{"id":50768,"date":"2025-09-29T21:10:12","date_gmt":"2025-09-29T21:10:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/50768\/"},"modified":"2025-09-29T21:10:12","modified_gmt":"2025-09-29T21:10:12","slug":"effect-of-scaling-and-root-planing-on-tnf-%ce%b1-il-1%ce%b2-and-il-10-levels-in-periodontitis-patients-with-and-without-diabetes-a-cross-sectional-study-bmc-oral-health","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/50768\/","title":{"rendered":"Effect of scaling and root planing on TNF-\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, and IL-10 levels in periodontitis patients with and without diabetes: a cross-sectional study | BMC Oral Health"},"content":{"rendered":"

Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics<\/p>\n

A total of 76 patients diagnosed with periodontitis were included in this study, among whom 38 had concomitant diabetes mellitus (Fig.\u00a01<\/a>). The demographic characteristics and baseline periodontal parameters of the two groups are summarized in Table\u00a01<\/a>. There was no significant difference in age between the groups: the mean age was 45.34\u2009\u00b1\u20096.00 years in the non-diabetic group and 45.63\u2009\u00b1\u20098.08 years in the diabetic group (P\u2009=\u20090.860). Regarding sex distribution, the non-diabetic group included 19 males and 19 females, while the diabetic group included 21 males and 17 females, showing no significant intergroup difference (P\u2009=\u20090.646).<\/p>\n

Fig. 1\"figure<\/a>Table 1 Demographic characteristics of 76 patients and the periodontal indexes at baseline<\/p>\n

A significant difference was observed in BMI distribution between the two groups (P\u2009=\u20090.003). In the non-diabetic group, the majority of participants were underweighted or of normal weight (n\u2009=\u200936), with only 2 classified as overweight or obese. In contrast, the diabetic group had a higher proportion of overweight\/obese individuals (n\u2009=\u200912) and 26 individuals in the underweight\/normal category. This finding is consistent with the well-established association between diabetes and metabolic abnormalities. Regarding smoking status, 6 participants in the non-diabetic group and 4 in the diabetic group were current smokers, with no significant difference between groups (P\u2009=\u20090.497). Alcohol consumption was reported by 8 participants in the non-diabetic group and 14 in the diabetic group; however, the difference did not reach statistical significance (P\u2009=\u20090.129).<\/p>\n

In terms of baseline periodontal clinical parameters, both groups exhibited similar disease severity. The mean probing depth was 3.92\u2009\u00b1\u20090.91\u00a0mm in the non-diabetic group and 3.97\u2009\u00b1\u20090.85\u00a0mm in the diabetic group (P\u2009=\u20090.796). Mean clinical attachment loss was 5.66\u2009\u00b1\u20091.26\u00a0mm and 5.79\u2009\u00b1\u20091.32\u00a0mm, respectively (P\u2009=\u20090.658). Bleeding on probing scores averaged 2.18\u2009\u00b1\u20090.56 in the non-diabetic group and 2.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.59 in the diabetic group (P\u2009=\u20090.692). The plaque index was 1.95\u2009\u00b1\u20090.52 in the non-diabetic group and 1.97\u2009\u00b1\u20090.37 in the diabetic group (P\u2009=\u20090.799). None of the baseline periodontal parameters showed statistically significant differences, indicating comparable periodontal disease severity between the two groups. This homogeneity provides a sound basis for assessing the specific effects of diabetes on local inflammatory cytokine levels and treatment outcomes.<\/p>\n

Changes in clinical parameters<\/p>\n

Following SRP treatment, improvements were observed in all periodontal clinical parameters among the participants. Detailed results are presented in Table\u00a02<\/a>; Fig.\u00a02<\/a>. Overall, the mean values of PD, CAL, BI, and PLI at three months post-treatment were reduced compared to baseline.<\/p>\n

Table 2 Differences in clinical indicators after three monthsFig. 2\"figure<\/a><\/p>\n

Changes in periodontal clinical parameter indicators. A: PD; B: CAL; C: BI; D: PLI<\/p>\n

For probing depth, the mean value decreased from 3.95\u2009\u00b1\u20090.88\u00a0mm at baseline to 3.29\u2009\u00b1\u20090.56\u00a0mm at 3 months, with an average reduction of 0.66\u2009\u00b1\u20091.04\u00a0mm. Subgroup analysis revealed a more pronounced reduction in the non-diabetic group (from 3.92\u2009\u00b1\u20090.91\u00a0mm to 3.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.47\u00a0mm, \u0394\u2009=\u20090.71\u2009\u00b1\u20091.06\u00a0mm), whereas the diabetic group showed a slightly smaller decrease (from 3.97\u2009\u00b1\u20090.85\u00a0mm to 3.37\u2009\u00b1\u20090.63\u00a0mm, \u0394\u2009=\u20090.61\u2009\u00b1\u20091.03\u00a0mm). However, the intergroup difference was not statistically significant (P\u2009=\u20090.662). As shown in Fig.\u00a02<\/a>A, both groups exhibited a significant reduction in PD after treatment (P\u2009<\u20090.001).<\/p>\n

Regarding clinical attachment level, the mean CAL decreased from 5.72\u2009\u00b1\u20091.28\u00a0mm at baseline to 5.24\u2009\u00b1\u20091.15\u00a0mm at 3 months, corresponding to an average reduction of 0.49\u2009\u00b1\u20091.76\u00a0mm. Specifically, CAL in the non-diabetic group decreased from 5.66\u2009\u00b1\u20091.26\u00a0mm to 5.18\u2009\u00b1\u20090.96\u00a0mm (\u0394\u2009=\u20090.47\u2009\u00b1\u20091.52\u00a0mm), while in the diabetic group it declined from 5.79\u2009\u00b1\u20091.32\u00a0mm to 5.29\u2009\u00b1\u20091.33\u00a0mm (\u0394\u2009=\u20090.50\u2009\u00b1\u20091.98\u00a0mm). The degree of improvement was comparable between groups (P\u2009=\u20090.948). As illustrated in Fig.\u00a02<\/a>B, no significant between-group difference in CAL reduction was detected.<\/p>\n

As for the bleeding index, the overall BI decreased from 2.21\u2009\u00b1\u20090.57 at baseline to 1.78\u2009\u00b1\u20090.53 in three months, yielding a mean reduction of 0.43\u2009\u00b1\u20090.82. A more substantial decrease was observed in the non-diabetic group (from 2.18\u2009\u00b1\u20090.56 to 1.66\u2009\u00b1\u20090.53, \u0394\u2009=\u20090.53\u2009\u00b1\u20090.76) compared to the diabetic group (from 2.24\u2009\u00b1\u20090.59 to 1.89\u2009\u00b1\u20090.51, \u0394\u2009=\u20090.34\u2009\u00b1\u20090.88). After three months, the difference in BI between groups approached statistical significance (P\u2009=\u20090.052), although the difference in improvement did not reach significance (P\u2009=\u20090.332). Figure\u00a02<\/a>C shows significant post-treatment reductions in BI in both groups, with a highly significant change in the non-diabetic group (P\u2009<\u20090.001) and a significant change in the diabetic group (P\u2009<\u20090.05).<\/p>\n

For the plaque index, the overall mean value decreased from 1.96\u2009\u00b1\u20090.45 at baseline to 1.61\u2009\u00b1\u20090.57 in three months, indicating an average reduction of 0.36\u2009\u00b1\u20090.71. In the non-diabetic group, PLI declined from 1.95\u2009\u00b1\u20090.52 to 1.58\u2009\u00b1\u20090.55 (\u0394\u2009=\u20090.37\u2009\u00b1\u20090.71), and in the diabetic group from 1.97\u2009\u00b1\u20090.37 to 1.63\u2009\u00b1\u20090.59 (\u0394\u2009=\u20090.34\u2009\u00b1\u20090.71). No significant difference was found between groups (P\u2009=\u20090.872). As demonstrated in Fig.\u00a02<\/a>D, both groups showed statistically significant improvements in PLI (P\u2009<\u20090.01).<\/p>\n

In diabetic patients, glycemic controls reflected by HbA1c\u2014also showed a slight improvement after SRP. The mean HbA1c level decreased from 8.37\u2009\u00b1\u20091.06% at baseline to 8.07\u2009\u00b1\u20091.17% in 3 months, representing an average reduction of 0.30\u2009\u00b1\u20091.24% points. This finding suggests a potentially beneficial effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment on glycemic control in diabetic individuals.<\/p>\n

Changes in cytokine levels<\/p>\n

At baseline, no significant differences in inflammatory cytokine levels were observed between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups. For pro-inflammatory markers, the concentration of IL-1\u03b2 in the diabetic group was slightly higher (3318.24\u2009\u00b1\u2009741.78 pg\/ml) compared to the non-diabetic group (3289.03\u2009\u00b1\u2009929.39 pg\/ml), but this difference was not statistically significant (P\u2009=\u20090.880). Similarly, TNF-\u03b1 levels were 1302.37\u2009\u00b1\u2009318.93 pg\/ml in the diabetic group and 1278.79\u2009\u00b1\u2009436.89 pg\/ml in the non-diabetic group (P\u2009=\u20090.789). Regarding the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, baseline levels were also comparable between groups, with 13.33\u2009\u00b1\u20092.37 pg\/ml in the diabetic group and 13.21\u2009\u00b1\u20092.94 pg\/ml in the non-diabetic group (P\u2009=\u20090.838) (Table\u00a03<\/a>).<\/p>\n

Table 3 Difference of IL-1\u03b2, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-10 levels after three months<\/p>\n

Three months after SRP treatment, both groups exhibited reductions in pro-inflammatory cytokine levels to varying extents. The most notable change was observed in TNF-\u03b1 concentrations. As illustrated in Fig.\u00a03<\/a>A, the non-diabetic group showed a significant reduction in TNF-\u03b1, decreasing from 1278.79\u2009\u00b1\u2009436.89 pg\/ml to 693.47\u2009\u00b1\u2009149.69 pg\/ml (\u0394\u2009=\u2009585.32\u2009\u00b1\u2009462.83 pg\/ml). In the diabetic group, TNF-\u03b1 decreased from 1302.37\u2009\u00b1\u2009318.93 pg\/ml to 819.32\u2009\u00b1\u2009139.08 pg\/ml (\u0394\u2009=\u2009483.05\u2009\u00b1\u2009376.22 pg\/ml). These reductions were highly significant in both groups (P\u2009<\u20090.001). However, post-treatment TNF-\u03b1 levels remained significantly higher in the diabetic group compared to the non-diabetic group (P\u2009<\u20090.001), suggesting a persistently elevated pro-inflammatory state in diabetic patients despite treatment.<\/p>\n

Fig. 3\"figure<\/a><\/p>\n

Changes in cytokine levels between the non-diabetic group and the diabetic group at baseline and after three months. A: TNF-\u03b1; B: IL-1\u03b2; C: IL-10<\/p>\n

For IL-1\u03b2, levels in the non-diabetic group decreased from 3289.03\u2009\u00b1\u2009929.39 pg\/ml to 3012.45\u2009\u00b1\u2009602.90 pg\/ml, a reduction of 276.58\u2009\u00b1\u20091137.80 pg\/ml. In the diabetic group, IL-1\u03b2 declined from 3318.24\u2009\u00b1\u2009741.78 pg\/ml to 3101.50\u2009\u00b1\u2009526.78 pg\/ml (\u0394\u2009=\u2009216.74\u2009\u00b1\u2009960.97 pg\/ml). No statistically significant difference in the magnitude of reduction was found between groups (P\u2009=\u20090.805), and as shown in Fig.\u00a03<\/a>B, neither group exhibited a statistically significant within-group change in IL-1\u03b2 following treatment.<\/p>\n

Regarding the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, post-treatment increases were observed in both groups. In the non-diabetic group, IL-10 levels increased from 13.21\u2009\u00b1\u20092.94 pg\/ml to 14.81\u2009\u00b1\u20093.55 pg\/ml (\u0394 = +1.60\u2009\u00b1\u20094.83 pg\/ml), while in the diabetic group, levels rose from 13.33\u2009\u00b1\u20092.37 pg\/ml to 14.08\u2009\u00b1\u20093.68 pg\/ml (\u0394 = +0.75\u2009\u00b1\u20094.35 pg\/ml). As shown in Fig.\u00a03<\/a>C, the increase in IL-10 was more pronounced in the non-diabetic group, although the between-group difference was not statistically significant (P\u2009=\u20090.422). Similarly, the absolute post-treatment IL-10 levels were slightly higher in the non-diabetic group (14.81\u2009\u00b1\u20093.55 pg\/ml) than in the diabetic group (14.08\u2009\u00b1\u20093.68 pg\/ml), but this difference also did not reach statistical significance (P\u2009=\u20090.384).<\/p>\n

Figure 4<\/a> compares the changes in inflammatory cytokine levels between groups at baseline and three months post-treatment. Overall, although baseline values were similar, the non-diabetic group exhibited a more substantial decrease in TNF-\u03b1 and a more noticeable increase in IL-10 following treatment. These findings suggest that non-diabetic individuals may have a more favorable inflammatory response to SRP.<\/p>\n

Fig. 4\"figure<\/a><\/p>\n

Comparison of cytokine levels between the non-diabetic group and the diabetic group. A: TNF-\u03b1; B: IL-1\u03b2; C: IL-10<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Demographic and baseline clinical characteristics A total of 76 patients diagnosed with periodontitis were included in this study,…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":50769,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[533,3535,134,43911,43910,43908,111,139,69,43912,43906,43907,43909],"class_list":{"0":"post-50768","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-health","8":"tag-dentistry","9":"tag-diabetes","10":"tag-health","11":"tag-il-10","12":"tag-il-1","13":"tag-inflammatory-cytokines","14":"tag-new-zealand","15":"tag-newzealand","16":"tag-nz","17":"tag-oral-and-maxillofacial-surgery","18":"tag-periodontitis","19":"tag-scaling-and-root-planing","20":"tag-tnf-"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50768","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50768"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50768\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/50769"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50768"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=50768"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/nz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=50768"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}