Priest, E. R. & Forbes, T. G. The magnetic nature of solar flares. Astron. Astrophys. Rev. 10, 313–377 (2002).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Chen, P. F. Coronal mass ejections: models and their observational basis. Living Rev. Sol. Phys. 8, 1 (2011).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Webb, D. F. & Howard, T. A. Coronal mass ejections: observations. Living Rev. Sol. Phys. 9, 3 (2012).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Airapetian, V. S. et al. Impact of space weather on climate and habitability of terrestrial-type exoplanets. Int. J. Astrobiol. 19, 136–194 (2020).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Lugaz, N. et al. Earth’s magnetosphere and outer radiation belt under sub-Alfvénic solar wind. Nat. Commun. 7, 13001 (2016).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Davenport, J. R. A. The Kepler Catalog of stellar flares. Astrophys. J. 829, 23 (2016).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Vida, K. et al. The quest for stellar coronal mass ejections in late-type stars. I. Investigating Balmer-line asymmetries of single stars in Virtual Observatory data. Astron. Astrophys. 623, A49 (2019).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Veronig, A. M. et al. Indications of stellar coronal mass ejections through coronal dimmings. Nat. Astron. 5, 697–706 (2021).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Odert, P., Leitzinger, M., Hanslmeier, A. & Lammer, H. Stellar coronal mass ejections. I. Estimating occurrence frequencies and mass-loss rates. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 472, 876–890 (2017).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Green, L. M., Török, T., Vršnak, B., Manchester, W. & Veronig, A. The origin, early evolution and predictability of solar eruptions. Space Sci. Rev. 214, 46 (2018).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Moore, R. L., Sterling, A. C., Hudson, H. S. & Lemen, J. R. Onset of the magnetic explosion in solar flares and coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. 552, 833–848 (2001).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Antiochos, S. K., DeVore, C. R. & Klimchuk, J. A. A model for solar coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. 510, 485–493 (1999).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Török, T., Kliem, B. & Titov, V. S. Ideal kink instability of a magnetic loop equilibrium. Astron. Astrophys. 413, L27–L30 (2004).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Gou, T., Liu, R., Kliem, B., Wang, Y. & Veronig, A. M. The birth of a coronal mass ejection. Sci. Adv. 5, 7004 (2019).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Liu, R. Magnetic flux ropes in the solar corona: structure and evolution toward eruption. Res. Astron. Astrophys. 20, 165 (2020).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Lin, J. & Forbes, T. G. Effects of reconnection on the coronal mass ejection process. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 2375–2392 (2000).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Gou, T. et al. Solar flare-CME coupling throughout two acceleration phases of a fast CME. Astrophys. J. Lett. 897, L36 (2020).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Bateman, G. MHD Instabilities (MIT, 1978).

Kliem, B. & Török, T. Torus instability. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 255002 (2006).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Falconer, D. A., Moore, R. L. & Gary, G. A. Correlation of the coronal mass ejection productivity of solar active regions with measures of their global nonpotentiality from vector magnetograms: baseline results. Astrophys. J. 569, 1016–1025 (2002).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, Y. & Zhang, J. A comparative study between eruptive X-class flares associated with coronal mass ejections and confined X-class flares. Astrophys. J. 665, 1428–1438 (2007).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Sun, X. et al. Why Is the great solar active region 12192 flare-rich but CME-poor? Astrophys. J. Lett. 804, L28 (2015).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Török, T. & Kliem, B. Confined and ejective eruptions of kink-unstable flux ropes. Astrophys. J. Lett. 630, L97–L100 (2005).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Fan, Y. & Gibson, S. E. Onset of coronal mass ejections due to loss of confinement of coronal flux ropes. Astrophys. J. 668, 1232–1245 (2007).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Ji, H., Wang, H., Schmahl, E. J., Moon, Y. J. & Jiang, Y. Observations of the failed eruption of a filament. Astrophys. J. Lett. 595, L135–L138 (2003).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Liu, Y. et al. New observation of failed filament eruptions: the influence of asymmetric coronal background fields on solar eruptions. Astrophys. J. Lett. 696, L70–L73 (2009).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Chen, Y., Cheng, X., Chen, J., Dai, Y. & Ding, M. Observations of a failed solar filament eruption involving external reconnection. Astrophys. J. 959, 67 (2023).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Karpen, J. T., Kumar, P., Wyper, P. F., DeVore, C. R. & Antiochos, S. K. Solar eruptions in nested magnetic flux systems. Astrophys. J. 966, 27 (2024).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Gibson, S. E. & Fan, Y. Coronal prominence structure and dynamics: a magnetic flux rope interpretation. J. Geophys. Res. 111, A12103 (2006).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, J., Cheng, X. & Ding, M.-D. Observation of an evolving magnetic flux rope before and during a solar eruption. Nat. Commun. 3, 747 (2012).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Lynch, B. J., Antiochos, S. K., DeVore, C. R., Luhmann, J. G. & Zurbuchen, T. H. Topological evolution of a fast magnetic breakout CME in three dimensions. Astrophys. J. 683, 1192–1206 (2008).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Shibata, K. & Magara, T. Solar flares: magnetohydrodynamic processes. Living Rev. Sol. Phys. 8, 6 (2011).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Karpen, J. T., Antiochos, S. K. & DeVore, C. R. The mechanisms for the onset and explosive eruption of coronal mass ejections and eruptive flares. Astrophys. J. 760, 81 (2012).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Petschek, H. E. Magnetic field annihilation. NASA Spec. Publ. 50, 425 (1964).

Lin, J. et al. Direct observations of the magnetic reconnection site of an eruption on 2003 November 18. Astrophys. J. 622, 1251–1264 (2005).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Gou, T., Veronig, A. M., Dickson, E. C., Hernandez-Perez, A. & Liu, R. Direct observation of two-step magnetic reconnection in a solar flare. Astrophys. J. Lett. 845, L1 (2017).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Vršnak, B. Processes and mechanisms governing the initiation and propagation of CMEs. Ann. Geophys. 26, 3089–3101 (2008).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, J., Dere, K. P., Howard, R. A., Kundu, M. R. & White, S. M. On the temporal relationship between coronal mass ejections and flares. Astrophys. J. 559, 452–462 (2001).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Temmer, M., Veronig, A. M., Kontar, E. P., Krucker, S. & Vršnak, B. Combined STEREO/RHESSI study of coronal mass ejection acceleration and particle acceleration in solar flares. Astrophys. J. 712, 1410–1420 (2010).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Aulanier, G. & Dudík, J. Drifting of the line-tied footpoints of CME flux-ropes. Astron. Astrophys. 621, A72 (2019).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Jiang, C. et al. A model of failed solar eruption initiated and destructed by magnetic reconnection. Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 525, 5857–5867 (2023).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Gou, T. et al. Complete replacement of magnetic flux in a flux rope during a coronal mass ejection. Nat. Astron. 7, 815–824 (2023).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Ruffenach, A. et al. Multispacecraft observation of magnetic cloud erosion by magnetic reconnection during propagation. J. Geophys. Res. 117, A09101 (2012).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Luo, R. & Liu, R. Where and how does a decay-index profile become saddle-like? Astrophys. J. 929, 2 (2022).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

DeVore, C. R. & Antiochos, S. K. Homologous confined filament eruptions via magnetic breakout. Astrophys. J. 680, 740–756 (2008).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Demoulin, P., Henoux, J. C., Priest, E. R. & Mandrini, C. H. Quasi-separatrix layers in solar flares. I. Method. Astron. Astrophys. 308, 643–655 (1996).

ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Yashiro, S., Akiyama, S., Gopalswamy, N. & Howard, R. A. Different power-law indices in the frequency distributions of flares with and without coronal mass ejections. Astrophys. J. Lett. 650, L143–L146 (2006).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Li, T. et al. Magnetic flux of active regions determining the eruptive character of large solar flares. Astrophys. J. 900, 128 (2020).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Donati, J. F. & Landstreet, J. D. Magnetic fields of nondegenerate stars. Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 47, 333–370 (2009).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Alvarado-Gómez, J. D., Drake, J. J., Cohen, O., Moschou, S. P. & Garraffo, C. Suppression of coronal mass ejections in active stars by an overlying large-scale magnetic field: a numerical study. Astrophys. J. 862, 93 (2018).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Lemen, J. R. et al. The atmospheric imaging assembly (AIA) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Sol. Phys. 275, 17–40 (2012).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Pesnell, W. D., Thompson, B. J. & Chamberlin, P. C. The Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Sol. Phys. 275, 3–15 (2012).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Cheung, M. C. M. et al. Thermal diagnostics with the atmospheric imaging assembly on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory: a validated method for differential emission measure inversions. Astrophys. J. 807, 143 (2015).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Golub, L. et al. The X-ray telescope (XRT) for the Hinode Mission. Sol. Phys. 243, 63–86 (2007).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Müller, D. et al. The Solar Orbiter mission. Science overview. Astron. Astrophys. 642, A1 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Rochus, P. et al. The Solar Orbiter EUI instrument: the extreme ultraviolet imager. Astron. Astrophys. 642, A8 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Veronig, A. M. et al. Coronal dimmings and what they tell us about solar and stellar coronal mass ejections. Living Rev. Sol. Phys. 22, 2 (2025).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Brueckner, G. E. et al. The large angle spectroscopic coronagraph (LASCO). Sol. Phys. 162, 357–402 (1995).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Cargill, P. J. On the aerodynamic drag force acting on interplanetary coronal mass ejections. Sol. Phys. 221, 135–149 (2004).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Vršnak, B. & Žic, T. Transit times of interplanetary coronal mass ejections and the solar wind speed. Astron. Astrophys. 472, 937–943 (2007).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Warmuth, A. Large-scale globally propagating coronal waves. Living Rev. Sol. Phys. 12, 3 (2015).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Howard, T. A. & Pizzo, V. J. Challenging some contemporary views of coronal mass ejections. I. The case for blast waves. Astrophys. J. 824, 92 (2016).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Morosan, D. E., Pomoell, J., Kumari, A., Kilpua, E. K. J. & Vainio, R. A type II solar radio burst without a coronal mass ejection. Astron. Astrophys. 675, A98 (2023).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Culhane, J. L. et al. The EUV imaging spectrometer for Hinode. Sol. Phys. 243, 19–61 (2007).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

De Pontieu, B. et al. The Interface Region Imaging Spectrograph (IRIS). Sol. Phys. 289, 2733–2779 (2014).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Krucker, S. et al. The spectrometer/telescope for imaging X-rays (STIX). Astron. Astrophys. 642, A15 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Massa, P. et al. The STIX imaging concept. Sol. Phys. 298, 114 (2023).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Gary, D. E. et al. Microwave and hard X-ray observations of the 2017 September 10 solar limb flare. Astrophys. J. 863, 83 (2018).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Scherrer, P. H. et al. The helioseismic and magnetic imager (HMI) investigation for the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO). Sol. Phys. 275, 207–227 (2012).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Solanki, S. K. et al. The polarimetric and helioseismic imager on Solar Orbiter. Astron. Astrophys. 642, A11 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Alissandrakis, C. E. On the computation of constant alpha force-free magnetic field. Astron. Astrophys. 100, 197–200 (1981).

ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Wuelser, J.-P. et al. EUVI: the STEREO-SECCHI extreme ultraviolet imager. In Proc. SPIE Conference Series, Telescopes and Instrumentation for Solar Astrophysics, Vol. 5171 (eds Fineschi, S. & Gummin, M. A.) 111–122 (SPIE, 2004).