In 1968, I was a doctoral student at UCLA when the first internet streaming message was successfully sent between UCLA and Stanford Universities.
The message has been memorialized as, “Lo and Behold.” In 1978, at AACC we formed “The Telecourse People,” streaming telecourses and online learning. In 1986, as an interest group of media psychologists in APA, we launched the Media Psychology Division 46, of the American Psychological Association, and Media Psychology as a specialty in psychology was formalized as The Society for Media Psychology and Technology.
Today, dramatic technological advancements such as improved compression algorithms, the growth of cloud computing, and satellite streaming, continue to amplify the growing boom in successful streaming services. The increase in streaming services is big business, rapidly revolutionizing the way content is consumed and changing the landscape of new and legacy media. Media psychology is at the center of it all.
The most successful streaming platforms have been created using media psychology designs that keep viewers immersed, loyal and habituated. Examples of successful streaming services include Netflix, Prime Video, AppleTV, HBOMax, Youtube, Paramount Plus, and hundreds more.
Following are five theories that are examples of media psychology design strategies that contribute to the success of these streaming services:
Binge-Watching Psychology: Binge-watching is a habit-forming strategy in media psychology driven by dopamine release generated from engaging content, cliffhanger endings, and serialized storytelling. This creates psychological reinforcement, similar to gambling, where the anticipation keeps viewers coming back. Platforms like Netflix capitalize on techniques like this by releasing entire seasons at once, normalizing an “all-at-once” model and embedding it by marketing to reinforce viewer expectations.
Personalization and Discovery: Platforms use marketing algorithms to urge a “Multiple Visit Effect.” Users who return multiple times are far more likely to become long-term viewers. Personalized feeds exploit cognitive biases such as confirmation bias and curiosity response, repeating content that matches past preferences at the same time, introducing new, enticing options, thereby creating habits.
Emotional Psychology: Escapism from stress, social connection through shared cultural moments, and satisfaction of completing narrative arcs create emotional investment making viewers more likely to invest time and money.
Social Media: Streaming environments are part of the growing “social media blizzard” that is shaping identity, belonging, and perception. Carefully designed platforms now amplify or calm emotions, influence polarization, and even manipulate perception through algorithmic curation and targeted messaging.
Growth and Continuing Evolution
Phenomena such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and artificial intelligence (AI) are significantly and uniquely transforming how content is created, consumed and are changing preferences. And, with new advances in space communication technology and fierce competition among streaming services we have entered a growing global and even galactic boom. The media landscape continues to rapidly evolve. The evolution of new and traditional media is opening doors for new players in news and entertainment. Platforms like X, Space X, and more are fostering dramatic changes in consumer behavior.
As legacy media struggles to adapt, those with expertise in media psychology increasingly shape audience’s reaction and the future of all streaming services. Meda Psychology is a field whose relevance and significance is evident. Much more behavioral research is needed, as well as up to date workshops and courses. Media psychology has become a behavioral specialty that powers insight and imagination in helping to shape the future.
The American Psychological Associations, Division 46, i.e., The APA Society for Media Psychology and Technology has come a long way since its formation in 1968. As digital technology gets faster, cheaper, and smaller, it is the psychology that makes the competitive difference. We all have a lot to do, and much to learn. The future of media psychology as a design feature in streaming competition is challenging and bright for those with expertise.