Qiao, S. et al. Ultra-highly sensitive dual gases detection based on photoacoustic spectroscopy by exploiting a long-wave, high-power, wide-tunable, single-longitudinal-mode solid-state laser. Light Sci. Appl. 13, 100 (2024).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Sun, J., Chang, J., Wang, C. & Shao, J. Tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy for detection of multi-component gas: a review. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 59, 1086–1107 (2024).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Huang, X. et al. Non-line-of-sight imaging and vibrometry using a comb-calibrated coherent sensor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 132, 233802 (2024).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Wu, Y., Deng, L., Yang, K. & Liang, W. Narrow linewidth external cavity laser capable of high repetition frequency tuning for FMCW LiDAR. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 34, 1123–1126 (2022).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Jia, L. et al. Nonlinear calibration of frequency modulated continuous wave LIDAR based on a microresonator soliton comb. Opt. Lett. 46, 1025–1028 (2021).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

DiLazaro, T. & Nehmetallah, G. Large-volume, low-cost, high-precision FMCW tomography using stitched DFBs. Opt. Express 26, 2891–2904 (2018).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, X., Pouls, J. & Wu, M. C. Laser frequency sweep linearization by iterative learning pre-distortion for FMCW LiDAR. Opt. Express 27, 9965 (2019).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Hao, Y. et al. Scalable data-efficient real-time 4D imaging FMCW LiDAR with dual Mach–Zehnder interferometers. Photonics Res. 13, 2766 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Hariyama, T., Sandborn, P. A. M., Watanabe, M. & Wu, M. C. High-accuracy range-sensing system based on FMCW using low-cost VCSEL. Opt. Express 26, 9285–9297 (2018).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Rogers, C. et al. A universal 3D imaging sensor on a silicon photonics platform. Nature 590, 256–261 (2021).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Lukashchuk, A., Riemensberger, J., Karpov, M., Liu, J. & Kippenberg, T. J. Dual chirped microcomb based parallel ranging at megapixel-line rates. Nat. Commun. 13, 3280 (2022).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Snigirev, V. et al. Ultrafast tunable lasers using lithium niobate integrated photonics. Nature 615, 411–417 (2023).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Wu, Y. et al. Electro-optic-locked, frequency-agile integrated pockels laser driving ultra-precise ranging. Laser Photonics Rev. 19, e00245 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Xue, S. et al. Pockels laser directly driving ultrafast optical metrology. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 209 (2025).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, J. et al. Miniaturized head-mount Doppler optical coherence tomography scope for freely moving mouse. ACS Photonics 11, 3381–3389 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bouma, B. E. et al. Optical coherence tomography. Nat. Rev. Methods Primers 2, 79 (2022).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bosse, H. On the importance of metrological traceability in nanomanufacturing. Nanomanuf. Metrol. 8, 1 (2025).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Lu, H., Yin, G., Li, D., Zhang, Z. & Zhu, T. Mode-hopping dynamics characteristics in Brillouin fiber swept lasers. Opt. Laser Technol. 182, 112114 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, S., Bi, T. & Del’Haye, P. On-the-fly precision spectroscopy with a dual-modulated tunable diode laser and Hz-level referencing to a cavity. Adv. Photonics 6, 046003 (2024).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Gifford, D. K., Soller, B. J., Wolfe, M. S. & Froggatt, M. E. Optical vector network analyzer for single-scan measurements of loss, group delay, and polarization mode dispersion. Appl. Opt. 44, 7282–7286 (2005).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Yang, Z., Albrow-Owen, T., Cai, W. & Hasan, T. Miniaturization of optical spectrometers. Science 371, eabe0722 (2021).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Coddington, I., Giorgetta, F. R., Baumann, E., Swann, W. C. & Newbury, N. R. Characterizing fast arbitrary CW waveforms with 1500 THz/s instantaneous chirps. IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 18, 228–238 (2012).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Giorgetta, F. R., Coddington, I., Baumann, E., Swann, W. C. & Newbury, N. R. Fast high-resolution spectroscopy of dynamic continuous-wave laser sources. Nat. Photonics 4, 853–857 (2010).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Cai, Z. et al. A microcomb-empowered fourier domain mode-locked LIDAR. Sci. Adv. 11, eads9590 (2025).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Del’Haye, P., Arcizet, O., Gorodetsky, M. L., Holzwarth, R. & Kippenberg, T. J. Frequency comb assisted diode laser spectroscopy for measurement of microcavity dispersion. Nat. Photonics 3, 529–533 (2009).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Yang, Q.-F. et al. Vernier spectrometer using counterpropagating soliton microcombs. Science 363, 965–968 (2019).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Twayana, K. et al. Frequency-comb-calibrated swept-wavelength interferometry. Opt. Express 29, 24363 (2021).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Shi, B. et al. Frequency-comb-linearized, widely tunable lasers for coherent ranging. Photonics Res. 12, 663 (2024).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Yang, W. et al. Electro-optic frequency comb-based nonlinear calibration for FMCW LiDAR. In Proc. 2025 Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics 1–2 (Optica Publishing Group, 2025).

Kreider, M. K. et al. Quantification of broadband chromatic drifts in Fabry–Pérot resonators for exoplanet science. Nat. Astron. 9, 589–597 (2025).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Diddams, S. A., Vahala, K. & Udem, T. Optical frequency combs: coherently uniting the electromagnetic spectrum. Science 369, eaay3676 (2020).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bianconi, S., Ribes-Pleguezuelo, P. & Silvestri, F. Requirements for next-generation integrated photonic FMCW LiDAR sources. Nat. Commun. 16, 6739 (2025).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

APDIS MV4x0. Nikon https://industry.nikon.com/en-us/products/laser-radar/apdis-mv4x0/ (2020).

Dai, Z. et al. Requirements for automotive LiDAR systems. Sens. 22, 7532 (2022).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, J. et al. Highly tunable flat-top thin-film lithium niobate electro-optic frequency comb generator with 148 comb lines. Opt. Express 33, 23431–23439 (2025).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Xu, B., Fan, X., Wang, S. & He, Z. Broadband and high-resolution electro-optic dual-comb interferometer with frequency agility. Opt. Express 27, 9266 (2019).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Repasky, K. S., Nehrir, A. R., Hawthorne, J. T., Switzer, G. W. & Carlsten, J. L. Extending the continuous tuning range of an external-cavity diode laser. Appl. Opt. 45, 9013–9020 (2006).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

VanderPlas, J. T. Understanding the Lomb–Scargle periodogram. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 236, 16 (2018).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, X. et al. Heterogeneous integration of III–V semiconductor lasers on thin-film lithium niobite platform by wafer bonding. Appl. Phys. Lett. 122, 081103 (2023).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Xie, X. et al. A 3.584 Tbps coherent receiver chip on InP-LiNbO3 wafer-level integration platform. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 172 (2025).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Ozaki, J. et al. Oscillation suppression of EO response in coherent driver modulator for over 160 Gbaud operation. IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 36, 119–122 (2024).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Daudlin, S. et al. Three-dimensional photonic integration for ultra-low-energy, high-bandwidth interchip data links. Nat. Photonics 19, 502–509 (2025).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Yang, W. et al. Dataset title. Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.32413917 (2026).