Ma, D. et al. Distribution control enables efficient reduced-dimensional perovskite LEDs. Nature 599, 594–598 (2021).
Liu, X.-K. et al. Metal halide perovskites for light-emitting diodes. Nat. Mater. 20, 10–21 (2021).
Bai, W. et al. Perovskite light-emitting diodes with an external quantum efficiency exceeding 30%. Adv. Mater. 35, 2302283 (2023).
Feng, S.-C. et al. Efficient and stable red perovskite light-emitting diodes via thermodynamic crystallization control. Adv. Mater. 36, 2410255 (2024).
Jiang, J. et al. Efficient red perovskite LEDs with iodine management via volatile additive I2. Adv. Mater. 37, 2503699 (2025).
Xing, Z. et al. Ions-induced assembly of perovskite nanocomposites for highly efficient light-emitting diodes with EQE exceeding 30%. Adv. Mater. 36, 2406706 (2024).
Vasilopoulou, M. et al. High efficiency blue organic light-emitting diodes with below-bandgap electroluminescence. Nat. Commun. 12, 4868 (2021).
Zou, S.-J. et al. Recent advances in organic light-emitting diodes: toward smart lighting and displays. Mater. Chem. Front. 4, 788–820 (2020).
Deng, Y. et al. Solution-processed green and blue quantum-dot light-emitting diodes with eliminated charge leakage. Nat. Photon. 16, 505–511 (2022).
Ren, A. et al. Emerging light-emitting diodes for next-generation data communications. Nat. Electron. 4, 559–572 (2021).
Yuan, S. et al. Efficient blue electroluminescence from reduced-dimensional perovskites. Nat. Photon. 18, 425–431 (2024).
Nong, Y. et al. Boosting external quantum efficiency of blue perovskite QLEDs exceeding 23% by trifluoroacetate passivation and mixed hole transportation design. Adv. Mater. 36, 2402325 (2024).
Chen, W. et al. Highly bright and stable single-crystal perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 17, 401–407 (2023).
Shamsi, J., Rainò, G., Kovalenko, M. V. & Stranks, S. D. To nano or not to nano for bright halide perovskite emitters. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 1164–1168 (2021).
Kim, Y.-H. et al. Comprehensive defect suppression in perovskite nanocrystals for high-efficiency light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 15, 148–155 (2021).
Cao, X. et al. A review of the role of solvents in formation of high-quality solution-processed perovskite films. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 7639–7654 (2019).
Rezaee, E., Zhang, W. & Silva, S. R. P. Solvent engineering as a vehicle for high quality thin films of perovskites and their device fabrication. Small 17, 2008145 (2021).
Li, N. et al. Liquid medium annealing for fabricating durable perovskite solar cells with improved reproducibility. Science 373, 561–567 (2021).
Liao, K. et al. Hot-casting large-grain perovskite film for efficient solar cells: film formation and device performance. Nanomicro Lett. 12, 156 (2020).
Fiuza-Maneiro, N. et al. Ligand chemistry of inorganic lead halide perovskite nanocrystals. ACS Energy Lett. 8, 1152–1191 (2023).
Liu, Y. et al. Efficient blue light-emitting diodes based on quantum-confined bromide perovskite nanostructures. Nat. Photon. 13, 760–764 (2019).
Sun, W. et al. Ligands in lead halide perovskite nanocrystals: from synthesis to optoelectronic applications. Small 19, 2205950 (2023).
Min, H. et al. Additive treatment yields high-performance lead-free perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 17, 755–760 (2023).
Lee, J., Yang, J., Kwon, S. G. & Hyeon, T. Nonclassical nucleation and growth of inorganic nanoparticles. Nat. Rev. Mater. 1, 16034 (2016).
Wang, F. et al. Monolithically-grained perovskite solar cell with Mortise-Tenon structure for charge extraction balance. Nat. Commun. 14, 3216 (2023).
Xiao, Z. et al. Efficient perovskite light-emitting diodes featuring nanometre-sized crystallites. Nat. Photon. 11, 108–115 (2017).
Liu, S. et al. Zwitterions narrow distribution of perovskite quantum wells for blue light-emitting diodes with efficiency exceeding 15%. Adv. Mater. 35, 2208078 (2023).
Chen, W. et al. Polymerized hybrid perovskites with enhanced stability, flexibility, and lattice rigidity. Adv. Mater. 33, 2104842 (2021).
Proppe, A. H. et al. Photochemically cross-linked quantum well ligands for 2D/3D perovskite photovoltaics with improved photovoltage and stability. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 14180–14189 (2019).
Zhang, D. et al. Nanopipette dynamic microscopy unveils nano coffee ring. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 121, e2314320121 (2024).
Su, T.-S. et al. Crown ether modulation enables over 23% efficient formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 19980–19991 (2020).
Wu, X. et al. Stable triple cation perovskite precursor for highly efficient perovskite solar cells enabled by interaction with 18C6 stabilizer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 30, 1908613 (2020).
Chen, R. et al. Crown ether-assisted growth and scaling up of FACsPbI3 films for efficient and stable perovskite solar modules. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2008760 (2021).
McMeekin, D. P. et al. Intermediate-phase engineering via dimethylammonium cation additive for stable perovskite solar cells. Nat. Mater. 22, 73–83 (2023).
Simenas, M., Gagor, A., Banys, J. & Maczka, M. Phase transitions and dynamics in mixed three- and low-dimensional lead halide perovskites. Chem. Rev. 124, 2281 (2024).
Yang, R. & Tan, L. Understanding size dependence of phase stability and band gap in CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals. J. Chem. Phys. 152, 034702 (2020).
Li, D. et al. Size-dependent phase transition in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite microplate crystals. Nat. Commun. 7, 11330 (2016).
Yang, F. et al. Surface stabilized cubic phase of CsPbI3 and CsPbBr3 at room temperature. Chin. Phys. B 28, 056402 (2019).
Li, H. et al. Efficient and stable red perovskite light-emitting diodes with operational stability >300 h. Adv. Mater. 33, 2008820 (2021).
Lao, X. et al. Photoluminescence signatures of thermal expansion, electron–phonon coupling and phase transitions in cesium lead bromide perovskite nanosheets. Nanoscale 12, 7315–7320 (2020).
Wright, A. D. et al. Electron–phonon coupling in hybrid lead halide perovskites. Nat. Commun. 7, 11755 (2016).
Alexander, E. J. H. et al. Understanding the phase transition mechanism in the lead halide perovskite CsPbBr3 via theoretical and experimental GIWAXS and Raman spectroscopy. APL Mater. 11, 041124 (2023).
Yang, R. X. et al. Spontaneous octahedral tilting in the cubic inorganic cesium halide perovskites CsSnX3 and CsPbX3 (X= F, Cl, Br, I). J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 8, 4720–4726 (2017).
Chen, Z. et al. Photoluminescence enhancement for efficient mixed-halide blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Optical Mater. 11, 2202528 (2023).
Shen, Y. et al. Interfacial nucleation seeding for electroluminescent manipulation in blue perovskite light-emitting diodes. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2103870 (2021).
Yuan, S. et al. Efficient and spectrally stable blue perovskite light-emitting diodes employing a cationic π-conjugated polymer. Adv. Mater. 33, 2103640 (2021).
Wang, Q. et al. Efficient sky-blue perovskite light-emitting diodes via photoluminescence enhancement. Nat. Commun. 10, 5633 (2019).
Mante, P.-A., Stoumpos, C. C., Kanatzidis, M. G. & Yartsev, A. Electron–acoustic phonon coupling in single crystal CH3NH3PbI3 perovskites revealed by coherent acoustic phonons. Nat. Commun. 8, 14398 (2017).
Fonseca Guerra, C., Snijders, J. G., te Velde, G. & Baerends, E. J. Towards an order-N DFT method. Theor. Chem. Acc. 99, 391–403 (1998).
Velde, G. et al. Chemistry with ADF. J. Comput. Chem. 22, 931–967 (2001).
Baerends, E. J. et al. The Amsterdam Modeling Suite. J. Chem. Phys. 162, 162501 (2025).
Van Lenthe, E. & Baerends, E. J. Optimized slater-type basis sets for the elements 1–118. J. Comput. Chem. 24, 1142–1156 (2003).
Van Lenthe, E., van Leeuwen, R., Baerends, E. J. & Snijders, J. G. Relativistic regular two-component hamiltonians. J. Quantum Chem. 57, 281–293 (1996).
Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. & Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 78, 1396 (1997).
Grimme, S., Ehrlich, S. & Goerigk, L. Effect of the damping function in dispersion corrected density functional theory. J. Comput. Chem. 32, 1456–1465 (2011).
Stukowski, A. Visualization and analysis of atomistic simulation data with OVITO—the open visualization tool. Model. Simul. Mat. Sci. Eng. 18, 015012 (2009).
Kresse, G. & Hafner, J. Ab Initio molecular-dynamics simulation of the liquid-metal–amorphous-semiconductor transition in germanium. Phys. Rev. B 49, 14251 (1994).
Kresse, G. & Furthmüller, J. Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set. Comput. Mater. Sci. 6, 15–50 (1996).
Kresse, G. & Furthmüller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B 54, 11169 (1996).
Monkhorst, H. J. & Pack, J. D. Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations. Phys. Rev. B 13, 5188 (1976).
Perdew, J. P. et al. Restoring the density-gradient expansion for exchange in solids and surfaces. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 136406 (2008).
Furness, J. W. et al. Accurate and numerically efficient r2SCAN meta-generalized gradient approximation. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 11, 8208–8215 (2020).
Wang, V. et al. VASPKIT: a user-friendly interface facilitating high-throughput computing and analysis using VASP code. Comput. Phys. Commun. 267, 108033 (2021).
Wang, J., Wolf, R. M., Caldwell, J. W., Kollman, P. A. & Case, D. A. Development and testing of a general amber force field. J. Comput. Chem. 25, 1157–1174 (2004).
Martínez, L., Andrade, R., Birgin, E. G. & Martínez, J. M. PACKMOL: a package for building initial configurations for molecular dynamics simulations. J. Comput. Chem. 30, 2157–2164 (2009).
Wang, J., Wang, W., Kollman, P. A. & Case, D. A. Automatic atom type and bond type perception in molecular mechanical calculations. J. Mol. Graph. Model. 25, 247–260 (2006).
Stewart, J. J. P. Optimization of parameters for semiempirical methods VI: more modifications to the NDDO approximations and re-optimization of parameters. J. Mol. Model. 19, 1–32 (2013).
Berendsen, H. J. C. et al. Molecular dynamics with coupling to an external bath. J. Chem. Phys. 81, 3684–3690 (1984).
Martyna, G. J., Klein, M. L. & Tuckerman, M. Nosé–Hoover chains: the canonical ensemble via continuous dynamics. J. Chem. Phys. 97, 2635–2643 (1992).
Martyna, G. J., Tobias, D. J. & Klein, M. L. Constant pressure molecular dynamics algorithms. J. Chem. Phys. 101, 4177–4189 (1994).
Cui, J. et al. Efficient light-emitting diodes based on oriented perovskite nanoplatelets. Sci. Adv. 7, eabg8458 (2021).