{"id":500397,"date":"2026-03-28T16:50:20","date_gmt":"2026-03-28T16:50:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/500397\/"},"modified":"2026-03-28T16:50:20","modified_gmt":"2026-03-28T16:50:20","slug":"building-facade-photovoltaics-enhance-global-climate-resilience","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/500397\/","title":{"rendered":"Building fa\u00e7ade photovoltaics enhance global climate resilience"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Wang, J. et al. Anthropogenic emissions and urbanization increase risk of compound hot extremes in cities. Nat. Clim. Change 11, 1084\u20131089 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41558-021-01196-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41558-021-01196-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41558-021-01196-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41558-021-01196-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhtlKhtrw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Anthropogenic%20emissions%20and%20urbanization%20increase%20risk%20of%20compound%20hot%20extremes%20in%20cities&amp;journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Change&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41558-021-01196-2&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=1084-1089&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Wang%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Li, M., Wang, C., Wu, Y., Santamouris, M. &amp; Lu, S. Assessing spatial inequities of thermal environment and blue-green intervention for vulnerable populations in dense urban areas. Urban Clim. 59, 102328 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.uclim.2025.102328\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.uclim.2025.102328\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.uclim.2025.102328\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.uclim.2025.102328\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Assessing%20spatial%20inequities%20of%20thermal%20environment%20and%20blue-green%20intervention%20for%20vulnerable%20populations%20in%20dense%20urban%20areas&amp;journal=Urban%20Clim.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.uclim.2025.102328&amp;volume=59&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Li%2CM&amp;author=Wang%2CC&amp;author=Wu%2CY&amp;author=Santamouris%2CM&amp;author=Lu%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Huang, K., Li, X., Liu, X. &amp; Seto, K. C. Projecting global urban land expansion and heat island intensification through 2050. Environ. Res. Lett. 14, 114037 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4b71\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4b71\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fab4b71\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1088\/1748-9326\/ab4b71\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Projecting%20global%20urban%20land%20expansion%20and%20heat%20island%20intensification%20through%202050&amp;journal=Environ.%20Res.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fab4b71&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Huang%2CK&amp;author=Li%2CX&amp;author=Liu%2CX&amp;author=Seto%2CKC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Hao, M., Liu, X. &amp; Li, X. Quantifying heat-related risks from urban heat island effects: a global urban expansion perspective. Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf. 136, 104344 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Quantifying%20heat-related%20risks%20from%20urban%20heat%20island%20effects%3A%20a%20global%20urban%20expansion%20perspective&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Appl.%20Earth%20Obs.%20Geoinf.&amp;volume=136&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Hao%2CM&amp;author=Liu%2CX&amp;author=Li%2CX\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Ma, Y. X. &amp; Yu, A. C. Impact of urban heat island on high-rise residential building cooling energy demand in Hong Kong. Energy Build. 311, 114127 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.114127\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.114127\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2024.114127\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.114127\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Impact%20of%20urban%20heat%20island%20on%20high-rise%20residential%20building%20cooling%20energy%20demand%20in%20Hong%20Kong&amp;journal=Energy%20Build.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2024.114127&amp;volume=311&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ma%2CYX&amp;author=Yu%2CAC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Moreno, J. et al. The impacts of decarbonization pathways on Sustainable Development Goals in the European Union. Commun. Earth Environ. 5, 136 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s43247-024-01309-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s43247-024-01309-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01309-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s43247-024-01309-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20impacts%20of%20decarbonization%20pathways%20on%20Sustainable%20Development%20Goals%20in%20the%20European%20Union&amp;journal=Commun.%20Earth%20Environ.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01309-7&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Moreno%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Zhang, Z. et al. Carbon mitigation potential afforded by rooftop photovoltaic in China. Nat. Commun. 14, 2347 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-38079-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-38079-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-023-38079-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-38079-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXos12isbk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Carbon%20mitigation%20potential%20afforded%20by%20rooftop%20photovoltaic%20in%20China&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-023-38079-3&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Zhang%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Xiang, C. &amp; Matusiak, B. S. Fa\u00e7ade integrated photovoltaics design for high-rise buildings with balconies, balancing daylight, aesthetic and energy productivity performance. J. Build. Eng. 57, 104950 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104950\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104950\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jobe.2022.104950\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jobe.2022.104950\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Fa%C3%A7ade%20integrated%20photovoltaics%20design%20for%20high-rise%20buildings%20with%20balconies%2C%20balancing%20daylight%2C%20aesthetic%20and%20energy%20productivity%20performance&amp;journal=J.%20Build.%20Eng.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jobe.2022.104950&amp;volume=57&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Xiang%2CC&amp;author=Matusiak%2CBS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Perwez, U., Shono, K., Yamaguchi, Y. &amp; Shimoda, Y. Multi-scale UBEM-BIPV coupled approach for the assessment of carbon neutrality of commercial building stock. Energy Build. 291, 113086 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2023.113086\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2023.113086\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2023.113086\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2023.113086\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Multi-scale%20UBEM-BIPV%20coupled%20approach%20for%20the%20assessment%20of%20carbon%20neutrality%20of%20commercial%20building%20stock&amp;journal=Energy%20Build.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2023.113086&amp;volume=291&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Perwez%2CU&amp;author=Shono%2CK&amp;author=Yamaguchi%2CY&amp;author=Shimoda%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Peng, Y. et al. Coloured low-emissivity films for building envelopes for year-round energy savings. Nat. Sustain. 5, 339\u2013347 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41893-021-00836-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41893-021-00836-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41893-021-00836-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41893-021-00836-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Coloured%20low-emissivity%20films%20for%20building%20envelopes%20for%20year-round%20energy%20savings&amp;journal=Nat.%20Sustain.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41893-021-00836-x&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=339-347&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Peng%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Zhang, Z. et al. Worldwide rooftop photovoltaic electricity generation may mitigate global warming. Nat. Clim. Change 15, 393\u2013402 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41558-025-02276-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41558-025-02276-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41558-025-02276-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41558-025-02276-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Worldwide%20rooftop%20photovoltaic%20electricity%20generation%20may%20mitigate%20global%20warming&amp;journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Change&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41558-025-02276-3&amp;volume=15&amp;pages=393-402&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Zhang%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Shono, K. et al. Large-scale building-integrated photovoltaics installation on building fa\u00e7ades: Hourly resolution analysis using commercial building stock in Tokyo, Japan. Sol. Energy 253, 137\u2013153 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.02.025\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.02.025\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2023.02.025\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.02.025\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Large-scale%20building-integrated%20photovoltaics%20installation%20on%20building%20fa%C3%A7ades%3A%20Hourly%20resolution%20analysis%20using%20commercial%20building%20stock%20in%20Tokyo%2C%20Japan&amp;journal=Sol.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.solener.2023.02.025&amp;volume=253&amp;pages=137-153&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Shono%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Wheeler, V. M. et al. Photovoltaic windows cut energy use and CO2 emissions by 40% in highly glazed buildings. One Earth 5, 1271\u20131285 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.oneear.2022.10.014\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.oneear.2022.10.014\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2022.10.014\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.oneear.2022.10.014\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Photovoltaic%20windows%20cut%20energy%20use%20and%20CO2%20emissions%20by%2040%25%20in%20highly%20glazed%20buildings&amp;journal=One%20Earth&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2022.10.014&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=1271-1285&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Wheeler%2CVM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Forrester, S. P., Monta\u00f1\u00e9s, C. C., O\u2019Shaughnessy, E. &amp; Barbose, G. Modeling the potential effects of rooftop solar on household energy burden in the United States. Nat. Commun. 15, 4676 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-48967-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-48967-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-48967-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-48967-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhtl2msb3J\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Modeling%20the%20potential%20effects%20of%20rooftop%20solar%20on%20household%20energy%20burden%20in%20the%20United%20States&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-024-48967-x&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Forrester%2CSP&amp;author=Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s%2CCC&amp;author=O%E2%80%99Shaughnessy%2CE&amp;author=Barbose%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Pillai, D. S., Shabunko, V. &amp; Krishna, A. A comprehensive review on building integrated photovoltaic systems: Emphasis to technological advancements, outdoor testing, and predictive maintenance. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 156, 111946 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111946\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111946\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2021.111946\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2021.111946\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20comprehensive%20review%20on%20building%20integrated%20photovoltaic%20systems%3A%20Emphasis%20to%20technological%20advancements%2C%20outdoor%20testing%2C%20and%20predictive%20maintenance&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2021.111946&amp;volume=156&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Pillai%2CDS&amp;author=Shabunko%2CV&amp;author=Krishna%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Refat, K. H. &amp; Sajjad, R. N. Prospect of achieving net-zero energy building with semi-transparent photovoltaics: a device to system level perspective. Appl. Energy 279, 115790 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115790\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115790\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2020.115790\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2020.115790\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prospect%20of%20achieving%20net-zero%20energy%20building%20with%20semi-transparent%20photovoltaics%3A%20a%20device%20to%20system%20level%20perspective&amp;journal=Appl.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2020.115790&amp;volume=279&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Refat%2CKH&amp;author=Sajjad%2CRN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Prataviera, E. et al. EUReCA: An open-source urban building energy modelling tool for the efficient evaluation of cities energy demand. Renew. Energy 173, 544\u2013560 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.03.144\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.03.144\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.renene.2021.03.144\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.renene.2021.03.144\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=EUReCA%3A%20An%20open-source%20urban%20building%20energy%20modelling%20tool%20for%20the%20efficient%20evaluation%20of%20cities%20energy%20demand&amp;journal=Renew.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.renene.2021.03.144&amp;volume=173&amp;pages=544-560&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Prataviera%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Chen, K., You, S., Shu, M. &amp; Huang, Y. Urban life and sunshine: equitable sunlight resource allocation among different consumer groups?. Energy Build. 311, 114177 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.114177\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.114177\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2024.114177\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2024.114177\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Urban%20life%20and%20sunshine%3A%20equitable%20sunlight%20resource%20allocation%20among%20different%20consumer%20groups%3F&amp;journal=Energy%20Build.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2024.114177&amp;volume=311&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Chen%2CK&amp;author=You%2CS&amp;author=Shu%2CM&amp;author=Huang%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Guo, H., Shi, Q., Marinoni, A., Du, B. &amp; Zhang, L. Deep building footprint update network: a semi-supervised method for updating existing building footprint from bi-temporal remote sensing images. Remote Sens. Environ. 264, 112589 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112589\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112589\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rse.2021.112589\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rse.2021.112589\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Deep%20building%20footprint%20update%20network%3A%20a%20semi-supervised%20method%20for%20updating%20existing%20building%20footprint%20from%20bi-temporal%20remote%20sensing%20images&amp;journal=Remote%20Sens.%20Environ.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rse.2021.112589&amp;volume=264&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Guo%2CH&amp;author=Shi%2CQ&amp;author=Marinoni%2CA&amp;author=Du%2CB&amp;author=Zhang%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Feng, L., Xu, P., Tang, H., Liu, Z. &amp; Hou, P. National-scale mapping of building footprints using feature super-resolution semantic segmentation of Sentinel-2 images. GISci. Remote Sens. 60, 2196154 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/15481603.2023.2196154\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/15481603.2023.2196154\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F15481603.2023.2196154\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/15481603.2023.2196154\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=National-scale%20mapping%20of%20building%20footprints%20using%20feature%20super-resolution%20semantic%20segmentation%20of%20Sentinel-2%20images&amp;journal=GISci.%20Remote%20Sens.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F15481603.2023.2196154&amp;volume=60&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Feng%2CL&amp;author=Xu%2CP&amp;author=Tang%2CH&amp;author=Liu%2CZ&amp;author=Hou%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Wu, W.-B. et al. A first Chinese building height estimate at 10\u2009m resolution (CNBH-10 m) using multi-source Earth observations and machine learning. Remote Sens. Environ. 291, 113578 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rse.2023.113578\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rse.2023.113578\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rse.2023.113578\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rse.2023.113578\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20first%20Chinese%20building%20height%20estimate%20at%2010%E2%80%89m%20resolution%20%28CNBH-10%20m%29%20using%20multi-source%20Earth%20observations%20and%20machine%20learning&amp;journal=Remote%20Sens.%20Environ.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rse.2023.113578&amp;volume=291&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Wu%2CW-B\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">He, T. et al. Global 30 meters spatiotemporal 3D urban expansion dataset from 1990 to 2010. Sci. Data 10, 321 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41597-023-02240-w\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41597-023-02240-w\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41597-023-02240-w\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41597-023-02240-w\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%2030%20meters%20spatiotemporal%203D%20urban%20expansion%20dataset%20from%201990%20to%202010&amp;journal=Sci.%20Data&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41597-023-02240-w&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=He%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Oldfield, P., Trabucco, D. &amp; Wood, A. Five energy generations of tall buildings: an historical analysis of energy consumption in high-rise buildings. J. Archit. 14, 591\u2013613 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/13602360903119405\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/13602360903119405\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F13602360903119405\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/13602360903119405\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Five%20energy%20generations%20of%20tall%20buildings%3A%20an%20historical%20analysis%20of%20energy%20consumption%20in%20high-rise%20buildings&amp;journal=J.%20Archit.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F13602360903119405&amp;volume=14&amp;pages=591-613&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Oldfield%2CP&amp;author=Trabucco%2CD&amp;author=Wood%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Zhu, R., Zhang, F., Yan, J., Ratti, C. &amp; Chen, M. A sustainable solar city: from utopia to reality facilitated by GIScience. Innov. Geosci. 1, 100006 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.59717\/j.xinn-geo.2023.100006\" data-track-item_id=\"10.59717\/j.xinn-geo.2023.100006\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59717%2Fj.xinn-geo.2023.100006\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.59717\/j.xinn-geo.2023.100006\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20sustainable%20solar%20city%3A%20from%20utopia%20to%20reality%20facilitated%20by%20GIScience&amp;journal=Innov.%20Geosci.&amp;doi=10.59717%2Fj.xinn-geo.2023.100006&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Zhu%2CR&amp;author=Zhang%2CF&amp;author=Yan%2CJ&amp;author=Ratti%2CC&amp;author=Chen%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Joshi, S. et al. High resolution global spatiotemporal assessment of rooftop solar photovoltaics potential for renewable electricity generation. Nat. Commun. 12, 5738 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-25720-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-25720-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-25720-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-25720-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitF2hsb%2FI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=High%20resolution%20global%20spatiotemporal%20assessment%20of%20rooftop%20solar%20photovoltaics%20potential%20for%20renewable%20electricity%20generation&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-021-25720-2&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Joshi%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Jiang, H. et al. Roofing highways with solar panels substantially reduces carbon emissions and traffic losses. Earths Future 12, e2023EF003975 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1029\/2023EF003975\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1029\/2023EF003975\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029%2F2023EF003975\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1029\/2023EF003975\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Roofing%20highways%20with%20solar%20panels%20substantially%20reduces%20carbon%20emissions%20and%20traffic%20losses&amp;journal=Earths%20Future&amp;doi=10.1029%2F2023EF003975&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Jiang%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Jin, Y. et al. Energy production and water savings from floating solar photovoltaics on global reservoirs. Nat. Sustain. 6, 865\u2013874 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41893-023-01089-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41893-023-01089-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41893-023-01089-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41893-023-01089-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Energy%20production%20and%20water%20savings%20from%20floating%20solar%20photovoltaics%20on%20global%20reservoirs&amp;journal=Nat.%20Sustain.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41893-023-01089-6&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=865-874&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Jin%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Liu, L., Cao, X., Li, S. &amp; Jie, N. A 31-year (1990\u20132020) global gridded population dataset generated by cluster analysis and statistical learning. Sci. Data 11, 124 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41597-024-02913-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41597-024-02913-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41597-024-02913-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41597-024-02913-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%2031-year%20%281990%E2%80%932020%29%20global%20gridded%20population%20dataset%20generated%20by%20cluster%20analysis%20and%20statistical%20learning&amp;journal=Sci.%20Data&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41597-024-02913-0&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Liu%2CL&amp;author=Cao%2CX&amp;author=Li%2CS&amp;author=Jie%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Liu, J. et al. A novel approach for assessing rooftop-and-facade solar photovoltaic potential in rural areas using three-dimensional (3D) building models constructed with GIS. Energy 282, 128920 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128920\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128920\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.energy.2023.128920\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.energy.2023.128920\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20novel%20approach%20for%20assessing%20rooftop-and-facade%20solar%20photovoltaic%20potential%20in%20rural%20areas%20using%20three-dimensional%20%283D%29%20building%20models%20constructed%20with%20GIS&amp;journal=Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.energy.2023.128920&amp;volume=282&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Liu%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Zhu, R. et al. Optimization of photovoltaic provision in a three-dimensional city using real-time electricity demand. Appl. Energy 316, 119042 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119042\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119042\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2022.119042\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2022.119042\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Optimization%20of%20photovoltaic%20provision%20in%20a%20three-dimensional%20city%20using%20real-time%20electricity%20demand&amp;journal=Appl.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.apenergy.2022.119042&amp;volume=316&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Zhu%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Ta\u015fer, A., Koyunbaba, B. K. &amp; Kazanasmaz, T. Thermal, daylight, and energy potential of building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) systems: a comprehensive review of effects and developments. Sol. Energy 251, 171\u2013196 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2022.12.039\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2022.12.039\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2022.12.039\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2022.12.039\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Thermal%2C%20daylight%2C%20and%20energy%20potential%20of%20building-integrated%20photovoltaic%20%28BIPV%29%20systems%3A%20a%20comprehensive%20review%20of%20effects%20and%20developments&amp;journal=Sol.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.solener.2022.12.039&amp;volume=251&amp;pages=171-196&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Ta%C5%9Fer%2CA&amp;author=Koyunbaba%2CBK&amp;author=Kazanasmaz%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Chen, L., Zheng, X., Yang, J. &amp; Yoon, J. H. Impact of BIPV windows on building energy consumption in street canyons: Model development and validation. Energy Build. 249, 111207 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111207\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111207\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2021.111207\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111207\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Impact%20of%20BIPV%20windows%20on%20building%20energy%20consumption%20in%20street%20canyons%3A%20Model%20development%20and%20validation&amp;journal=Energy%20Build.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2021.111207&amp;volume=249&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Chen%2CL&amp;author=Zheng%2CX&amp;author=Yang%2CJ&amp;author=Yoon%2CJH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Ma, Z. et al. Shading effect and energy-saving potential of rooftop photovoltaic on the top-floor room. Sol. Energy 265, 112099 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.112099\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.112099\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.solener.2023.112099\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.solener.2023.112099\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Shading%20effect%20and%20energy-saving%20potential%20of%20rooftop%20photovoltaic%20on%20the%20top-floor%20room&amp;journal=Sol.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.solener.2023.112099&amp;volume=265&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Ma%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Elhabodi, T. S. et al. A review on BIPV-induced temperature effects on urban heat islands. Urban Clim. 50, 101592 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.uclim.2023.101592\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.uclim.2023.101592\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.uclim.2023.101592\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.uclim.2023.101592\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20review%20on%20BIPV-induced%20temperature%20effects%20on%20urban%20heat%20islands&amp;journal=Urban%20Clim.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.uclim.2023.101592&amp;volume=50&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Elhabodi%2CTS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Beck, H. E. et al. Present and future K\u00f6ppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution. Sci. Data 5, 180214 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fsdata.2018.214\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/sdata.2018.214\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Present%20and%20future%20K%C3%B6ppen-Geiger%20climate%20classification%20maps%20at%201-km%20resolution&amp;journal=Sci.%20Data&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fsdata.2018.214&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Beck%2CHE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2023 (International Renewable Energy Agency, 2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Homsy, G. C. &amp; Kang, K. E. Zoning incentives. J. Am. Plann. Assoc. 89, 61\u201371 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/01944363.2022.2050935\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/01944363.2022.2050935\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F01944363.2022.2050935\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/01944363.2022.2050935\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Zoning%20incentives&amp;journal=J.%20Am.%20Plann.%20Assoc.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F01944363.2022.2050935&amp;volume=89&amp;pages=61-71&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Homsy%2CGC&amp;author=Kang%2CKE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Wang, W., Hao, S., Zhong, H. &amp; Sun, Z. How to promote carbon emission reduction in buildings? Evolutionary analysis of government regulation and financial investment. J. Build. Eng. 89, 109279 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109279\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109279\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jobe.2024.109279\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109279\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20to%20promote%20carbon%20emission%20reduction%20in%20buildings%3F%20Evolutionary%20analysis%20of%20government%20regulation%20and%20financial%20investment&amp;journal=J.%20Build.%20Eng.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jobe.2024.109279&amp;volume=89&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Wang%2CW&amp;author=Hao%2CS&amp;author=Zhong%2CH&amp;author=Sun%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Skandalos, N. &amp; Karamanis, D. Net-zero energy communities at Local Climate Zones: integrating photovoltaics and energy sharing for a social housing neighborhood. Energy Ecol. Environ. 10, 352\u2013369 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s40974-025-00354-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s40974-025-00354-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s40974-025-00354-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s40974-025-00354-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Net-zero%20energy%20communities%20at%20Local%20Climate%20Zones%3A%20integrating%20photovoltaics%20and%20energy%20sharing%20for%20a%20social%20housing%20neighborhood&amp;journal=Energy%20Ecol.%20Environ.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs40974-025-00354-y&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=352-369&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Skandalos%2CN&amp;author=Karamanis%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Kerby, J. &amp; Tarekegne, B. A guide to residential energy storage and rooftop solar: State net metering policies and utility rate tariff structures. Renew. Energy Focus 49, 100566 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ref.2024.100566\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ref.2024.100566\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ref.2024.100566\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ref.2024.100566\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20guide%20to%20residential%20energy%20storage%20and%20rooftop%20solar%3A%20State%20net%20metering%20policies%20and%20utility%20rate%20tariff%20structures&amp;journal=Renew.%20Energy%20Focus&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ref.2024.100566&amp;volume=49&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Kerby%2CJ&amp;author=Tarekegne%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Wussow, M. et al. Exploring the potential of non-residential solar to tackle energy injustice. Nat. Energy 9, 654\u2013663 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41560-024-01485-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41560-024-01485-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41560-024-01485-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 41\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41560-024-01485-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Exploring%20the%20potential%20of%20non-residential%20solar%20to%20tackle%20energy%20injustice&amp;journal=Nat.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41560-024-01485-y&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=654-663&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Wussow%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">van den Bergh, J. &amp; Botzen, W. Low-carbon transition is improbable without carbon pricing. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 23219\u201323220 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2010380117\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2010380117\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2010380117\" aria-label=\"Article reference 42\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2010380117\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Low-carbon%20transition%20is%20improbable%20without%20carbon%20pricing&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2010380117&amp;volume=117&amp;pages=23219-23220&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Bergh%2CJ&amp;author=Botzen%2CW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">GHG Emissions of All World Countries (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research, 2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Denholm, P. &amp; Hand, M. Grid flexibility and storage required to achieve very high penetration of variable renewable electricity. Energy Policy 39, 1817\u20131830 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.01.019\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.01.019\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2011.01.019\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.enpol.2011.01.019\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Grid%20flexibility%20and%20storage%20required%20to%20achieve%20very%20high%20penetration%20of%20variable%20renewable%20electricity&amp;journal=Energy%20Policy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2011.01.019&amp;volume=39&amp;pages=1817-1830&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Denholm%2CP&amp;author=Hand%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Leduc, M., Matthews, H. D. &amp; de El\u00eda, R. Regional estimates of the transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions. Nat. Clim. Change 6, 474\u2013478 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nclimate2913\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nclimate2913\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnclimate2913\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nclimate2913\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Regional%20estimates%20of%20the%20transient%20climate%20response%20to%20cumulative%20CO2%20emissions&amp;journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Change&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnclimate2913&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=474-478&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Leduc%2CM&amp;author=Matthews%2CHD&amp;author=El%C3%ADa%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Armstrong McKay, D. I. et al. Exceeding 1.5\u2009\u00b0C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points. Science 377, eabn7950 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.abn7950\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.abn7950\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.abn7950\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.abn7950\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Exceeding%201.5%E2%80%89%C2%B0C%20global%20warming%20could%20trigger%20multiple%20climate%20tipping%20points&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.abn7950&amp;volume=377&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Armstrong%20McKay%2CDI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Wilson, C. Up-scaling, formative phases, and learning in the historical diffusion of energy technologies. Energy Policy 50, 81\u201394 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.04.077\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.04.077\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2012.04.077\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.04.077\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Up-scaling%2C%20formative%20phases%2C%20and%20learning%20in%20the%20historical%20diffusion%20of%20energy%20technologies&amp;journal=Energy%20Policy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2012.04.077&amp;volume=50&amp;pages=81-94&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Wilson%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Byrne, J., Taminiau, J., Kurdgelashvili, L. &amp; Kim, K. N. A review of the solar city concept and methods to assess rooftop solar electric potential, with an illustrative application to the city of Seoul. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 41, 830\u2013844 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.023\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.023\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2014.08.023\" aria-label=\"Article reference 48\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.023\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20review%20of%20the%20solar%20city%20concept%20and%20methods%20to%20assess%20rooftop%20solar%20electric%20potential%2C%20with%20an%20illustrative%20application%20to%20the%20city%20of%20Seoul&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2014.08.023&amp;volume=41&amp;pages=830-844&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Byrne%2CJ&amp;author=Taminiau%2CJ&amp;author=Kurdgelashvili%2CL&amp;author=Kim%2CKN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">B\u00f3dis, K., Kougias, I., J\u00e4ger-Waldau, A., Taylor, N. &amp; Szab\u00f3, S. A high-resolution geospatial assessment of the rooftop solar photovoltaic potential in the European Union. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 114, 109309 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109309\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109309\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2019.109309\" aria-label=\"Article reference 49\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2019.109309\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20high-resolution%20geospatial%20assessment%20of%20the%20rooftop%20solar%20photovoltaic%20potential%20in%20the%20European%20Union&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2019.109309&amp;volume=114&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=B%C3%B3dis%2CK&amp;author=Kougias%2CI&amp;author=J%C3%A4ger-Waldau%2CA&amp;author=Taylor%2CN&amp;author=Szab%C3%B3%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Howarth, C. &amp; Robinson, E. J. Z. Effective climate action must integrate climate adaptation and mitigation. Nat. Clim. Change 14, 300\u2013301 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41558-024-01963-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41558-024-01963-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41558-024-01963-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41558-024-01963-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Effective%20climate%20action%20must%20integrate%20climate%20adaptation%20and%20mitigation&amp;journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Change&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41558-024-01963-x&amp;volume=14&amp;pages=300-301&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Howarth%2CC&amp;author=Robinson%2CEJZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Robinson, A., Lehmann, J., Barriopedro, D., Rahmstorf, S. &amp; Coumou, D. Increasing heat and rainfall extremes now far outside the historical climate. npj Clim. Atmos. Sci. 4, 45 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41612-021-00202-w\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41612-021-00202-w\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41612-021-00202-w\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41612-021-00202-w\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Increasing%20heat%20and%20rainfall%20extremes%20now%20far%20outside%20the%20historical%20climate&amp;journal=npj%20Clim.%20Atmos.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41612-021-00202-w&amp;volume=4&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Robinson%2CA&amp;author=Lehmann%2CJ&amp;author=Barriopedro%2CD&amp;author=Rahmstorf%2CS&amp;author=Coumou%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Toktarova, A., Gruber, L., Hlusiak, M., Bogdanov, D. &amp; Breyer, C. Long term load projection in high resolution for all countries globally. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 111, 160\u2013181 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.03.055\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.03.055\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijepes.2019.03.055\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2019.03.055\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Long%20term%20load%20projection%20in%20high%20resolution%20for%20all%20countries%20globally&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Electr.%20Power%20Energy%20Syst.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijepes.2019.03.055&amp;volume=111&amp;pages=160-181&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Toktarova%2CA&amp;author=Gruber%2CL&amp;author=Hlusiak%2CM&amp;author=Bogdanov%2CD&amp;author=Breyer%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Monyei, C. G. et al. Regional cooperation for mitigating energy poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa: A context-based approach through the tripartite lenses of access, sufficiency, and mobility. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 159, 112209 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112209\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112209\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.rser.2022.112209\" aria-label=\"Article reference 53\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.rser.2022.112209\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Regional%20cooperation%20for%20mitigating%20energy%20poverty%20in%20Sub-Saharan%20Africa%3A%20A%20context-based%20approach%20through%20the%20tripartite%20lenses%20of%20access%2C%20sufficiency%2C%20and%20mobility&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.rser.2022.112209&amp;volume=159&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Monyei%2CCG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Monsberger, C. et al. Profitability of biomass-based district heating considering different technology combinations and building flexibility. Renew. Sustain. Energy Transit. 4, 100062 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Profitability%20of%20biomass-based%20district%20heating%20considering%20different%20technology%20combinations%20and%20building%20flexibility&amp;journal=Renew.%20Sustain.%20Energy%20Transit.&amp;volume=4&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Monsberger%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Staffell, I., Pfenninger, S. &amp; Johnson, N. A global model of hourly space heating and cooling demand at multiple spatial scales. Nat. Energy 8, 1328\u20131344 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41560-023-01341-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41560-023-01341-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41560-023-01341-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41560-023-01341-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20global%20model%20of%20hourly%20space%20heating%20and%20cooling%20demand%20at%20multiple%20spatial%20scales&amp;journal=Nat.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41560-023-01341-5&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=1328-1344&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Staffell%2CI&amp;author=Pfenninger%2CS&amp;author=Johnson%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Weerasinghe, L. N. K., Darko, A., Chan, A. P. C., Blay, K. B. &amp; Edwards, D. J. Measures, benefits, and challenges to retrofitting existing buildings to net zero carbon: a comprehensive review. J. Build. Eng. 94, 109998 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109998\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109998\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jobe.2024.109998\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jobe.2024.109998\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Measures%2C%20benefits%2C%20and%20challenges%20to%20retrofitting%20existing%20buildings%20to%20net%20zero%20carbon%3A%20a%20comprehensive%20review&amp;journal=J.%20Build.%20Eng.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jobe.2024.109998&amp;volume=94&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Weerasinghe%2CLNK&amp;author=Darko%2CA&amp;author=Chan%2CAPC&amp;author=Blay%2CKB&amp;author=Edwards%2CDJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Tax incentives for green buildings: how government policies are encouraging sustainability. Singapore Property WIKI <a href=\"https:\/\/singaporepropertywiki.sg\/tax-incentives-for-green-buildings-how-government-policies-are-encouraging-sustainability\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/singaporepropertywiki.sg\/tax-incentives-for-green-buildings-how-government-policies-are-encouraging-sustainability\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/singaporepropertywiki.sg\/tax-incentives-for-green-buildings-how-government-policies-are-encouraging-sustainability\/<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Wambua, P. Kenya\u2019s off-grid energy revolution: impact and initiatives. CleanEnergy4Africa <a href=\"https:\/\/cleanenergy4africa.org\/kenyas-off-grid-energy-revolution-impact-and-initiatives\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/cleanenergy4africa.org\/kenyas-off-grid-energy-revolution-impact-and-initiatives\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/cleanenergy4africa.org\/kenyas-off-grid-energy-revolution-impact-and-initiatives\/<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Sailor, D. J., Anand, J. &amp; King, R. R. Photovoltaics in the built environment: a critical review. Energy Build. 253, 111479 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111479\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111479\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2021.111479\" aria-label=\"Article reference 59\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2021.111479\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 59\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Photovoltaics%20in%20the%20built%20environment%3A%20a%20critical%20review&amp;journal=Energy%20Build.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2021.111479&amp;volume=253&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Sailor%2CDJ&amp;author=Anand%2CJ&amp;author=King%2CRR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Khan, A. &amp; Santamouris, M. On the local warming potential of urban rooftop photovoltaic solar panels in cities. Sci. Rep. 13, 15623 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-40280-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-40280-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-40280-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 60\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-40280-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhvFKksbrL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 60\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 60\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=On%20the%20local%20warming%20potential%20of%20urban%20rooftop%20photovoltaic%20solar%20panels%20in%20cities&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-023-40280-9&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Khan%2CA&amp;author=Santamouris%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Khan, A. et al. Rooftop photovoltaic solar panels warm up and cool down cities. Nat. Cities 1, 780\u2013790 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s44284-024-00137-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s44284-024-00137-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs44284-024-00137-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 61\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s44284-024-00137-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Rooftop%20photovoltaic%20solar%20panels%20warm%20up%20and%20cool%20down%20cities&amp;journal=Nat.%20Cities&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs44284-024-00137-2&amp;volume=1&amp;pages=780-790&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Khan%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Masson, V., Bonhomme, M., Salagnac, J.-L., Briottet, X. &amp; Lemonsu, A. Solar panels reduce both global warming and urban heat island. Front. Environ. Sci. 2, 1\u201310 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fenvs.2014.00014\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fenvs.2014.00014\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffenvs.2014.00014\" aria-label=\"Article reference 62\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fenvs.2014.00014\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Solar%20panels%20reduce%20both%20global%20warming%20and%20urban%20heat%20island&amp;journal=Front.%20Environ.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffenvs.2014.00014&amp;volume=2&amp;pages=1-10&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Masson%2CV&amp;author=Bonhomme%2CM&amp;author=Salagnac%2CJ-L&amp;author=Briottet%2CX&amp;author=Lemonsu%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Santamouris, M. Recent progress on urban overheating and heat island research. Integrated assessment of the energy, environmental, vulnerability and health impact. Synergies with the global climate change. Energy Build. 207, 109482 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109482\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109482\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2019.109482\" aria-label=\"Article reference 63\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2019.109482\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Recent%20progress%20on%20urban%20overheating%20and%20heat%20island%20research.%20Integrated%20assessment%20of%20the%20energy%2C%20environmental%2C%20vulnerability%20and%20health%20impact.%20Synergies%20with%20the%20global%20climate%20change&amp;journal=Energy%20Build.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.enbuild.2019.109482&amp;volume=207&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Santamouris%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Shi, Q. et al. The last puzzle of global building footprints\u2014mapping 280 million buildings in East Asia based on VHR images. J. Remote Sens. 4, 0138 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.34133\/remotesensing.0138\" data-track-item_id=\"10.34133\/remotesensing.0138\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34133%2Fremotesensing.0138\" aria-label=\"Article reference 64\" data-doi=\"10.34133\/remotesensing.0138\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 64\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20last%20puzzle%20of%20global%20building%20footprints%E2%80%94mapping%20280%20million%20buildings%20in%20East%20Asia%20based%20on%20VHR%20images&amp;journal=J.%20Remote%20Sens.&amp;doi=10.34133%2Fremotesensing.0138&amp;volume=4&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Shi%2CQ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">Microsoft. Microsoft\/GlobalMLBuildingFootprints. GitHub <a href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/microsoft\/GlobalMLBuildingFootprints\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/github.com\/microsoft\/GlobalMLBuildingFootprints\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/github.com\/microsoft\/GlobalMLBuildingFootprints<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Rogers, E. M. Diffusion of Innovations 5th edn (Free Press, 2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Cheng, L. et al. Solar energy potential of urban buildings in 10 cities of China. Energy 196, 117038 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117038\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117038\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.energy.2020.117038\" aria-label=\"Article reference 67\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117038\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 67\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Solar%20energy%20potential%20of%20urban%20buildings%20in%2010%20cities%20of%20China&amp;journal=Energy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.energy.2020.117038&amp;volume=196&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Cheng%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Green, M. A. et al. Solar cell efficiency tables (version 66). Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 33, 795\u2013810 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/pip.3919\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/pip.3919\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fpip.3919\" aria-label=\"Article reference 68\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/pip.3919\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 68\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Solar%20cell%20efficiency%20tables%20%28version%2066%29&amp;journal=Prog.%20Photovolt.%20Res.%20Appl.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fpip.3919&amp;volume=33&amp;pages=795-810&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Green%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Zarrella, A., Prataviera, E., Romano, P., Carnieletto, L. &amp; Vivian, J. Analysis and application of a lumped-capacitance model for urban building energy modelling. Sustain. Cities Soc. 63, 102450 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102450\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102450\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.scs.2020.102450\" aria-label=\"Article reference 69\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.scs.2020.102450\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 69\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Analysis%20and%20application%20of%20a%20lumped-capacitance%20model%20for%20urban%20building%20energy%20modelling&amp;journal=Sustain.%20Cities%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.scs.2020.102450&amp;volume=63&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Zarrella%2CA&amp;author=Prataviera%2CE&amp;author=Romano%2CP&amp;author=Carnieletto%2CL&amp;author=Vivian%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">WHO Housing and Health Guidelines (World Health Organization, 2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">Denholm, P., O\u2019Connell, M., Brinkman, G., &amp; Jorgenson, J. Overgeneration from solar energy in California: a field guide to the duck chart. NREL <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy16osti\/65023.pdf\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/docs.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy16osti\/65023.pdf\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/docs.nrel.gov\/docs\/fy16osti\/65023.pdf<\/a> (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR72\">Jordan, D. C. &amp; Kurtz, S. R. Photovoltaic degradation rates\u2014an analytical review. Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl. 21, 12\u201329 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/pip.1182\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/pip.1182\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fpip.1182\" aria-label=\"Article reference 72\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/pip.1182\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 72\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Photovoltaic%20degradation%20rates%E2%80%94an%20analytical%20review&amp;journal=Prog.%20Photovolt.%20Res.%20Appl.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fpip.1182&amp;volume=21&amp;pages=12-29&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Jordan%2CDC&amp;author=Kurtz%2CSR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR73\">Statistical Review of World Energy 2024. Energy Institute <a href=\"https:\/\/www.energyinst.org\/statistical-review\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.energyinst.org\/statistical-review\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.energyinst.org\/statistical-review<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR74\">Global Average Carbon Intensity of Electricity Generation in the Stated Policies, Sustainable Development and Net Zero Scenarios, 2000\u20132040 (International Energy Agency, 2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR75\">Millar, R. J. et al. Emission budgets and pathways consistent with limiting warming to 1.5 \u00b0C. Nat. Geosci. 10, 741\u2013747 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/ngeo3031\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/ngeo3031\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fngeo3031\" aria-label=\"Article reference 75\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/ngeo3031\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXhsFWgtLrP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 75\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Emission%20budgets%20and%20pathways%20consistent%20with%20limiting%20warming%20to%201.5%20%C2%B0C&amp;journal=Nat.%20Geosci.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fngeo3031&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=741-747&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Millar%2CRJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR76\">Qian, S. et al. A first high-quality vector data of buildings in East Asian countries based on a comprehensive large-scale mapping framework. Zenodo <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8174931\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.5281\/zenodo.8174931\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.8174931<\/a> (2023)<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR77\">Wang, K., He, T. &amp; Xiao, W. Global 30 meters spatiotemporal 3D urban expansion dataset from 1990 to 2010. figshare <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.21792209\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.6084\/m9.figshare.21792209\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.21792209<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR78\">Hou, J. Open codes for energy modeling of buildings with fa\u00e7ade-integrated photovoltaics. figshare <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.28089947\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.6084\/m9.figshare.28089947\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.28089947<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Wang, J. et al. Anthropogenic emissions and urbanization increase risk of compound hot extremes in cities. Nat. Clim.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":500398,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[556,4422,175765,1397,4423,3250,90,56,54,55],"class_list":["post-500397","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-environment","tag-climate-change","tag-climate-change-climate-change-impacts","tag-energy-modelling","tag-environment","tag-environmental-law-policy-ecojustice","tag-general","tag-science","tag-uk","tag-united-kingdom","tag-unitedkingdom"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/500397","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=500397"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/500397\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/500398"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=500397"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=500397"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=500397"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}