{"id":608767,"date":"2026-05-28T16:28:44","date_gmt":"2026-05-28T16:28:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/608767\/"},"modified":"2026-05-28T16:28:44","modified_gmt":"2026-05-28T16:28:44","slug":"ai-induced-never-skilling-in-medical-education","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/608767\/","title":{"rendered":"AI-induced never-skilling in medical education"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Bajwa, J., Munir, U., Nori, A. &amp; Williams, B. Artificial intelligence in healthcare: transforming the practice of medicine. Future Healthc. J. 8, e188\u2013e194 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7861\/fhj.2021-0095\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7861\/fhj.2021-0095\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7861%2Ffhj.2021-0095\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.7861\/fhj.2021-0095\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34286183\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8285156\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Artificial%20intelligence%20in%20healthcare%3A%20transforming%20the%20practice%20of%20medicine&amp;journal=Future%20Healthc.%20J.&amp;doi=10.7861%2Ffhj.2021-0095&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=e188-e194&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Bajwa%2CJ&amp;author=Munir%2CU&amp;author=Nori%2CA&amp;author=Williams%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Teo, Z. L. et al. Generative artificial intelligence in medicine. Nat. Med. 31, 3270\u20133282 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41591-025-03983-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41591-025-03983-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41591-025-03983-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41591-025-03983-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXisVKqsLnP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41053447\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Generative%20artificial%20intelligence%20in%20medicine&amp;journal=Nat.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41591-025-03983-2&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=3270-3282&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Teo%2CZL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Rajpurkar, P., Chen, E., Banerjee, O. &amp; Topol, E. J. AI in health and medicine. Nat. Med. 28, 31\u201338 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41591-021-01614-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41591-021-01614-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41591-021-01614-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41591-021-01614-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhslCntr4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35058619\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=AI%20in%20health%20and%20medicine&amp;journal=Nat.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41591-021-01614-0&amp;volume=28&amp;pages=31-38&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Rajpurkar%2CP&amp;author=Chen%2CE&amp;author=Banerjee%2CO&amp;author=Topol%2CEJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Wu, J. et al. Vision-language foundation model for 3D medical imaging. NPJ Artif. Intell. 1, 17 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s44387-025-00015-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s44387-025-00015-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs44387-025-00015-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s44387-025-00015-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Vision-language%20foundation%20model%20for%203D%20medical%20imaging&amp;journal=NPJ%20Artif.%20Intell.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs44387-025-00015-9&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Wu%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Ong, J. C. L. et al. Large language model as clinical decision support system augments medication safety in 16 clinical specialties. Cell Rep. Med. 6, 102323 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102323\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102323\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.xcrm.2025.102323\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102323\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40997804\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12629785\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Large%20language%20model%20as%20clinical%20decision%20support%20system%20augments%20medication%20safety%20in%2016%20clinical%20specialties&amp;journal=Cell%20Rep.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.xcrm.2025.102323&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Ong%2CJCL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Ke, Y. H. et al. Clinical and economic impact of a large language model in perioperative medicine: a randomized crossover trial. NPJ Digit. Med. 8, 462 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-01858-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-01858-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41746-025-01858-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-01858-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40691284\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12280117\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Clinical%20and%20economic%20impact%20of%20a%20large%20language%20model%20in%20perioperative%20medicine%3A%20a%20randomized%20crossover%20trial&amp;journal=NPJ%20Digit.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41746-025-01858-x&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Ke%2CYH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Abdulnour, R. -E. E., Gin, B. &amp; Boscardin, C. K. Educational strategies for clinical supervision of artificial intelligence use. N. Engl. J. Med. 393, 786\u2013797 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1056\/NEJMra2503232\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1056\/NEJMra2503232\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056%2FNEJMra2503232\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1056\/NEJMra2503232\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40834302\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Educational%20strategies%20for%20clinical%20supervision%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20use&amp;journal=N.%20Engl.%20J.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1056%2FNEJMra2503232&amp;volume=393&amp;pages=786-797&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Abdulnour%2CR-EE&amp;author=Gin%2CB&amp;author=Boscardin%2CCK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Budzy\u0144, K. et al. Endoscopist deskilling risk after exposure to artificial intelligence in colonoscopy: a multicentre, observational study. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 10, 896\u2013903 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2468-1253(25)00133-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S2468-1253(25)00133-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2468-1253%2825%2900133-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S2468-1253(25)00133-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40816301\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Endoscopist%20deskilling%20risk%20after%20exposure%20to%20artificial%20intelligence%20in%20colonoscopy%3A%20a%20multicentre%2C%20observational%20study&amp;journal=Lancet%20Gastroenterol.%20Hepatol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS2468-1253%2825%2900133-5&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=896-903&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Budzy%C5%84%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Kosmyna, N. et al. Your brain on ChatGPT: accumulation of cognitive debt when using an AI assistant for essay writing task. Preprint at <a href=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.08872\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.08872\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2506.08872<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Leong, Y. H., Nambiar, L., Tay, V. Y. J., Lie, S. A. &amp; Yuhe, K. Feasibility of a specialized large language model for postgraduate medical examination preparation: single-center proof-of-concept study. JMIR Form. Res. 9, e77580 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2196\/77580\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2196\/77580\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196%2F77580\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.2196\/77580\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41337739\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12712563\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Feasibility%20of%20a%20specialized%20large%20language%20model%20for%20postgraduate%20medical%20examination%20preparation%3A%20single-center%20proof-of-concept%20study&amp;journal=JMIR%20Form.%20Res.&amp;doi=10.2196%2F77580&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Leong%2CYH&amp;author=Nambiar%2CL&amp;author=Tay%2CVYJ&amp;author=Lie%2CSA&amp;author=Yuhe%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Klimova, B. &amp; Pikhart, M. Exploring the effects of artificial intelligence on student and academic well-being in higher education: a mini-review. Front. Psychol. 16, 1498132 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1498132\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1498132\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2025.1498132\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fpsyg.2025.1498132\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39963679\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11830699\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Exploring%20the%20effects%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20on%20student%20and%20academic%20well-being%20in%20higher%20education%3A%20a%20mini-review&amp;journal=Front.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2025.1498132&amp;volume=16&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Klimova%2CB&amp;author=Pikhart%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Diaz, E. A. et al. Diabetic retinopathy screening among federally qualified health center patients using point-of-care AI: DRES-POCAI: a trial protocol: DRES-POCAI: a trial protocol. JAMA Netw. Open 8, e2538114 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.38114\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.38114\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2025.38114\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.38114\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41118165\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12541539\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Diabetic%20retinopathy%20screening%20among%20federally%20qualified%20health%20center%20patients%20using%20point-of-care%20AI%3A%20DRES-POCAI%3A%20a%20trial%20protocol%3A%20DRES-POCAI%3A%20a%20trial%20protocol&amp;journal=JAMA%20Netw.%20Open&amp;doi=10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2025.38114&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Diaz%2CEA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Pak, A. et al. Mixed methods evaluation of a clinical decision support system to reduce variation in healthcare. NPJ Digit. Med. 8, 781 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-02141-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-02141-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41746-025-02141-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-02141-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41353275\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12739111\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mixed%20methods%20evaluation%20of%20a%20clinical%20decision%20support%20system%20to%20reduce%20variation%20in%20healthcare&amp;journal=NPJ%20Digit.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41746-025-02141-9&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Pak%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">American Medical Association. 2 in 3 physicians are using health AI\u2014up 78% from 2023. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/practice-management\/digital-health\/2-3-physicians-are-using-health-ai-78-2023\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/practice-management\/digital-health\/2-3-physicians-are-using-health-ai-78-2023\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/practice-management\/digital-health\/2-3-physicians-are-using-health-ai-78-2023<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Tufts University School of Medicine. How medical faculty and students are using AI today. <a href=\"http:\/\/medicine.tufts.edu\/news-events\/news\/how-medical-faculty-and-students-are-using-ai-today\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"http:\/\/medicine.tufts.edu\/news-events\/news\/how-medical-faculty-and-students-are-using-ai-today\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/medicine.tufts.edu\/news-events\/news\/how-medical-faculty-and-students-are-using-ai-today<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Ke, Y. H. et al. Real-world deployment and evaluation of PEri-operative AI CHatbot (PEACH): a large language model chatbot for peri-operative medicine. Anaesthesia 81, 62\u201371 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/anae.16755\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/anae.16755\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fanae.16755\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/anae.16755\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40973491\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Real-world%20deployment%20and%20evaluation%20of%20PEri-operative%20AI%20CHatbot%20%28PEACH%29%3A%20a%20large%20language%20model%20chatbot%20for%20peri-operative%20medicine&amp;journal=Anaesthesia&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fanae.16755&amp;volume=81&amp;pages=62-71&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Ke%2CYH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Ong, A. Y. et al. Flight rules for clinical AI: lessons from aviation for human\u2013AI collaboration in medicine. NPJ Digit. Med. 9, 201 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41746-026-02410-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41746-026-02410-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41746-026-02410-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41746-026-02410-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41620563\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12963479\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Flight%20rules%20for%20clinical%20AI%3A%20lessons%20from%20aviation%20for%20human%E2%80%93AI%20collaboration%20in%20medicine&amp;journal=NPJ%20Digit.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41746-026-02410-1&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Ong%2CAY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Lea, A. S. Cognitive aids, artificial intelligence, and deskilling in medicine: the history of an enduring anxiety. NEJM AI 3, 1 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Meshaka, R. &amp; Arthurs, O. J. Are we too reliant on medical imaging?. Br. J. Hosp. Med. 83, 1\u20133 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.12968\/hmed.2022.0460\" data-track-item_id=\"10.12968\/hmed.2022.0460\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12968%2Fhmed.2022.0460\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.12968\/hmed.2022.0460\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Are%20we%20too%20reliant%20on%20medical%20imaging%3F&amp;journal=Br.%20J.%20Hosp.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.12968%2Fhmed.2022.0460&amp;volume=83&amp;pages=1-3&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Meshaka%2CR&amp;author=Arthurs%2COJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Litman, R. S. et al. Monitoring. in Smith\u2019s Anesthesia for Infants and Children 8th edn (eds Davis, P. J., Cladis, F. P. &amp; Motoyama, E. K.) 322\u2013343, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-323-06612-9.00011-0\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/b978-0-323-06612-9.00011-0\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/b978-0-323-06612-9.00011-0<\/a> (Elsevier, 2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Bjork, E. L. &amp; Bjork, R. A. Making things hard on yourself, but in a good way: creating desirable difficulties to enhance learning. in Psychology and the Real World: Essays Illustrating Fundamental Contributions to Society (ed. Gernsbacher, M. A.) 56\u201364 (Worth Publishers, 2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T. &amp; Tesch-R\u00f6mer, C. The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychol. Rev. 100, 363\u2013406 (1993).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037%2F0033-295X.100.3.363\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20role%20of%20deliberate%20practice%20in%20the%20acquisition%20of%20expert%20performance&amp;journal=Psychol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1037%2F0033-295X.100.3.363&amp;volume=100&amp;pages=363-406&amp;publication_year=1993&amp;author=Ericsson%2CKA&amp;author=Krampe%2CRT&amp;author=Tesch-R%C3%B6mer%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Sweller, J. Cognitive load during problem solving: effects on learning. Cogn. Sci. 12, 257\u2013285 (1988).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog1202_4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1207\/s15516709cog1202_4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cognitive%20load%20during%20problem%20solving%3A%20effects%20on%20learning&amp;journal=Cogn.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1207%2Fs15516709cog1202_4&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=257-285&amp;publication_year=1988&amp;author=Sweller%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Sweller, J., Ayres, P. &amp; Kalyuga, S. The expertise reversal effect. in Cognitive Load Theory Vol. 1, 155\u2013170, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-8126-4_12\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8126-4_12\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-8126-4_12<\/a> (Springer, 2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Bastani, H. et al. Generative AI without guardrails can harm learning: evidence from high school mathematics. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 122, e2422633122 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2422633122\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2422633122\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2422633122\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2422633122\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXitFSmtLvN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40560616\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12232635\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Generative%20AI%20without%20guardrails%20can%20harm%20learning%3A%20evidence%20from%20high%20school%20mathematics&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl.%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA.&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2422633122&amp;volume=122&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Bastani%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Gerlich, M. AI tools in society: Impacts on cognitive offloading and the future of critical thinking. Societies 15, 6 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/soc15010006\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/soc15010006\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fsoc15010006\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/soc15010006\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=AI%20tools%20in%20society%3A%20Impacts%20on%20cognitive%20offloading%20and%20the%20future%20of%20critical%20thinking&amp;journal=Societies&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fsoc15010006&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Gerlich%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Wang, A. et al. Generative AI for medical education: insights from a case study with medical students and an AI tutor for clinical reasoning. in Proceedings of the Extended Abstracts of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 1\u20138 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706599.3721208\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1145\/3706599.3721208\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3706599.3721208<\/a> (ACM, 2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Steenhof, N., Woods, N. N., Van Gerven, P. W. M. &amp; Mylopoulos, M. Productive failure as an instructional approach to promote future learning. Adv. Health Sci. Educ. Theory Pract. 24, 739\u2013749 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10459-019-09895-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10459-019-09895-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10459-019-09895-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10459-019-09895-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31089856\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Productive%20failure%20as%20an%20instructional%20approach%20to%20promote%20future%20learning&amp;journal=Adv.%20Health%20Sci.%20Educ.%20Theory%20Pract.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10459-019-09895-4&amp;volume=24&amp;pages=739-749&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Steenhof%2CN&amp;author=Woods%2CNN&amp;author=Gerven%2CPWM&amp;author=Mylopoulos%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Goddard, K., Roudsari, A. &amp; Wyatt, J. C. Automation bias: a systematic review of frequency, effect mediators, and mitigators. J. Am. Med. Inform. Assoc. 19, 121\u2013127 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000089\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000089\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Famiajnl-2011-000089\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1136\/amiajnl-2011-000089\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21685142\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Automation%20bias%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20of%20frequency%2C%20effect%20mediators%2C%20and%20mitigators&amp;journal=J.%20Am.%20Med.%20Inform.%20Assoc.&amp;doi=10.1136%2Famiajnl-2011-000089&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=121-127&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Goddard%2CK&amp;author=Roudsari%2CA&amp;author=Wyatt%2CJC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Griot, M., Hemptinne, C., Vanderdonckt, J. &amp; Yuksel, D. Large language models lack essential metacognition for reliable medical reasoning. Nat. Commun. 16, 642 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-55628-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-55628-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-55628-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-55628-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhsFGgur8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39809759\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11733150\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Large%20language%20models%20lack%20essential%20metacognition%20for%20reliable%20medical%20reasoning&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-024-55628-6&amp;volume=16&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Griot%2CM&amp;author=Hemptinne%2CC&amp;author=Vanderdonckt%2CJ&amp;author=Yuksel%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Ruskin, K. J., Corvin, C., Rice, S. C. &amp; Winter, S. R. Autopilots in the operating room: safe use of automated medical technology. Anesthesiology 133, 703\u2013716 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003385\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003385\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097%2FALN.0000000000003385\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000003385\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Autopilots%20in%20the%20operating%20room%3A%20safe%20use%20of%20automated%20medical%20technology&amp;journal=Anesthesiology&amp;doi=10.1097%2FALN.0000000000003385&amp;volume=133&amp;pages=703-716&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Ruskin%2CKJ&amp;author=Corvin%2CC&amp;author=Rice%2CSC&amp;author=Winter%2CSR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Braarud, P. \u00d8 Measuring cognitive workload in the nuclear control room: a review. Ergonomics 67, 849\u2013865 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/00140139.2024.2302381\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/00140139.2024.2302381\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F00140139.2024.2302381\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/00140139.2024.2302381\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38279638\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Measuring%20cognitive%20workload%20in%20the%20nuclear%20control%20room%3A%20a%20review&amp;journal=Ergonomics&amp;doi=10.1080%2F00140139.2024.2302381&amp;volume=67&amp;pages=849-865&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Braarud%2CP%C3%98\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Fletcher, G. et al. Anaesthetists\u2019 Non-Technical Skills (ANTS): evaluation of a behavioural marker system. Br. J. Anaesth. 90, 580\u2013588 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/bja\/aeg112\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/bja\/aeg112\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fbja%2Faeg112\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/bja\/aeg112\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BD3s3ht1SmsQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12697584\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Anaesthetists%E2%80%99%20Non-Technical%20Skills%20%28ANTS%29%3A%20evaluation%20of%20a%20behavioural%20marker%20system&amp;journal=Br.%20J.%20Anaesth.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fbja%2Faeg112&amp;volume=90&amp;pages=580-588&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Fletcher%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Vaccaro, M., Almaatouq, A. &amp; Malone, T. When combinations of humans and AI are useful: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nat. Hum. Behav. 8, 2293\u20132303 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41562-024-02024-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41562-024-02024-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41562-024-02024-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41562-024-02024-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39468277\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11659167\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=When%20combinations%20of%20humans%20and%20AI%20are%20useful%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis&amp;journal=Nat.%20Hum.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41562-024-02024-1&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=2293-2303&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Vaccaro%2CM&amp;author=Almaatouq%2CA&amp;author=Malone%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Agarwal, N., Moehring, A., Rajpurkar, P. &amp; Salz, T. Combining human expertise with artificial intelligence: experimental evidence from radiology. SSRN Electron. J. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4505053\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.2139\/ssrn.4505053\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4505053<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Fletcher, L. &amp; Carruthers, P. Metacognition and reasoning. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 367, 1366\u20131378 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0413\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0413\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frstb.2011.0413\" aria-label=\"Article reference 36\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rstb.2011.0413\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22492753\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3318763\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Metacognition%20and%20reasoning&amp;journal=Philos.%20Trans.%20R.%20Soc.%20Lond.%20B%20Biol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frstb.2011.0413&amp;volume=367&amp;pages=1366-1378&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Fletcher%2CL&amp;author=Carruthers%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Ainge, L. E., Edgar, A. K., Kirkman, J. M. &amp; Armitage, J. A. Developing clinical reasoning along the cognitive continuum: a mixed methods evaluation of a novel Clinical Diagnosis Assessment. BMC Med. Educ. 25, 31 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s12909-024-06613-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s12909-024-06613-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s12909-024-06613-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s12909-024-06613-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39780160\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11708177\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Developing%20clinical%20reasoning%20along%20the%20cognitive%20continuum%3A%20a%20mixed%20methods%20evaluation%20of%20a%20novel%20Clinical%20Diagnosis%20Assessment&amp;journal=BMC%20Med.%20Educ.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs12909-024-06613-6&amp;volume=25&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Ainge%2CLE&amp;author=Edgar%2CAK&amp;author=Kirkman%2CJM&amp;author=Armitage%2CJA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Morley, J. et al. The ethics of AI in health care: a mapping review. Soc. Sci. Med. 260, 113172 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113172\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113172\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2020.113172\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.113172\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32702587\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20ethics%20of%20AI%20in%20health%20care%3A%20a%20mapping%20review&amp;journal=Soc.%20Sci.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.socscimed.2020.113172&amp;volume=260&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Morley%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">European Society of Medicine. Bridging global health AI divide with local wisdom. <a href=\"https:\/\/esmed.org\/bridging-global-health-ai-divide-with-local-wisdom\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/esmed.org\/bridging-global-health-ai-divide-with-local-wisdom\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/esmed.org\/bridging-global-health-ai-divide-with-local-wisdom\/<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Monteith, S. et al. Artificial intelligence and deskilling in medicine. Br. J. Psychiatry <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2025.10496\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1192\/bjp.2025.10496\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.2025.10496<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Wen, X. &amp; Thamotharampillai, T. When is it ethically defensible for a medical practitioner to deviate from clinical practice guidelines? Ann. Acad. Med. Singap. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2025189\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2025189\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.47102\/annals-acadmedsg.2025189<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">US Food and Drug Administration. Software as a medical device (SaMD) <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/digital-health-center-excellence\/software-medical-device-samd\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/digital-health-center-excellence\/software-medical-device-samd\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/digital-health-center-excellence\/software-medical-device-samd<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Ke, Y. et al. Mitigating cognitive biases in clinical decision-making through multi-agent conversations using large language models: simulation study. J. Med. Internet Res. 26, e59439 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2196\/59439\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2196\/59439\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196%2F59439\" aria-label=\"Article reference 43\" data-doi=\"10.2196\/59439\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39561363\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11615553\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mitigating%20cognitive%20biases%20in%20clinical%20decision-making%20through%20multi-agent%20conversations%20using%20large%20language%20models%3A%20simulation%20study&amp;journal=J.%20Med.%20Internet%20Res.&amp;doi=10.2196%2F59439&amp;volume=26&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ke%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Ten Cate, O. Competency-based postgraduate medical education: past, present and future. GMS J. Med. Educ. 34, Doc69 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29226237\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5704607\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Competency-based%20postgraduate%20medical%20education%3A%20past%2C%20present%20and%20future&amp;journal=GMS%20J.%20Med.%20Educ.&amp;volume=34&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Cate%2CO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Shah, N., Desai, C., Jorwekar, G., Badyal, D. &amp; Singh, T. Competency-based medical education: an overview and application in pharmacology. Indian J. Pharmacol. 48, S5\u2013S9 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.4103\/0253-7613.193312\" data-track-item_id=\"10.4103\/0253-7613.193312\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103%2F0253-7613.193312\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.4103\/0253-7613.193312\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28031599\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5178056\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Competency-based%20medical%20education%3A%20an%20overview%20and%20application%20in%20pharmacology&amp;journal=Indian%20J.%20Pharmacol.&amp;doi=10.4103%2F0253-7613.193312&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=S5-S9&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Shah%2CN&amp;author=Desai%2CC&amp;author=Jorwekar%2CG&amp;author=Badyal%2CD&amp;author=Singh%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Bajwa, J., Munir, U., Nori, A. &amp; Williams, B. Artificial intelligence in healthcare: transforming the practice of medicine.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":608768,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[3251,5082,3250,102,3247,2960,7925,5898,7924,7926,7927,56,54,55],"class_list":["post-608767","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-healthcare","tag-biomedicine","tag-cancer-research","tag-general","tag-health","tag-health-care","tag-healthcare","tag-infectious-diseases","tag-medical-research","tag-metabolic-diseases","tag-molecular-medicine","tag-neurosciences","tag-uk","tag-united-kingdom","tag-unitedkingdom"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/608767","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=608767"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/608767\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/608768"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=608767"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=608767"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=608767"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}