An aerial view of Hawai’i short-finned pilot whales at the surface. Credit: HIMB Marine Mammal Research Program
How much squid do short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) off the coast of Hawai’i need to consume each day to survive and are there sufficient squid to sustain the population? Knowing these basic facts is essential in the fight to protect populations.
Researchers from the U.S., Spain, Australia and Denmark reveal in the Journal of Experimental Biology that individual Hawaiian short-finned pilot whales consume between 82 and 202 squid per day, adding up to a total of 88,000 tons of squid per year for the entire population, which is, fortunately, a drop in the ocean for the local squid population.
Why daily food needs matter
How much food an animal needs to consume on a daily basis is a crucial part of the jigsaw of life, helping us to recognize when a species might be at risk if their food supply dwindles. One enigmatic group of animals are the pilot whales, which dive to depths of up to 1,700 m as they forage, mainly for squid.
“These animals have been studied in locations around the world, but relatively little is known about them in Hawaiian waters,” says William Gough (University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, U.S.), who teamed up with colleagues to solve the riddle of just how much Hawaiian squid short-finned pilot whales consume.
A tagged short-finned pilot whale films other whales in its pod. Credit: HIMB Marine Mammal Research Program and Pacific Whale Foundation
Tagging and tracking the whales
First, the team headed out into the Pacific Ocean where they attached data-collecting tags with a detachable suction cup to eight short-finned pilot whales.
“Short-finned pilot whales are fairly small and quick, so we really have to pick our moment,” recalls Gough, adding that each tag was equipped with motion sensors, a camera with a light, hydrophones to record echolocation clicks and GPS.
“Ideally, we attached the tag right behind the blowhole facing the head, so we could see any foraging at depth,” says Gough.
In addition, the team hovered a drone 25 m above each whale, filming so that they could figure out the animal’s size.
Retrieving the tags, which sometimes floated 50 miles in rough waters after detaching, Gough found that the whales had made 118 deep dives, going down as far as 864 m, with each whale diving approximately 39 times a day.
Calculating energy needs and squid consumption
The researchers then analyzed the whales’ tail beats as the animals descend and calculated that short-finned pilot whales use 73.8 kJ/min of energy while diving and only 44.4 kJ/min when at the surface. But what would that equate to in terms of the number of squid that the whales would need to consume to survive?
Listening for the tell-tale echolocation clicks on the hydrophone recordings as the whales intercepted a squid, the team estimated that the whales consume approximately four squid per dive and that each squid provides around 560 kJ of energy when digested.
Gough then calculated that each whale must eat between 82 and 202 squid per day, totaling as many as 73,730 squid per whale per year.
A pod of Hawai’i short-finned pilot whales below the surface. Credit: HIMB Marine Mammal Research Program
The big picture: Population impact on squid
But how many squid does the whole population of short-finned pilot whales around Hawaiʻi actually consume over a year? Based on estimates that the population is up to 8,000 individuals, the team calculated that the pilot whales together consume as many as 88,000 tons of squid each year, which is fortunately a drop in the ocean for the local squid population.
“These results show that short-finned pilot whales are in relatively good shape in Hawaiʻi, having found an abundant and reliable source of food,” says Gough, who is optimistic about the future of Hawaiian pilot whales.
More information:
Daily energetic expenditure and energy consumption of short-finned pilot whales., Journal of Experimental Biology (2025). DOI: 10.1242/jeb.249821
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Mystery of how much squid short-finned pilot whales eat resolved (2025, November 13)
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