Coral Reef Watch, Center for Satellite Applications and Research, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
C. Mark Eakin, Scott F. Heron, Denise A. Devotta, Gang Liu, Erick F. Geiger, Jacqueline L. De La Cour, William J. Skirving, Benjamin L. Marsh, Blake L. Spady & Derek P. Manzello
Corals and Climate, Silver Spring, MD, USA
C. Mark Eakin
College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Scott F. Heron, Sean R. Connolly, Andrew H. Baird, Mia O. Hoogenboom & Morgan S. Pratchett
Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Scott F. Heron, Andrew H. Baird, Andrew S. Hoey, Mia O. Hoogenboom, Terry P. Hughes, James T. Kerry, Morgan S. Pratchett, Gergely Torda, Mariana Álvarez-Noriega, Ian R. Butler & Chao-Yang Kuo
Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
Sean R. Connolly
Global Science & Technology LLC, Greenbelt, MD, USA
Denise A. Devotta, Erick F. Geiger, Blake L. Spady & Chancey MacDonald
Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
Jacqueline L. De La Cour
Greater Atlantic Regional Office, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Fisheries, Gloucester, MA, USA
Andrea M. Gomez
ReefSense, Cranbrook, QLD, Australia
William J. Skirving & Benjamin L. Marsh
University of Reading, Reading, UK
William J. Skirving
Australian Institute of Marine Science, PMB 3, Townsville, QLD, Australia
Neal E. Cantin, James Gilmour, Manuel Gonzalez-Rivero, Angus Thompson, Shaun Wilson & Emma V. Kennedy
Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
Courtney S. Couch
Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, USA
Courtney S. Couch
Institute for Resources, Environment and Sustainability, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Simon D. Donner & Alex Tso
Oceans Institute, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
James Gilmour, Claire L. Ross & Richard D. Evans
CORDIO East Africa, Mombasa, Kenya
Mishal Gudka & David O. Obura
School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Hugo B. Harrison
Angelo King Center for Research & Environmental Management, Silliman University, Dumaguete, Philippines
Gregor Hodgson
Reef Check Foundation, Westlake Village, CA, USA
Gregor Hodgson & Jennifer Mihaly
School of The Environment, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, Gal Eyal & John M. Pandolfi
National Parks of Eastern North Carolina, Manteo, NC, USA
Meaghan E. Johnson
Palau International Coral Reef Center, Koror, Palau
Tadashi Kimura
Laboratorio de Ecología de Ecosistemas de Arrecifes Coralinos, Departamento de Recursos del Mar, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del I.P.N, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
Aarón Israel Muñiz-Castillo, Andrea Rivera-Sosa & Jesús Ernesto Arias-González
Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions. Kensington, Perth, WA, Australia
Claire L. Ross, Shaun Wilson & Richard D. Evans
Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Marathon, FL, USA
Jennifer Stein
National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
T. Shay Viehman & Bryan Costa
International Center for Coral Reef Research and Restoration, Mote Marine Laboratory, Summerland Key, FL, USA
Cory S. Walter
Office of Coast Survey, U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
Noel Dyer
Marine Science Institute, Moorea Coral Reef LTER, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Thomas C. Adam
Instituto de Oceanologia, Havana, Cuba
Pedro Alcolado
School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
Mahsa Alidoostsalimi
Department of Marine Biology, Science and Research Branch, Azad University, Tehran, Iran
Parisa Alidoostsalimi
Biodiversity and Reef Conservation Laboratory, Unidad Académica de Sistemas Arrecifales, Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
Lorenzo Alvarez-Filip
Texas A&M University – Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
Keisha D. Bahr
Ningaloo Marine Park, Parks and Wildlife Service – Exmouth District, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Exmouth, WA, Australia
Peter Barnes
Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales, Dirección de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad, San Salvador, El Salvador
José Enrique Barraza Sandoval
Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
Julia K. Baum
Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kāneʻohe, HI, USA
Julia K. Baum, Crawford Drury & Linda Eggertsen
National Coral Reef Institute, Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Department of Marine and Environmental Science, Nova Southeastern University, Dania Beach, FL, USA
Andrew G. Bauman
School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
Maria Beger
Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, School of the Environment, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Maria Beger
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, BC, Canada
Kathryn Berry
CSIRO, Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, TAS, Australia
Pia Bessell-Browne
Entropie (IRD, UR, CNRS, UNC, IFREMER), Labex CORAIL, IRD-University of La Réunion, Saint Denis Cedex 9, France
Lionel Bigot
Reef Explorer Fiji, Votua Village, Nadroga, Fiji
Victor Bonito
Offshore Biodiversity and Ecology, DHI A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark
Ole B. Brodnicke
University of Guam Marine Laboratory, Mangilao, GU, USA
David Burdick & Peter Houk
Department of Ecology, Evolution, & Marine Biology, Moorea Coral Reef LTER, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
Deron E. Burkepile
The Seychelles Islands Foundation, Mont Fleuri, Mahe, VIC, Seychelles
April J. Burt
Mubadala ACCESS Center & Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
John A. Burt
CoraLogic Environmental Consulting, Cook, ACT, Australia
Ian R. Butler
High Meadows Environmental Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
Jamie M. Caldwell
Centre de Recherches Insulaires et Observatoire de l’Environnement/SNO Corail, Papetoai, Moorea Island, French Polynesia, France
Yannick Chancerelle
Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
Chaolun Allen Chen & Chao-Yang Kuo
Taiwan Environmental Information Association, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
Kah-Leng Cherh & Chao-Yang Kuo
Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
Michael J. Childress & Kylie Smith
Red Sea Research Center, Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
Darren J. Coker & Michael D. Fox
Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa Coral Reef Advisory Group, Pago Pago, AS, USA
Georgia Coward
Wolfson College, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
M. James C. Crabbe
Blue Pangolin Consulting Ltd, London, UK
Thomas Dallison
Department of Primary Industries, NSW Fisheries, Coffs Harbour, NSW, Australia
Steven Dalton
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
Thomas M. DeCarlo
Healthy Reefs for Healthy People Initiative, West End, Roatan, Honduras
Ian Drysdale
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Clinton B. Edwards, Stuart A. Sandin & Jennifer E. Smith
Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Eylem Elma
Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, St. Thomas, USVI, USA
Rosmin S. Ennis & Tyler B. Smith
The Mina & Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
Gal Eyal
Coral Reef Consulting, Pago Pago, AS, USA
Douglas Fenner
Centro Ecológico Akumal, Akumal, Mexico
Baruch Figueroa-Zavala
Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Jay Fisch, Diego Lirman & Bradley A. Weiler
Save Our Seas Foundation – D’Arros Research Centre, Genève, Switzerland
Elena Gadoutsis
Ginger-Soproner, BP3583, Nouméa cedex, New Caledonia, France
Antoine Gilbert & Tom Heintz
Direction des Ressources Marines, Fare Ute, Papeete, Tahiti, French Polynesia, France
Antoine Gilbert
Pacific Community (SPC), Nouméa, New Caledonia, France
Andrew R. Halford & George Shedrawi
Finger Lakes Community College, Canandaigua, NY, USA
James Hewlett
School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Jean-Paul A. Hobbs
Guam Coral Reef Initiative, Bureau of Statistics and Plans, Hagatna, Guam, USA
Whitney C. Hoot
Johnston Applied Marine Sciences, Saipan, CNMI, USA
Lyza Johnston
NOAA Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary, Galveston, TX, USA
Michelle A. Johnston & Marissa F. Nuttall
The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
Hajime Kayanne
Department of Oceanography – Federal University of Bahia, RECOR – Coral Reefs and Global Change Lab, National Institute of Science and Technology for the Tropical Marine Environments (INCT AmbTropic), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
Ruy Kenji Papa de Kikuchi, Zelinda M. A. N. Leão & Marilia D. M. Oliveira
Chumbe Island Coral Park, Zanzibar, Tanzania
Ulrike Kloiber
Fishery Solutions LLC, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
Haruko Koike
State of Hawai’i Division of Aquatic Resources, Kailua-Kona, HI, USA
K. Lindsey Kramer
Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment (AGRRA), Big Pine Key, FL, USA
Judith Lang
School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University, Anglesey, UK
Alice Lawrence & Laura E. Richardson
Blue Ventures, The Old Library, Bristol, UK
Abigail Leadbeater
Faculty of Science and Marine Environment, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
Jen Nie Lee
Department of Biology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
Cynthia Lewis
Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Oceanography and Limnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
Guilherme Ortigara Longo & Thayná Mello
California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, USA
Chancey MacDonald
Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
Jennie Mallela
Talanoa Consulting, Suva, Fiji
Sangeeta Mangubhai
Lúrio University, Nampula, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique
Isabel Marques da Silva
Marine Conservation Society Seychelles, Mahé, Victoria, Seychelles
Christophe Mason-Parker
Biscayne National Park, Homestead, FL, USA
Vanessa McDonough
Healthy Reefs Initiative/Smithsonian Institution, Ft. Pierce, FL, USA
Melanie McField
Reef Conservation, Pereybere, Cap Malheureux, Mauritius
Celine Miternique-Agathe
Moheli Marine Park, Nioumachoua, Comoros
Mouchtadi Madi
Green Corals, Rischauer Moor 1, Braunschweig, Germany
Stephan Moldzio
Department of Life Sciences, Marine Genomics Laboratory, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, USA
Alison A. Monroe
DiSTAV, University of Genova, Corso Europa 26, Genova, Italy
Monica Montefalcone
Zoological Survey of India, Marine Biology Regional Center, Chennai, India
Kevin S. Moses
Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Natural resources and Environment, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University (I.A.U), Tehran, Iran
Pargol G. Mostafavi
Instituto de Biologia and SAGE/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Rodrigo Leão de Moura
Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Chathurika S. Munasinghe
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya
Jelvas Mwaura
Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
Takashi Nakamura & James D. Reimer
MAREX Saint-Leu Reunion, Saint-Leu, France
Jean-Benoit Nicet
CERMES, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Saint Michael, Barbados
Hazel A. Oxenford
GVI Travel II Limited t/a GVI Experiences, Exeter, England
Vardhan Patankar
The Nature Conservancy Caribbean Division, San Juan, PR, USA
Denise Perez
Blue Resources Trust, Colombo, Sri Lanka
Nishan Perera
Reef Check Indonesia Foundation, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia
Derta Prabuning
Coastal and Marine Sciences, Bio-Tech Consulting, Miami, FL, USA
William Precht
Suganthi Devadason Marine Research Institute, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India
K. Diraviya Raj
Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
Randi Rotjan
Australian Institute of Marine Science, Indian Ocean Marine Research Centre, Crawley, WA, Australia
Nicole Ryan
The Nature Conservancy (Retired), Kailua, HI 96734; Science Advisory Board, Coral Triangle Center, Bali, Indonesia
Rod Salm
Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
Stephanie Schopmeyer
Australian Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
George Shedrawi
Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
Mohammad Reza Shokri
I.CARE, Islamorada, FL, USA
Kylie Smith
Natural History Museum, Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo, Flatt’s, Bermuda
Struan R. Smith
School of Life and Environmental Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Brigitte Sommer
Healthy Reefs for Healthy People Initiative, Puerto Morelos, Quintana Roo, Mexico
Melina Soto
Coastal Zone Management Unit, Barbados, and University of the West Indies, Saint Michael, Barbados
Richard Suckoo
Marine Ecology Consulting, Suva, Fiji
Helen Sykes
University of Hawaii Sea Grant College Program, Honolulu, HI, USA
Kelley Anderson Tagarino
Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge, UK
Marianne Teoh
Institute of Oceanography, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Nha Trang, Khanh Hoa, Vietnam
Minh Quang Thai & Si Tuan Vo
Tropical Marine Science Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
Tai Chong Toh
MISE Lab, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Alex Tredinnick
Coral Cay Conservation, Tongham, Surrey, UK
Harriet Tyley
State University of Zanzibar, Zanzibar, Tanzania
Ali M. Ussi
NOAA Restoration Center, Charleston, SC, USA
Bernardo Vargas-Angel
marinecultures.org, Zanzibar, Tanzania
Christian Vaterlaus
Carmabi Foundation/ University of Amsterdam, Willemstad, Curaçao
Mark J. A. Vermeij
Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
Christian R. Voolstra
Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Hin Boo Wee
Institute of Oceanography and Environment (INOS), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
Hin Boo Wee
Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
Dana E. Williams
Institute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar, Tanzania
Saleh A. S. Yahya
Marine Biodiversity Research Group, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ramkhamhaeng University, Bangkok, Thailand
Thamasak Yeemin
Department of Holobiont Biology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
Maren Ziegler
The study was conceptualized by C.M.E., who also wrote the first draft of the paper. C.M.E., S.F.H., and S.R.C. jointly led revision of the manuscript. D.A.D. coordinated data compilation in conjunction with J.L.D. and A.M.G. S.R.C. designed and led the statistical analysis. G.L., W.J.S., E.F.G., and S.F.H. provided data on heat stress. Large-scale coral bleaching and mortality datasets were provided by A.H.B., N.C., C.S.C., S.D.D., J.G., M.G.R., M.G., H.B.H., G.H., O.H.G., A.S.H., M.O.H., T.P.H., M.E.J., J.T.K., T.K., J.M., A.I.M.-C., D.O.O., M.S.P., A.R.-S., C.L.R., A.S., J.S., A.T., G.T., T.S.V., C.S.W., and S.W. Great Barrier Reef aerial bleaching surveys were undertaken by T.P.H. and J.T.K. All other authors contributed to data collection and multiple drafts of the manuscript.