The 19th-century Swiss philologist, Ferdinand de Saussure, is widely acclaimed as a founder of modern-day linguistics\u2014and semiology, for that matter. One of his more interesting theories is that we derive verbal meaning not directly from words or larger units in themselves, but through minimal differences in the structures of language, such as minimal differences in sounds (phonemes). So, by changing a single sound in a specific word, the meaning is altered\u2014as we can see in a word pair such as cat and hat, where a difference in their initial sounds results in different concepts. This simple contrastive method demonstrates, Saussure claimed, that words have no intrinsic meaning in themselves, but in differential relation to other words in the system of language.<\/p>\n
For Saussure, verbal meaning is entirely internal and relational, determined by the interdependent structures of the system of language, which he called langue, rather than by a direct connection of words or other verbal structures to the external world. In other words, language links thoughts and sounds together in systemic ways, and especially through differences such as those evident in the cat-hat minimal pair, which produce what we commonly call “meaning.”<\/p>\n
Now, in my opinion, the best kinds of \u201clitmus tests\u201d to substantiate any theory of language and verbal thinking can be found in the realm of puzzledom. Puzzles act as miniature thought experiments that test theoretical paradigms in their own unique, creative ways. <\/p>\n
A particular puzzle type, among others, that allows us to examine the sustainability of Saussurean differentiation theory is the “change-a-letter” puzzle. This provides a practical demonstration of how meaning is constituted by minimal differential cues at the level of sound\u2014that is, by substituting a single letter (phoneme) with another letter in the same structural location, the puzzle shows how a completely new mental concept emerges.<\/p>\n
Examples of Change-a-Letter Puzzles<\/p>\n
Consider the following examples:<\/p>\n
Change one letter in a four-letter word that means \u201cafter the expected time\u201d to get a word that refers to a fixed price. Notice that you are not told what letter to change. In this case, the letter is actually the first one. The solution is late-rate. The letter change can be anywhere in a word.
\nChange one letter in a six-letter word referring to a baseball player to get a word that indicates doing something in a superior way. The answer is batter-better. <\/p>\n
Such puzzles certainly appear to support Saussure’s theory, which has been formalized as the phonemic principle\u2014namely, that a single sound (phonemic) change is what produces new meaning, which is to this day a core tenet of linguistics. Interestingly, Saussure spent years analyzing anagrams in ancient poetry. While he never published his work on these during his lifetime, scholars later brought it to light by analyzing his workbooks, arguing that his work in this area foreshadowed theories of associative meaning, beyond his strict differential meaning theory. Today, a common view within linguistics is, in fact, that the two modalities\u2014difference and association\u2014form a unity of language and thought.<\/p>\n
As a historical note, I should mention that difference theory was expanded a little later, after Saussure, into opposition theory, which encompasses entire concepts as minimally differential at the semantic level, not just at the phonemic level. So, for instance, we understand night not in itself, but in terms of how it contrasts with day\u2014that is, we conceive of night as lack of day (or vice versa). <\/p>\n
Overall, concepts do not have a fixed, inherent meaning independent of the linguistic-conceptual system in which they exist. They are products of that system\u2014a system which, when applied to the world, allows us to understand it (on our own linguistic terms).<\/p>\n
15 Change-a-Letter Puzzles to Try<\/p>\n
Change one letter in a three-letter word meaning \u201csoaked\u201d to get a word meaning \u201cwager.\u201d Answers<\/p>\n wet-bet
\nChange one letter in a four-letter word that is used to identify a person to get a word meaning wide recognition.
\nChange one letter in a five-letter word that refers to a cunning act to get a word that refers to something used in the building profession.
\nChange one letter in a four-letter word that refers to a feline sound to get a word that refers to an act of love.
\nChange one letter in a five-letter word that refers to a pursuit to get a word referring to someone we might have over for dinner.
\nChange one letter in a four-letter word that refers to a turning-over action to get a word that refers instead to a falling action.
\nChange one letter in a five-letter word that refers to something we do to meat to get a word that can be seen commonly on a road sign.
\nChange one letter in a nine-letter word that refers to \u201cforbid\u201d to get a word that refers to medical advising.
\nChange one letter in a five-letter word that refers to a source of illumination to get a word that refers to a direction.
\nChange one letter in a five-letter word that refers to a football action to get a word that refers to something that indicates time.
\nChange one letter in a five-letter word that refers to an indication of great importance to a word referring to a type of award.
\nChange one letter in a five-letter word referring to something assembled to a word referring to a bed covering.
\nChange one letter in a four-letter word referring to uncontrollable anger<\/a> to a word referring to the action designed to bring about complete destruction.
\nChange one letter in a four-letter word referring to a gradual process of convalescence to a word referring to enthusiastic dedication to something.
\nChange one letter in a five-letter word indicating circularity to a word referring to a measure.<\/p>\n
\nname-fame
\ntrick-brick
\nhiss-kiss
\nquest-guest
\nflip-flop
\ncarve-curve
\nproscribe-prescribe
\nlight-right
\nblock-clock
\nprime-prize
\nbuilt-quilt
\nrage-raze
\nheal-zeal
\nround-pound<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The 19th-century Swiss philologist, Ferdinand de Saussure, is widely acclaimed as a founder of modern-day linguistics\u2014and semiology, for…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":502862,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[59,57,58,50,56,54,55],"class_list":{"0":"post-502861","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-united-kingdom","8":"tag-gb","9":"tag-great-britain","10":"tag-greatbritain","11":"tag-news","12":"tag-uk","13":"tag-united-kingdom","14":"tag-unitedkingdom"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/502861","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=502861"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/502861\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/502862"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=502861"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=502861"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=502861"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}