Imported animals were transported across the country to take part in the barbaric practice, according to the findings – and remains found in Carlisle suggest the city hosted the vicious fights between dogs and bears.
The study by University of Nottingham and Cardiff University experts brought together archaeological analysis of bear bones and archival records to show the prevalence of bears in England and northern France during medieval times.
It was already known that bear baiting – the act of setting dogs on tethered bears to fight – was organised for Queen Elizabeth I and took place in Bankside, London, in Shakespeare’s day.
There is also a bear baiting scene in the lower margin of the Bayeux Tapestry.
But the latest findings, published in the journal Society and Animals, show it was widespread hundreds of years before the Elizabethan era.
‘Bears imported from Europe’
Although wild bears were native to Britain, they became extinct by the Roman period.
Researchers believe that brown bears were imported into England from Europe, with remains being confirmed as far afield as Colchester in Essex and north to Carlisle.
Dr Liam Lewis, from Cardiff University’s School of Global Humanities, said: “The combination of literary, archival, archaeological, and visual analysis enables us to definitively conclude that bear baiting was an established activity in England by the 12th Century.
“The lack of bear remains from live animals in England prior to the Norman Conquest, and their appearance in London and North Yorkshire immediately afterwards, suggests that there was an increase in the importation of live bears to England after that time.
“Our research demonstrates that the activity of baiting, while associated with marriages, aristocratic pastimes, and raucous festivities in medieval stories and sermons, was clearly popular entertainment among the general public as well, with bear bones indicative of live animals being found in a number of English towns.
“This is despite bears needing to be imported to England from overseas and therefore presumably carrying costs for importation, travel and sustenance.”
The tomb of Richard Beauchamp, 13th Earl of Warwick, located in the Beauchamp Chapel at the Collegiate Church of St Mary in Warwick. (Image: Liam Lewis / SWNS)
With many images of dancing and performing bears in the margins of medieval manuscripts, researchers have wondered whether it was common for people to encounter them in the Middle Ages.
The new study is the first detailed research bringing together archaeological and documentary evidence that shows a widespread pattern of owning bears and moving them around England as far back as the time of William the Conqueror.
Bear bones from the period have been identified at 10 sites in England and France, with a new date on a shoulder blade from Richmond demonstrating bears were in northern England immediately after the Norman Conquest.
Documents such as the Domesday Book, historical records and medieval manuscripts were also surveyed for information about medieval bears.
‘We still have much more to learn’
Professor Hannah O’Regan, from the University of Nottingham’s department of classics and archaeology, said: “Bear baiting was an important social and economic activity in early modern England, and here we demonstrate that is has much longer roots.
“This is the first study of its medieval origins and the new radiocarbon date on the bear from Richmond, North Yorkshire shows that bears were widespread very early in the medieval period.”
The research team worked with the The Yorkshire Museum to sample the Richmond scapula for radiocarbon dating.
The scapula was dated by Oxford University’s Dr Thibaut Devièse as part of the Decline of the Bear project with Prof O’Regan.
The unexpectedly late radiocarbon date placed the bear firmly into the medieval period, which was already being studied by Dr Lewis and Prof O’Regan.
Dr Lewis added: “This work has shown just how widespread bear baiting was, and that it had strong medieval precursors.
“The Richmond date, on a scapula found in 1864 and held in The Yorkshire Museum demonstrates the importance of keeping samples and examining old collections, as we still have much more to learn.
“Even more excitingly, Richmond is also mentioned in one of the earliest references to a named medieval ‘bearward’ – Spenellus, who lived there in the early 1200s.”
Bear baiting was finally banned in the UK in 1835 under the Cruelty to Animals Act.