In my previous post, I discussed the psychological violence being imposed on the Latine immigrant community through the implementation of new and insidious immigration policies under the current administration. Since that publication, this violence has intensified in both scale and visibility. Across many regions of the United States, the public has witnessed large-scale ICE raids in neighborhoods, workplaces, hospitals, school events, and even outside immigration courts, where individuals and entire families are apprehended as they exit mandatory hearings.

Video footage—widely circulated—shows ICE agents forcibly separating screaming mothers from their children, breaking car windows to extract individuals while their families watch, and chasing and tackling street vendors or day laborers as though they were dangerous criminals. These events are highly visible, and their public nature has amplified fear well beyond the sites of the raids themselves.

Adding to the terror is the well-documented reality that U.S. citizens of Latine descent have repeatedly been swept up in raids or individually targeted. As a result, many Latine individuals—including members of my own household—now question their safety each time they leave home. I have insisted that my family carry passports or Real IDs at all times and keep copies of these documents in our vehicles out of fear of being erroneously detained at a raid or checkpoint. In other words, like many Latine people living in areas with a heavy ICE presence, I fear that we will be racially profiled and targeted at best—and falsely arrested, detained, or even illegally deported at worst.

Taken together, these experiences reflect that for many in the immigrant Latine community in the U.S., this has been a terrorizing and psychologically violent period. What makes this violence particularly devastating is that it is deeply laden with moral meaning. Latine immigrant individuals are not only experiencing violations of physical safety and bodily integrity, but also violations of their core moral beliefs and values. Psychologists refer to this form of harm as moral injury.

Moral Injury

Litz et al. (2009) define moral injury as “the lasting psychological, biological, spiritual, behavioral, and social impact of bearing witness to acts that transgress deeply held moral beliefs and expectations.” Griffin et al. (2019) further note that moral injury may result from “betrayal by a trusted leader or authority.” In essence, moral injury occurs when individuals perceive that a fundamental moral boundary has been crossed—whether because they were complicit in the harm, failed to prevent it, or witnessed it being committed by a person or institution they trusted to do no harm.

Moral injury is, at its core, a trauma response. Although it frequently co-occurs with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), it is now recognized as a distinct psychological experience. Notably, the DSM-5-TR includes moral injury as a Z code under Moral, Religious, or Spiritual Problems. Like PTSD, moral injury can involve avoidance, intense guilt, shame, anger, and horror, as well as social withdrawal and persistent distress. Over time, these symptoms may lead to harmful coping strategies such as substance use, isolation, or even suicidality. Unlike PTSD, however, the primary source of injury is not a perceived threat to survival, but a perceived violation of one’s moral framework—of what is right and wrong.

Potentially Morally Injurious Events Facing Latine Immigrant Communities

To date, there has been no formal investigation into the prevalence or impact of moral injury among Latine immigrant populations. However, the absence of systematic data does not preclude meaningful clinical and community-level observation. Emerging observations—including work currently underway by my colleagues and me—suggest clear pathways of harm. Potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) affecting the Latine immigrant community include, but are not limited to:

Family separation
ICE raids in sensitive locations such as schools, hospitals, churches, and immigration courts
ICE violence that disproportionately targets communities of color
Detention of individuals of all ages in ICE facilities, often without due process
Judicial ruling that grants permission, at least until a final ruling is issued, for racial profiling to determine legal status (e.g., Noem v. Vasquez-Perdomo, 2025)
Persistent anti-immigrant rhetoric promoted by officials within the current administration

Emerging Observations

Within my own community, the psychological impact of moral injury is already evident. I hear anger, despair, guilt, and shame from those forced to witness ICE violence—whether through viral social media footage or direct experiences in their neighborhoods. I hear the pain of betrayal in the voices of elders who ask how such violence can be “allowed” against our community. At community gatherings, I hear growing distrust toward elected officials perceived as unwilling or unable to intervene. I have also spoken with Latine individuals who express apathy or resignation—a belief that this violence and prejudice are inevitable and unchangeable.

Moral Injury Essential Reads

In cities with a significant ICE presence, it is increasingly common for Latine individuals and families to withdraw from their communities, driven by fear and by eroding trust that they will be safe in their own neighborhoods. News reports indicate that many immigrant individuals, documented and undocumented alike, are choosing to work remotely to avoid being targeted.

Even those without the option to work from home are choosing to stay home with their families rather than risk going outside, adding the burden of being unable to provide for their families. Parents are opting for remote learning for their children rather than sending them to school. Individuals are avoiding attending faith services or gatherings, let alone recreational gatherings. Such disconnection from one’s community is detrimental. Though it may be a fear-driven response to very real dangers right now, it may also insidiously reinforce the idea that connection to one’s environment is dangerous in general. This quiet reshaping of beliefs about safety and connection is a hallmark outcome of moral injury.

Why It Matters

Naming moral injury within the Latine immigrant population is essential for how mental health professionals assess, treat, and validate the experiences of their clients. This is especially critical at a time when Latine immigrant communities are being exposed to potentially morally injurious events like those described above. Recognizing and naming this form of harm also underscores the need for targeted investigation, particularly given that moral injury has not yet been systematically studied within this population. Failure to do so increases the risk of misdiagnoses and inadequate care for an already vulnerable group.