferruginous and manganiferous haloes around massive sulphide deposits of the Urals. Ore Geol. Rev. 47, 5\u201341 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ferruginous%20and%20manganiferous%20haloes%20around%20massive%20sulphide%20deposits%20of%20the%20Urals&amp;journal=Ore%20Geol.%20Rev.&amp;volume=47&amp;pages=5-41&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Maslennikov%2CVV&amp;author=Ayupova%2CNR&amp;author=Herrington%2CRJ&amp;author=Danyushevskiy%2C&amp;author=Large%2CRR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Sole, C. et al. Evidence for Hadean mafic intrusion in the Nuvvuagittuq Greenstone Belt, Canada. Science 388, 1431\u20131435 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evidence%20for%20Hadean%20mafic%20intrusion%20in%20the%20Nuvvuagittuq%20Greenstone%20Belt%2C%20Canada&amp;journal=Science&amp;volume=388&amp;pages=1431-1435&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Sole%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Rydland-Pederson, L.-E., McLoughlin, N., Vullum, P. E. &amp; Thorseth, I. H. Abiotic and candidate biotic micro-alteration textures in subseafloor basaltic glass: a high-resolution in-situ textural and geochemical investigation. Chem. Geol. 410, 124\u2013137 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Abiotic%20and%20candidate%20biotic%20micro-alteration%20textures%20in%20subseafloor%20basaltic%20glass%3A%20a%20high-resolution%20in-situ%20textural%20and%20geochemical%20investigation&amp;journal=Chem.%20Geol.&amp;volume=410&amp;pages=124-137&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Rydland-Pederson%2CL-E&amp;author=McLoughlin%2CN&amp;author=Vullum%2CPE&amp;author=Thorseth%2CIH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Kouketsu, Y. et al. A new approach to develop the Raman carbonaceous material geothermometer for low-grade metamorphism using peak width. Isl. Arc 23, 33\u201350 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20new%20approach%20to%20develop%20the%20Raman%20carbonaceous%20material%20geothermometer%20for%20low-grade%20metamorphism%20using%20peak%20width&amp;journal=Isl.%20Arc&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=33-50&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Kouketsu%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Lafhid, A. et al. Evolution of the Raman spectrum of carbonaceous material in low-grade metasediments of the Glarus Alps (Switzerland). Terra Nova 22, 354\u2013360 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evolution%20of%20the%20Raman%20spectrum%20of%20carbonaceous%20material%20in%20low-grade%20metasediments%20of%20the%20Glarus%20Alps%20%28Switzerland%29&amp;journal=Terra%20Nova&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=354-360&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Lafhid%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Ivarsson, M., Broman, C., Gustafsson, H. &amp; Holm, N. G. Biogenic Mn-oxides in subseafloor basalt. PLoS ONE 10, e0128863 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Biogenic%20Mn-oxides%20in%20subseafloor%20basalt&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Ivarsson%2CM&amp;author=Broman%2CC&amp;author=Gustafsson%2CH&amp;author=Holm%2CNG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Papineau, D. et al. Abiotic chemically oscillating reactions on the seafloor produce patterns in deep-sea ferromanganese nodules. Geochem. Perspect. Lett. 35, 55\u201361 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Abiotic%20chemically%20oscillating%20reactions%20on%20the%20seafloor%20produce%20patterns%20in%20deep-sea%20ferromanganese%20nodules&amp;journal=Geochem.%20Perspect.%20Lett.&amp;volume=35&amp;pages=55-61&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Papineau%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Bach, W. &amp; Edwards, K. J. Iron and sulfide oxidation within the basaltic ocean crust: implications for chemolithotrophic microbial biomass production. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67, 3871\u20133887 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Iron%20and%20sulfide%20oxidation%20within%20the%20basaltic%20ocean%20crust%3A%20implications%20for%20chemolithotrophic%20microbial%20biomass%20production&amp;journal=Geochim.%20Cosmochim.%20Acta&amp;volume=67&amp;pages=3871-3887&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Bach%2CW&amp;author=Edwards%2CKJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Furnes, H., Muehlenbachs, K., Torsvik, T., Thorseth, I. H. &amp; Tumyr, O. Microbial fractionation of carbon isotopes in altered basaltic glass from the Atlantic Ocean, Lau Basin and Costa Rica Rift. Chem. Geol. 173, 31\u2013330 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Microbial%20fractionation%20of%20carbon%20isotopes%20in%20altered%20basaltic%20glass%20from%20the%20Atlantic%20Ocean%2C%20Lau%20Basin%20and%20Costa%20Rica%20Rift&amp;journal=Chem.%20Geol.&amp;volume=173&amp;pages=31-330&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Furnes%2CH&amp;author=Muehlenbachs%2CK&amp;author=Torsvik%2CT&amp;author=Thorseth%2CIH&amp;author=Tumyr%2CO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Ca\u00f1adas, F., Papineau, D., Leng, M. J. &amp; Li, C. Extensive primary productivity promoted the recovery of the Shuram excursion. Nat. Comm. 13, 148 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extensive%20primary%20productivity%20promoted%20the%20recovery%20of%20the%20Shuram%20excursion&amp;journal=Nat.%20Comm.&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Ca%C3%B1adas%2CF&amp;author=Papineau%2CD&amp;author=Leng%2CMJ&amp;author=Li%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">McCollom, T. M. &amp; Seewald, J. S. Serpentinites, hydrogen, and life. Elements 9, 129\u2013134 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Serpentinites%2C%20hydrogen%2C%20and%20life&amp;journal=Elements&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=129-134&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=McCollom%2CTM&amp;author=Seewald%2CJS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Proskurowski, G. et al. Abiogenic hydrocarbon production at Lost City hydrothermal field. Science 319, 604\u2013607 (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Abiogenic%20hydrocarbon%20production%20at%20Lost%20City%20hydrothermal%20field&amp;journal=Science&amp;volume=319&amp;pages=604-607&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;author=Proskurowski%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">McDermott, J. M., Seewald, J. S., German, C. R. &amp; Sylva, S. P. Pathways for abiotic organic synthesis at submarine hydrothermal fields. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 112, 7668\u20137672 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Pathways%20for%20abiotic%20organic%20synthesis%20at%20submarine%20hydrothermal%20fields&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl.%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;volume=112&amp;pages=7668-7672&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=McDermott%2CJM&amp;author=Seewald%2CJS&amp;author=German%2CCR&amp;author=Sylva%2CSP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Galvez, M. et al. Graphite formation by carbonate reduction during subduction. Nat. Geosci. 6, 473-477 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Gabriel, N., Papineau, D., She, Z., Leider, A. &amp; Fogel, M. L. Organic diagenesis in stromatolitic dolomite and chert from the late paleoproterozoic McLeary formation. Precamb. Res. 354, 106052 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Organic%20diagenesis%20in%20stromatolitic%20dolomite%20and%20chert%20from%20the%20late%20paleoproterozoic%20McLeary%20formation&amp;journal=Precamb.%20Res.&amp;volume=354&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Gabriel%2CN&amp;author=Papineau%2CD&amp;author=She%2CZ&amp;author=Leider%2CA&amp;author=Fogel%2CML\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Goodwin, A. &amp; Papineau, D. Biosignatures associated with organic matter in late Paleoproterozoic stromatolitic dolomite and possible implications for Martian carbonates. Astrobio 22, 1\u201327 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Biosignatures%20associated%20with%20organic%20matter%20in%20late%20Paleoproterozoic%20stromatolitic%20dolomite%20and%20possible%20implications%20for%20Martian%20carbonates&amp;journal=Astrobio&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=1-27&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Goodwin%2CA&amp;author=Papineau%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Kump, L. R. et al. Isotopic evidence for massive oxidation of organic matter following the great oxidation event. Science 334, 1694\u20131696 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Ueda, A., Cameron, E. M. &amp; Krouse, H. R. 34S-enriched sulphate in the Belcher Group, N.W.T., Canada: evidence for dissimilatory sulphate reduction in the early Proterozoic Ocean. Precamb. Res. 49, 229\u2013233 (1990).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=34S-enriched%20sulphate%20in%20the%20Belcher%20Group%2C%20N.W.T.%2C%20Canada%3A%20evidence%20for%20dissimilatory%20sulphate%20reduction%20in%20the%20early%20Proterozoic%20Ocean&amp;journal=Precamb.%20Res.&amp;volume=49&amp;pages=229-233&amp;publication_year=1990&amp;author=Ueda%2CA&amp;author=Cameron%2CEM&amp;author=Krouse%2CHR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Habicht, K. S., Gade, M., Thamdrup, B., Berg, P. &amp; Canfield, D. E. Calibration of sulfate levels in the Archean Ocean. Science 298, 2372\u20132374 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Calibration%20of%20sulfate%20levels%20in%20the%20Archean%20Ocean&amp;journal=Science&amp;volume=298&amp;pages=2372-2374&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Habicht%2CKS&amp;author=Gade%2CM&amp;author=Thamdrup%2CB&amp;author=Berg%2CP&amp;author=Canfield%2CDE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Habicht, K. S., Canfield, D. E. &amp; Rethmeier, J. Sulfur isotope fractionation during bacterial reduction and disproportionation of thiosulfate and sulfite. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62, 2585\u20132595 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Ricketts, B. D., Ware, M. J. &amp; Donaldson, J. A. Volcaniclastic rocks and volcaniclastic facies in the middle precambrian (Aphebian) Belcher Group, Northwest Territories, Canada. Can. J. Earth Sci. 19, 1275\u20131294 (1981).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Volcaniclastic%20rocks%20and%20volcaniclastic%20facies%20in%20the%20middle%20precambrian%20%28Aphebian%29%20Belcher%20Group%2C%20Northwest%20Territories%2C%20Canada&amp;journal=Can.%20J.%20Earth%20Sci.&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=1275-1294&amp;publication_year=1981&amp;author=Ricketts%2CBD&amp;author=Ware%2CMJ&amp;author=Donaldson%2CJA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Djokic, T., Van Kranendonk, M. J., Campbell, K. A., Walter, M. R. &amp; Ward, C. R. Earliest signs&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":322141,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7],"tags":[174054,17031,41023,273,2294,11528,111,139,69,17148,147],"class_list":{"0":"post-322140","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-science","8":"tag-chemical-origin-of-life","9":"tag-earth-sciences","10":"tag-element-cycles","11":"tag-environment","12":"tag-general","13":"tag-geochemistry","14":"tag-new-zealand","15":"tag-newzealand","16":"tag-nz","17":"tag-palaeontology","18":"tag-science"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/322140","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=322140"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/322140\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/322141"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=322140"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=322140"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=322140"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}