In 2023, the estimated population of the United Kingdom was 68.68 million.<\/p>\n
In the chart, you can see how the population numbers have changed over the past 70 years. This is shown alongside countries with a similar population today.<\/p>\n
What is the population density of the United Kingdom?<\/p>\n Population density is measured by dividing the total population by a country\u2019s area. This is shown in the chart below, compared to the average population density globally, and the average density for countries in the same income group and region.<\/p>\n The United Kingdom\u2019s population density was 282.95 people\/km\u00b2 in 2023.<\/p>\n What share of the United Kingdom\u2019s population lives in rural areas, towns, and cities?<\/p>\n Where people live within a country \u2014 and their movement from rural areas to towns and cities \u2014 can have a large impact on culture, where infrastructure is needed, what people do for work, and the structure of the economy.<\/p>\n In the chart, you can see how the share of people in the United Kingdom who live in rural areas, towns, and cities has changed over time.<\/p>\n In 2020, 14% of people in the United Kingdom lived in rural areas, with 28.7% living in towns, and 57.4 in cities.<\/p>\n A key driver of population change is the number of children who are born. One measure of this is the total fertility rate. This tells us how many children the average woman would have over her lifetime, based on age-specific fertility rates observed in a given year.<\/p>\n In 2023, the United Kingdom\u2019s total fertility rate was 1.56 births per woman.<\/p>\n Its fertility rate over time is shown in the chart below, alongside trends for some of its neighbors.<\/p>\n Another key driver of population change is how long people live.<\/p>\n In 2023, the United Kingdom\u2019s life expectancy at birth was 81.3 years.<\/p>\n You can see how this has changed over the last 70 years in the chart, alongside neighboring countries.<\/p>\n This is a period measure<\/a> of life expectancy, which tells us the average number of years a newborn would live if today\u2019s death rates at each age remained constant throughout their life. This does not necessarily mean this is the most common age<\/a> of death in the country.<\/p>\n The balance of these two indicators \u2014 fertility rates and life expectancy \u2014 is reflected in the number of births and deaths over time.<\/p>\n If more babies are born than people die, the population grows. If births are lower than the number of deaths, the population will naturally shrink. That\u2019s not accounting for migration (which we\u2019ll come to later).<\/p>\n The chart below shows how births and deaths in the United Kingdom have changed over time.<\/p>\n In 2023, 688,000 babies were born, and 654,000 people died.<\/p>\n One of the key factors that meant historical populations grew relatively slowly was the very large share of children who died before puberty. For much of human history, half of children did<\/a>.<\/p>\n Since then, child mortality rates have plummeted across the world. But there are still huge gaps, and more can be done to reduce child deaths even further.<\/p>\n In the United Kingdom, 0.4% of children under the age of five died in 2023.<\/p>\n You can see how this rate has changed over time in the chart, compared to its neighbors.<\/p>\n In a country with no migration \u2014 where no one is leaving or entering the country \u2014 the change in population is simply the balance of births and deaths.<\/p>\n But there are almost no countries where migration is zero.<\/p>\n Net migration is calculated as the number of people who have moved into the country (immigrants) minus the number of people who have left (emigrants). A positive number means more people have moved to the country than have left the country.<\/p>\n In 2023, the United Kingdom\u2019s net migration was 445,523 people.<\/p>\n What is the United Kingdom\u2019s population growth rate with migration?<\/p>\n Is the United Kingdom\u2019s population growing or shrinking, and how quickly? The population growth rate tells us this.<\/p>\n If the rate is positive, the population is growing. If it\u2019s negative, it\u2019s shrinking.<\/p>\n In 2023, the United Kingdom\u2019s population growth rate was 0.7%, and the chart shows how this has changed over time.<\/p>\n This population growth rate accounts for both natural population growth (the balance of births and deaths) and migration.<\/p>\n How does migration impact the United Kingdom\u2019s population growth?<\/p>\n Many countries have a natural population growth that is quite different from the actual growth rate, which includes migration. Their populations would be shrinking or growing without migration, but with it, their population numbers remain stable or go in the opposite direction.<\/p>\n In the chart, you can see the United Kingdom\u2019s population change with migration, next to a scenario where migration was zero. In this case, population changes would only be determined by births and deaths.<\/p>\n In 2023, its population growth rate was 0.7%, but without migration it would have been 0.05%.<\/p>\n Median age is one simple indicator that gives us insight into how old or young a population is. If we lined up everyone in the country from youngest to oldest, the median age would be the age of the person exactly in the middle of that line. Half of the population would be younger, and half would be older.<\/p>\n Countries across Sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and South America tend to be<\/a> younger and therefore have a lower median age than those across Europe, North America, and parts of East Asia.<\/p>\n In 2023, the United Kingdom\u2019s median age was 39.78 years.<\/p>\n This is shown alongside its neighbors in the chart below.<\/p>\n How does the United Kingdom\u2019s population break down by age?<\/p>\n It\u2019s not just the total number of people in a country that drives trends in economic growth, spending, resource allocation, and culture; the age of those people does too.<\/p>\n If a country has many children, the demand for education spending will be high. If it has a large population of older people, this will lead to increased spending on pensions and elderly care.<\/p>\n The chart shows the United Kingdom\u2019s population broken down by age, and how this has changed over time.<\/p>\n A simple way to describe a population\u2019s age structure is the age dependency ratio.<\/p>\n In this measure, people under 15 are counted as dependents because they are generally not doing paid work and are supported through education and family spending. Those aged 65 and over are also considered dependents, as many have left the workforce and rely more on pensions, healthcare, and elderly care.<\/p>\n The total number of these dependents is expressed relative to the working-age population.<\/p>\n Of course, not everyone outside the 15 to 65 range is dependent \u2014 some older adults work, and some younger people contribute economically. While being motivated by economic considerations, it is simply a demographic measure that tells us about the balance between these age groups.<\/p>\n The United Kingdom\u2019s age dependency ratio was 57.8 dependents per 100 working age people in 2023. This is compared to neighboring countries in the chart.<\/p>\n It\u2019s useful to understand how populations might change in the future; this helps us anticipate how demographic dynamics, the economic workforce, and demand for resources and infrastructure could evolve over time.<\/p>\n Population projections rely on assumptions about how key demographic trends will evolve, particularly changes in fertility rates, life expectancy, and migration. That means the outcome is often sensitive to the assumptions made.<\/p>\n One of the most commonly cited projections comes from the United Nations. Alongside its estimates of historical demographic trends, it provides three future scenarios: its medium scenario, plus low- and high-fertility scenarios.<\/p>\n In the chart, you can see its latest medium projection through to the end of the century. In 2023, the United Kingdom\u2019s population was 68.68 million. By 2100, it is projected to be 74.31 million.<\/p>\n As we covered earlier in this profile, the structure and age distribution of a population can be just as important as the total number of people.<\/p>\n The chart below shows how the population of different age groups is projected to change in the United Kingdom through to the end of the century. Again, this is based on the UN\u2019s medium population scenario.<\/p>\n Our articles and data visualizations rely on work from many different people and organizations. When citing this profile page, please also cite the underlying data sources. This profile page can be cited as:<\/p>\n Hannah Ritchie (2026) – \u201cPopulation and Demography\u201d Published online at OurWorldinData.org. Retrieved from: ‘https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/profile\/population-demography\/united-kingdom’ [Online Resource]<\/p>\n BibTeX citation<\/p>\n @article{owid-population-demography-united-kingdom, All visualizations, data, and code produced by Our World in Data are completely open access under the Creative Commons BY license<\/a>. You have the permission to use, distribute, and reproduce these in any medium, provided the source and authors are credited.<\/p>\n The data produced by third parties and made available by Our World in Data is subject to the license terms from the original third-party authors. We will always indicate the original source of the data in our documentation, so you should always check the license of any such third-party data before use and redistribution.<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/share-of-population-living-in-cities-towns-and-villages.png\")
What is the United Kingdom\u2019s total fertility rate?<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/children-born-per-woman.png\")
What is the United Kingdom\u2019s life expectancy?<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/life-expectancy.png\")
How many people are born and die in the United Kingdom each year?<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/births-and-deaths-projected-to-2100.png\")
What share of children in the United Kingdom die before the age of five?<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/child-mortality-igme.png\")
What is the United Kingdom\u2019s net migration?<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/population-growth-rate-with-and-without-migration.png\")
What is the median age in the United Kingdom?<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/population-by-age-group.png\")
What is the United Kingdom\u2019s age dependency ratio?<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/age-dependency-ratio-of-working-age-population.png\")
How is the United Kingdom\u2019s population expected to change in the future?<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/population-with-un-projections.png\")
How will the United Kingdom\u2019s age structure change in the future?<\/p>\n![](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/population-by-age-group-with-projections.png\")
More data and research on population and demographyCite this work<\/p>\n
\n author = {Hannah Ritchie},
\n title = {Population and Demography},
\n journal = {Our World in Data},
\n year = {2026},
\n note = {https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/profile\/population-demography\/united-kingdom}
\n}![\"Our](\"https:\/\/ourworldindata.org\/owid-logo.svg\"){kind=logo}
Reuse this work freely<\/p>\n