{"id":318133,"date":"2025-12-16T00:52:12","date_gmt":"2025-12-16T00:52:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/318133\/"},"modified":"2025-12-16T00:52:12","modified_gmt":"2025-12-16T00:52:12","slug":"quantifying-land-use-metrics-for-solar-photovoltaic-projects-in-the-western-united-states","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/318133\/","title":{"rendered":"Quantifying land-use metrics\u00a0for solar photovoltaic projects in the western United States"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Creutzig, F. et al. The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. Nat. Energy 2, 17140 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nenergy.2017.140\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nenergy.2017.140\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnenergy.2017.140\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nenergy.2017.140\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20underestimated%20potential%20of%20solar%20energy%20to%20mitigate%20climate%20change&amp;journal=Nat.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnenergy.2017.140&amp;volume=2&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Creutzig%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Jacobson, M. Z. et al. 100% clean and renewable wind, water, and sunlight all-sector energy roadmaps for 139 countries of the world. Joule 1, 108\u2013121 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.joule.2017.07.005\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.joule.2017.07.005\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2017.07.005\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.joule.2017.07.005\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=100%25%20clean%20and%20renewable%20wind%2C%20water%2C%20and%20sunlight%20all-sector%20energy%20roadmaps%20for%20139%20countries%20of%20the%20world&amp;journal=Joule&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.joule.2017.07.005&amp;volume=1&amp;pages=108-121&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Jacobson%2CMZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Luderer, G. et al. Assessment of wind and solar power in global low-carbon energy scenarios: an introduction. Energy Econ. 64, 542\u2013551 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.eneco.2017.03.027\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.eneco.2017.03.027\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.eneco.2017.03.027\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.eneco.2017.03.027\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Assessment%20of%20wind%20and%20solar%20power%20in%20global%20low-carbon%20energy%20scenarios%3A%20an%20introduction&amp;journal=Energy%20Econ.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.eneco.2017.03.027&amp;volume=64&amp;pages=542-551&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Luderer%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Dale, S. (analysis). BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2021. BP p.l.c. (2021). Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/business-sites\/en\/global\/corporate\/pdfs\/energy-economics\/statistical-review\/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf?\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/business-sites\/en\/global\/corporate\/pdfs\/energy-economics\/statistical-review\/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf?\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/business-sites\/en\/global\/corporate\/pdfs\/energy-economics\/statistical-review\/bp-stats-review-2021-full-report.pdf?<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Haegel, N. M. et al. Terawatt-scale photovoltaics: transform global energy. Science 364, 836\u2013838 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aaw1845\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aaw1845\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aaw1845\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aaw1845\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhtVKgtLrM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Terawatt-scale%20photovoltaics%3A%20transform%20global%20energy&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aaw1845&amp;volume=364&amp;pages=836-838&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Haegel%2CNM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Hernandez, R. R. et al. Environmental impacts of utility-scale solar energy. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 29, 766\u2013779 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.08.041\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.08.041\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2013.08.041\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.08.041\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Environmental%20impacts%20of%20utility-scale%20solar%20energy&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2013.08.041&amp;volume=29&amp;pages=766-779&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Hernandez%2CRR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">MacKay, D. J. C. Solar energy in the context of energy use, energy transportation and energy storage. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Math. Phys. Eng. Sci. 371, 20110431 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Solar%20energy%20in%20the%20context%20of%20energy%20use%2C%20energy%20transportation%20and%20energy%20storage&amp;journal=Philos.%20Trans.%20R.%20Soc.%20Math.%20Phys.%20Eng.%20Sci.&amp;volume=371&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=MacKay%2CDJC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Smil, V. Power Density Primer: Understanding the Spatial Dimension of the Unfolding Transition to Renewable Electricity Generation (Part I \u2013 Definitions) (2010). Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/moodle2.units.it\/pluginfile.php\/553999\/mod_folder\/content\/0\/smil-article-power-density-primer.pdf?\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/moodle2.units.it\/pluginfile.php\/553999\/mod_folder\/content\/0\/smil-article-power-density-primer.pdf?\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/moodle2.units.it\/pluginfile.php\/553999\/mod_folder\/content\/0\/smil-article-power-density-primer.pdf?<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Turney, D. &amp; Fthenakis, V. Environmental impacts from the installation and operation of large-scale solar power plants. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15, 3261\u20133270 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.04.023\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.04.023\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2011.04.023\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2011.04.023\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Environmental%20impacts%20from%20the%20installation%20and%20operation%20of%20large-scale%20solar%20power%20plants&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2011.04.023&amp;volume=15&amp;pages=3261-3270&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Turney%2CD&amp;author=Fthenakis%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Jordaan, S. M., Lee, J., McClung, M. R. &amp; Moran, M. D. Quantifying the ecosystem services values of electricity generation in the US Chihuahuan Desert: a life cycle perspective. J. Ind. Ecol. 25, 1089\u20131101 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/jiec.13111\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/jiec.13111\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fjiec.13111\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/jiec.13111\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Quantifying%20the%20ecosystem%20services%20values%20of%20electricity%20generation%20in%20the%20US%20Chihuahuan%20Desert%3A%20a%20life%20cycle%20perspective&amp;journal=J.%20Ind.%20Ecol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fjiec.13111&amp;volume=25&amp;pages=1089-1101&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Jordaan%2CSM&amp;author=Lee%2CJ&amp;author=McClung%2CMR&amp;author=Moran%2CMD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Fthenakis, V. &amp; Kim, H. C. Land use and electricity generation: a life-cycle analysis. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 13, 1465\u20131474 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2008.09.017\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2008.09.017\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2008.09.017\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2008.09.017\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Land%20use%20and%20electricity%20generation%3A%20a%20life-cycle%20analysis&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2008.09.017&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=1465-1474&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Fthenakis%2CV&amp;author=Kim%2CHC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Bukhary, S., Ahmad, S. &amp; Batista, J. Analyzing land and water requirements for solar deployment in the Southwestern United States. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 82, 3288\u20133305 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.10.016\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.10.016\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.10.016\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.10.016\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Analyzing%20land%20and%20water%20requirements%20for%20solar%20deployment%20in%20the%20Southwestern%20United%20States&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.10.016&amp;volume=82&amp;pages=3288-3305&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Bukhary%2CS&amp;author=Ahmad%2CS&amp;author=Batista%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Capell\u00e1n-P\u00e9rez, I., de Castro, C. &amp; Arto, I. Assessing vulnerabilities and limits in the transition to renewable energies: land requirements under 100% solar energy scenarios. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 77, 760\u2013782 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.137\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.137\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.03.137\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.03.137\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Assessing%20vulnerabilities%20and%20limits%20in%20the%20transition%20to%20renewable%20energies%3A%20land%20requirements%20under%20100%25%20solar%20energy%20scenarios&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2017.03.137&amp;volume=77&amp;pages=760-782&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Capell%C3%A1n-P%C3%A9rez%2CI&amp;author=Castro%2CC&amp;author=Arto%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Hernandez, R. R., Hoffacker, M. K. &amp; Field, C. B. Land-use efficiency of big solar. Environ. Sci. Technol. 48, 1315\u20131323 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/es4043726\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/es4043726\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Fes4043726\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/es4043726\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhvFGis77M\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Land-use%20efficiency%20of%20big%20solar&amp;journal=Environ.%20Sci.%20Technol.&amp;doi=10.1021%2Fes4043726&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=1315-1323&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Hernandez%2CRR&amp;author=Hoffacker%2CMK&amp;author=Field%2CCB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Majumdar, D. &amp; Pasqualetti, M. J. Analysis of land availability for utility-scale power plants and assessment of solar photovoltaic development in the state of Arizona, USA. Renew. Energy 134, 1213\u20131231 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.08.064\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.08.064\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2018.08.064\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.08.064\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Analysis%20of%20land%20availability%20for%20utility-scale%20power%20plants%20and%20assessment%20of%20solar%20photovoltaic%20development%20in%20the%20state%20of%20Arizona%2C%20USA&amp;journal=Renew.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.renene.2018.08.064&amp;volume=134&amp;pages=1213-1231&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Majumdar%2CD&amp;author=Pasqualetti%2CMJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Mauro, G. &amp; Lughi, V. Mapping land use impact of photovoltaic farms via crowdsourcing in the Province of Lecce (Southeastern Italy). Sol. Energy 155, 434\u2013444 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2017.06.046\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2017.06.046\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2017.06.046\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2017.06.046\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mapping%20land%20use%20impact%20of%20photovoltaic%20farms%20via%20crowdsourcing%20in%20the%20Province%20of%20Lecce%20%28Southeastern%20Italy%29&amp;journal=Sol.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.solener.2017.06.046&amp;volume=155&amp;pages=434-444&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Mauro%2CG&amp;author=Lughi%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Wu, X. et al. Unveiling land footprint of solar power: a pilot solar tower project in China. J. Environ. Manag. 280, 111741 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111741\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111741\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2020.111741\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.111741\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Unveiling%20land%20footprint%20of%20solar%20power%3A%20a%20pilot%20solar%20tower%20project%20in%20China&amp;journal=J.%20Environ.%20Manag.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jenvman.2020.111741&amp;volume=280&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Wu%2CX\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Hernandez, R. R., Jordaan, S. M., Kaldunski, B. &amp; Kumar, N. Aligning climate change and sustainable development goals with an innovation systems roadmap for renewable power. Front. Sustain. 1, 583090 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/frsus.2020.583090\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/frsus.2020.583090\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffrsus.2020.583090\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/frsus.2020.583090\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Aligning%20climate%20change%20and%20sustainable%20development%20goals%20with%20an%20innovation%20systems%20roadmap%20for%20renewable%20power&amp;journal=Front.%20Sustain.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffrsus.2020.583090&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Hernandez%2CRR&amp;author=Jordaan%2CSM&amp;author=Kaldunski%2CB&amp;author=Kumar%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Hernandez, R. R., Cagle, A. E., Grodsky, S. M., Exley, G. &amp; Jordaan, S. M. Comments on: Land use for United States power generation: a critical review of existing metrics with suggestions for going forward (Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 2021; 143: 110911). Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 166, 112526 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112526\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112526\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2022.112526\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112526\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Comments%20on%3A%20Land%20use%20for%20United%20States%20power%20generation%3A%20a%20critical%20review%20of%20existing%20metrics%20with%20suggestions%20for%20going%20forward%20%28Renewable%20and%20Sustainable%20Energy%20Reviews%202021%3B%20143%3A%20110911%29&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2022.112526&amp;volume=166&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Hernandez%2CRR&amp;author=Cagle%2CAE&amp;author=Grodsky%2CSM&amp;author=Exley%2CG&amp;author=Jordaan%2CSM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Wachs, E. &amp; Engel, B. Land use for United States power generation: a critical review of existing metrics with suggestions for going forward. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 143, 110911 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110911\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110911\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2021.110911\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.110911\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Land%20use%20for%20United%20States%20power%20generation%3A%20a%20critical%20review%20of%20existing%20metrics%20with%20suggestions%20for%20going%20forward&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2021.110911&amp;volume=143&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Wachs%2CE&amp;author=Engel%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Cagle, A. E. et al. Standardized metrics to quantify solar energy-land relationships: a global systematic review. Front. Sustain. 3, 1035705 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/frsus.2022.1035705\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/frsus.2022.1035705\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffrsus.2022.1035705\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/frsus.2022.1035705\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Standardized%20metrics%20to%20quantify%20solar%20energy-land%20relationships%3A%20a%20global%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=Front.%20Sustain.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffrsus.2022.1035705&amp;volume=3&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Cagle%2CAE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Fritsche, U. et al. Energy and Land Use &#8211; Global Land Outlook Working Paper (UNCCD, 2017). <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.24905.44648\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.13140\/RG.2.2.24905.44648\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.2.24905.44648<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">IINAS. Selected Results from GEMIS 4.95: Electricity Generation (IINAS, 2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Trainor, A. M., McDonald, R. I. &amp; Fargione, J. Energy sprawl is the largest driver of land use change in United States. PLOS ONE 11, e0162269 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162269\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162269\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0162269\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162269\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Energy%20sprawl%20is%20the%20largest%20driver%20of%20land%20use%20change%20in%20United%20States&amp;journal=PLOS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0162269&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Trainor%2CAM&amp;author=McDonald%2CRI&amp;author=Fargione%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Groesbeck, J. G. &amp; Pearce, J. M. Coal with carbon capture and sequestration is not as land use efficient as solar photovoltaic technology for climate neutral electricity production. Sci. Rep. 8, 13476 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-018-31505-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-018-31505-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-018-31505-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-018-31505-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Coal%20with%20carbon%20capture%20and%20sequestration%20is%20not%20as%20land%20use%20efficient%20as%20solar%20photovoltaic%20technology%20for%20climate%20neutral%20electricity%20production&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-018-31505-3&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Groesbeck%2CJG&amp;author=Pearce%2CJM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Jordaan, S. M. The land use footprint of energy extraction in Alberta. PhD thesis, University of Calgary (2010) <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11575\/PRISM\/3520\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.11575\/PRISM\/3520\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11575\/PRISM\/3520<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Ong, S., Campbell, C., Denholm, P., Margolis, R. &amp; Heath, G. Land-Use Requirements for Solar Power Plants in the United States. NREL\/TP-6A20-56290, 1086349, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2172\/1086349\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.2172\/1086349\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2172\/1086349<\/a> (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Jordaan, S. M. et al. Understanding the life cycle surface land requirements of natural gas-fired electricity. Nat. Energy 2, 804\u2013812 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41560-017-0004-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41560-017-0004-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41560-017-0004-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41560-017-0004-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Understanding%20the%20life%20cycle%20surface%20land%20requirements%20of%20natural%20gas-fired%20electricity&amp;journal=Nat.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41560-017-0004-0&amp;volume=2&amp;pages=804-812&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Jordaan%2CSM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Kruitwagen, L. et al. A global inventory of photovoltaic solar energy generating units. Nature 598, 604\u2013610 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-03957-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-03957-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03957-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-03957-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitlOksrrL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20global%20inventory%20of%20photovoltaic%20solar%20energy%20generating%20units&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-021-03957-7&amp;volume=598&amp;pages=604-610&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Kruitwagen%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Carr, N. B., Fancher, T., Freeman, A. T. &amp; Battles Manley, H. Surface area of solar arrays in the conterminous United States. U.S. Geological Survey data release (2016). Available at: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/F79S1P57\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.5066\/F79S1P57\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/F79S1P57<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Fujita K. S. et al. United States Large-Scale Solar Photovoltaic Database (ver. 2.0, August 2024). U.S. Geological Survey <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P9IA3TUS\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.5066\/P9IA3TUS\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5066\/P9IA3TUS<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Bolinger, M. &amp; Bolinger, G. Land requirements for utility-scale PV: an empirical update on power and energy density. IEEE J. Photovolt. 12, 589\u2013594 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1109\/JPHOTOV.2021.3136805\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1109\/JPHOTOV.2021.3136805\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109%2FJPHOTOV.2021.3136805\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1109\/JPHOTOV.2021.3136805\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Land%20requirements%20for%20utility-scale%20PV%3A%20an%20empirical%20update%20on%20power%20and%20energy%20density&amp;journal=IEEE%20J.%20Photovolt.&amp;doi=10.1109%2FJPHOTOV.2021.3136805&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=589-594&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Bolinger%2CM&amp;author=Bolinger%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Yu, J., Wang, Z., Majumdar, A. &amp; Rajagopal, R. DeepSolar: a machine learning framework to efficiently construct a solar deployment database in the United States. Joule 2, 2605\u20132617 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.11.021\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.11.021\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2018.11.021\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.joule.2018.11.021\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=DeepSolar%3A%20a%20machine%20learning%20framework%20to%20efficiently%20construct%20a%20solar%20deployment%20database%20in%20the%20United%20States&amp;journal=Joule&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.joule.2018.11.021&amp;volume=2&amp;pages=2605-2617&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Yu%2CJ&amp;author=Wang%2CZ&amp;author=Majumdar%2CA&amp;author=Rajagopal%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Wang, Z., Arlt, M.-L., Zanocco, C., Majumdar, A. &amp; Rajagopal, R. DeepSolar++: understanding residential solar adoption trajectories with computer vision and technology diffusion models. Joule 6, 2611\u20132625 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.09.011\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.09.011\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.joule.2022.09.011\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.joule.2022.09.011\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=DeepSolar%2B%2B%3A%20understanding%20residential%20solar%20adoption%20trajectories%20with%20computer%20vision%20and%20technology%20diffusion%20models&amp;journal=Joule&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.joule.2022.09.011&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=2611-2625&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Wang%2CZ&amp;author=Arlt%2CM-L&amp;author=Zanocco%2CC&amp;author=Majumdar%2CA&amp;author=Rajagopal%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Malof, J. M., Bradbury, K., Collins, L. M. &amp; Newell, R. G. Automatic detection of solar photovoltaic arrays in high resolution aerial imagery. Appl. Energy 183, 229\u2013240 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.08.191\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.08.191\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2016.08.191\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.08.191\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Automatic%20detection%20of%20solar%20photovoltaic%20arrays%20in%20high%20resolution%20aerial%20imagery&amp;journal=Appl.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2016.08.191&amp;volume=183&amp;pages=229-240&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Malof%2CJM&amp;author=Bradbury%2CK&amp;author=Collins%2CLM&amp;author=Newell%2CRG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Hou, X. et al. SolarNet: a deep learning framework to map solar plants in China from satellite imagery. In ICLR 2020 Workshop Tackling Clim. Change Mach. Learn (ICLR, 2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Camilo, J., Wang, R., Collins, L. M., Bradbury, K. &amp; Malof, J. M. Application of a semantic segmentation convolutional neural network for accurate automatic detection and mapping of solar photovoltaic arrays in aerial imagery. Preprint at <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.1801.04018\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.48550\/ARXIV.1801.04018\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/ARXIV.1801.04018<\/a> (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">IEA. Renewables 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/renewables-2019\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/renewables-2019\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/renewables-2019<\/a> (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Hoffacker, M. K., Allen, M. F. &amp; Hernandez, R. R. Land-sparing opportunities for solar energy development in agricultural landscapes: a case study of the Great Central Valley, CA, United States. Environ. Sci. Technol. 51, 14472\u201314482 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05110\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05110\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.est.7b05110\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acs.est.7b05110\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhvFGlurfL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Land-sparing%20opportunities%20for%20solar%20energy%20development%20in%20agricultural%20landscapes%3A%20a%20case%20study%20of%20the%20Great%20Central%20Valley%2C%20CA%2C%20United%20States&amp;journal=Environ.%20Sci.%20Technol.&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facs.est.7b05110&amp;volume=51&amp;pages=14472-14482&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Hoffacker%2CMK&amp;author=Allen%2CMF&amp;author=Hernandez%2CRR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Cagle, A. E. et al. The land sparing, water surface use efficiency, and water surface transformation of floating photovoltaic solar energy installations. Sustainability 12, 8154 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/su12198154\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/su12198154\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsu12198154\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/su12198154\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhslGrur8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20land%20sparing%2C%20water%20surface%20use%20efficiency%2C%20and%20water%20surface%20transformation%20of%20floating%20photovoltaic%20solar%20energy%20installations&amp;journal=Sustainability&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fsu12198154&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Cagle%2CAE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Maguire, K., Tanner, S. J., Winikoff, J. B., Williams, R., &amp; United States. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. Utility-Scale Solar and Wind Development in Rural Areas: Land Cover Change (2009-20). <a href=\"https:\/\/handle.nal.usda.gov\/10113\/8374829\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/handle.nal.usda.gov\/10113\/8374829\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/handle.nal.usda.gov\/10113\/8374829<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32747\/2024.8374829.ers\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.32747\/2024.8374829.ers\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32747\/2024.8374829.ers<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Leccisi, E., Raugei, M. &amp; Fthenakis, V. The energy and environmental performance of ground-mounted photovoltaic systems\u2014a timely update. Energies 9, 622 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/en9080622\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/en9080622\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fen9080622\" aria-label=\"Article reference 42\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/en9080622\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20energy%20and%20environmental%20performance%20of%20ground-mounted%20photovoltaic%20systems%E2%80%94a%20timely%20update&amp;journal=Energies&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fen9080622&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Leccisi%2CE&amp;author=Raugei%2CM&amp;author=Fthenakis%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Kurnik, J., Jankovec, M., Brecl, K. &amp; Topic, M. Outdoor testing of PV module temperature and performance under different mounting and operational conditions. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 95, 373\u2013376 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.04.022\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.04.022\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.solmat.2010.04.022\" aria-label=\"Article reference 43\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.solmat.2010.04.022\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhtlynurvL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Outdoor%20testing%20of%20PV%20module%20temperature%20and%20performance%20under%20different%20mounting%20and%20operational%20conditions&amp;journal=Sol.%20Energy%20Mater.%20Sol.%20Cells&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.solmat.2010.04.022&amp;volume=95&amp;pages=373-376&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Kurnik%2CJ&amp;author=Jankovec%2CM&amp;author=Brecl%2CK&amp;author=Topic%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Jensen, A. R., Sifnaios, I., Furbo, S. &amp; Dragsted, J. Self-shading of two-axis tracking solar collectors: impact of field layout, latitude, and aperture shape. Sol. Energy 236, 215\u2013224 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2022.02.023\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2022.02.023\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2022.02.023\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2022.02.023\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Self-shading%20of%20two-axis%20tracking%20solar%20collectors%3A%20impact%20of%20field%20layout%2C%20latitude%2C%20and%20aperture%20shape&amp;journal=Sol.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.solener.2022.02.023&amp;volume=236&amp;pages=215-224&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Jensen%2CAR&amp;author=Sifnaios%2CI&amp;author=Furbo%2CS&amp;author=Dragsted%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Hernandez, R. R. et al. Techno\u2013ecological synergies of solar energy for global sustainability. Nat. Sustain. 2, 560\u2013568 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41893-019-0309-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41893-019-0309-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41893-019-0309-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41893-019-0309-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Techno%E2%80%93ecological%20synergies%20of%20solar%20energy%20for%20global%20sustainability&amp;journal=Nat.%20Sustain.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41893-019-0309-z&amp;volume=2&amp;pages=560-568&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Hernandez%2CRR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Stowell, D. et al. A harmonised, high-coverage, open dataset of solar photovoltaic installations in the UK. Sci. Data 7, 394 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41597-020-00739-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41597-020-00739-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41597-020-00739-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41597-020-00739-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20harmonised%2C%20high-coverage%2C%20open%20dataset%20of%20solar%20photovoltaic%20installations%20in%20the%20UK&amp;journal=Sci.%20Data&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41597-020-00739-0&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Stowell%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Dunnett, S., Sorichetta, A., Taylor, G. &amp; Eigenbrod, F. Harmonised global datasets of wind and solar farm locations and power. Sci. Data 7, 130 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41597-020-0469-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41597-020-0469-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41597-020-0469-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41597-020-0469-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Harmonised%20global%20datasets%20of%20wind%20and%20solar%20farm%20locations%20and%20power&amp;journal=Sci.%20Data&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41597-020-0469-8&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Dunnett%2CS&amp;author=Sorichetta%2CA&amp;author=Taylor%2CG&amp;author=Eigenbrod%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Turkovska, O. et al. Methodological and reporting inconsistencies in land-use requirements misguide future renewable energy planning. One Earth 7, 1741\u20131759 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.oneear.2024.09.010\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.oneear.2024.09.010\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2024.09.010\" aria-label=\"Article reference 48\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.oneear.2024.09.010\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Methodological%20and%20reporting%20inconsistencies%20in%20land-use%20requirements%20misguide%20future%20renewable%20energy%20planning&amp;journal=One%20Earth&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2024.09.010&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=1741-1759&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Turkovska%2CO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Jordaan, S. M., Combs, C. &amp; Guenther, E. Life cycle assessment of electricity generation: a systematic review of spatiotemporal methods. Adv. Appl. Energy 3, 100058 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.adapen.2021.100058\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.adapen.2021.100058\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.adapen.2021.100058\" aria-label=\"Article reference 49\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.adapen.2021.100058\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Life%20cycle%20assessment%20of%20electricity%20generation%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20of%20spatiotemporal%20methods&amp;journal=Adv.%20Appl.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.adapen.2021.100058&amp;volume=3&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Jordaan%2CSM&amp;author=Combs%2CC&amp;author=Guenther%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Lovering, J., Swain, M., Blomqvist, L. &amp; Hernandez, R. R. Land-use intensity of electricity production and tomorrow\u2019s energy landscape. PLOS ONE 17, e0270155 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270155\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270155\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0270155\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0270155\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhvVCrtrvO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Land-use%20intensity%20of%20electricity%20production%20and%20tomorrow%E2%80%99s%20energy%20landscape&amp;journal=PLOS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0270155&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Lovering%2CJ&amp;author=Swain%2CM&amp;author=Blomqvist%2CL&amp;author=Hernandez%2CRR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Daniela-Abigail, H.-L. et al. Life cycle assessment of photovoltaic panels including transportation and two end-of-life scenarios: Shaping a sustainable future for renewable energy. Renew. Energy Focus 51, 100649 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ref.2024.100649\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ref.2024.100649\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ref.2024.100649\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ref.2024.100649\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Life%20cycle%20assessment%20of%20photovoltaic%20panels%20including%20transportation%20and%20two%20end-of-life%20scenarios%3A%20Shaping%20a%20sustainable%20future%20for%20renewable%20energy&amp;journal=Renew.%20Energy%20Focus&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ref.2024.100649&amp;volume=51&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Daniela-Abigail%2CH-L\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Ronneberger, O., Fischer, P. &amp; Brox, T. U-Net: convolutional networks for biomedical image segmentation. In Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention \u2013 MICCAI 2015 (eds, Navab, N., Hornegger, J., Wells, W. M. &amp; Frangi, A. F.) 9351 234\u2013241 (Springer International Publishing, 2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Dai, T. et al. Land resources for wind energy development requires regionalized characterizations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 58, 5014\u20135023 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07908\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07908\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.est.3c07908\" aria-label=\"Article reference 53\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acs.est.3c07908\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXkvVGru7w%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Land%20resources%20for%20wind%20energy%20development%20requires%20regionalized%20characterizations&amp;journal=Environ.%20Sci.%20Technol.&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facs.est.3c07908&amp;volume=58&amp;pages=5014-5023&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Dai%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Koellner, T. &amp; Scholz, R. W. Assessment of land use impacts on the natural environment: Part 2: generic characterization factors for local species diversity in Central Europe. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 13, 32\u201348 (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Assessment%20of%20land%20use%20impacts%20on%20the%20natural%20environment%3A%20Part%202%3A%20generic%20characterization%20factors%20for%20local%20species%20diversity%20in%20Central%20Europe&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Life%20Cycle%20Assess.&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=32-48&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;author=Koellner%2CT&amp;author=Scholz%2CRW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Koellner, T. et al. UNEP-SETAC guideline on global land use impact assessment on biodiversity and ecosystem services in LCA. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 18, 1188\u20131202 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s11367-013-0579-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s11367-013-0579-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s11367-013-0579-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s11367-013-0579-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=UNEP-SETAC%20guideline%20on%20global%20land%20use%20impact%20assessment%20on%20biodiversity%20and%20ecosystem%20services%20in%20LCA&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Life%20Cycle%20Assess.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs11367-013-0579-z&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=1188-1202&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Koellner%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">De Baan, L., Alkemade, R. &amp; Koellner, T. Land use impacts on biodiversity in LCA: a global approach. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 18, 1216\u20131230 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s11367-012-0412-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s11367-012-0412-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s11367-012-0412-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s11367-012-0412-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Land%20use%20impacts%20on%20biodiversity%20in%20LCA%3A%20a%20global%20approach&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Life%20Cycle%20Assess.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs11367-012-0412-0&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=1216-1230&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Baan%2CL&amp;author=Alkemade%2CR&amp;author=Koellner%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Creutzig, F. et al. The underestimated potential of solar energy to mitigate climate change. Nat. Energy 2, 17140&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":318134,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[16160,19143,1397,5880,3250,90,5699,56,54,55],"class_list":["post-318133","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-environment","tag-earth-sciences","tag-energy-supply-and-demand","tag-environment","tag-environmental-impact","tag-general","tag-science","tag-sustainability","tag-uk","tag-united-kingdom","tag-unitedkingdom"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/318133","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=318133"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/318133\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/318134"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=318133"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=318133"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=318133"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}