{"id":652676,"date":"2026-06-22T19:04:15","date_gmt":"2026-06-22T19:04:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/652676\/"},"modified":"2026-06-22T19:04:15","modified_gmt":"2026-06-22T19:04:15","slug":"ultrafast-reconfigurable-all-optical-beam-steering-and-spatial-light-modulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/652676\/","title":{"rendered":"Ultrafast, reconfigurable all-optical beam steering and spatial light modulation"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Brongersma, M. L. et al. The second optical metasurface revolution: moving from science to technology. Nat. Rev. Electr. Eng. 2, 125\u2013143 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s44287-024-00136-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s44287-024-00136-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs44287-024-00136-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s44287-024-00136-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20second%20optical%20metasurface%20revolution%3A%20moving%20from%20science%20to%20technology&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Electr.%20Eng.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs44287-024-00136-4&amp;volume=2&amp;pages=125-143&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Brongersma%2CML\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Chen, H.-T., Taylor, A. J. &amp; Yu, N. A review of metasurfaces: physics and applications. Rep. Prog. Phys. 79, 076401 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1088\/0034-4885\/79\/7\/076401\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1088\/0034-4885\/79\/7\/076401\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F79%2F7%2F076401\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1088\/0034-4885\/79\/7\/076401\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27308726\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20review%20of%20metasurfaces%3A%20physics%20and%20applications&amp;journal=Rep.%20Prog.%20Phys.&amp;doi=10.1088%2F0034-4885%2F79%2F7%2F076401&amp;volume=79&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Chen%2CH-T&amp;author=Taylor%2CAJ&amp;author=Yu%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Yablonovitch, E. Inhibited spontaneous emission in solid-state physics and electronics. Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 2059\u20132062 (1987).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.58.2059\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.58.2059\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.58.2059\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.58.2059\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaL2sXktFGit7Y%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10034639\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Inhibited%20spontaneous%20emission%20in%20solid-state%20physics%20and%20electronics&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.58.2059&amp;volume=58&amp;pages=2059-2062&amp;publication_year=1987&amp;author=Yablonovitch%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Arbabi, A., Horie, Y., Bagheri, M. &amp; Faraon, A. Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase and polarization with subwavelength spatial resolution and high transmission. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 937\u2013943 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nnano.2015.186\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nnano.2015.186\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnnano.2015.186\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nnano.2015.186\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dielectric%20metasurfaces%20for%20complete%20control%20of%20phase%20and%20polarization%20with%20subwavelength%20spatial%20resolution%20and%20high%20transmission&amp;journal=Nat.%20Nanotechnol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnnano.2015.186&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=937-943&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Arbabi%2CA&amp;author=Horie%2CY&amp;author=Bagheri%2CM&amp;author=Faraon%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Khorasaninejad, M. et al. Metalenses at visible wavelengths: diffraction-limited focusing and subwavelength resolution imaging. Science 352, 1190\u20131194 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aaf6644\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aaf6644\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf6644\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aaf6644\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XoslOqsL0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27257251\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Metalenses%20at%20visible%20wavelengths%3A%20diffraction-limited%20focusing%20and%20subwavelength%20resolution%20imaging&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aaf6644&amp;volume=352&amp;pages=1190-1194&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Khorasaninejad%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Zurita-S\u00e1nchez, J. R., Halevi, P. &amp; Cervantes-Gonz\u00e1lez, J. C. Reflection and transmission of a wave incident on a slab with a time-periodic dielectric function \u03f5(t). Phys. Rev. A 79, 053821 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.79.053821\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.79.053821\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.79.053821\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevA.79.053821\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Reflection%20and%20transmission%20of%20a%20wave%20incident%20on%20a%20slab%20with%20a%20time-periodic%20dielectric%20function%20%CF%B5%28t%29&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20A&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevA.79.053821&amp;volume=79&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Zurita-S%C3%A1nchez%2CJR&amp;author=Halevi%2CP&amp;author=Cervantes-Gonz%C3%A1lez%2CJC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Lyubarov, M. et al. Amplified emission and lasing in photonic time crystals. Science 377, 425\u2013428 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.abo3324\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.abo3324\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.abo3324\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.abo3324\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhvV2rtrjM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35679355\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Amplified%20emission%20and%20lasing%20in%20photonic%20time%20crystals&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.abo3324&amp;volume=377&amp;pages=425-428&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Lyubarov%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Wang, X. et al. Metasurface-based realization of photonic time crystals. Sci. Adv. 9, eadg7541 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/sciadv.adg7541\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/sciadv.adg7541\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adg7541\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/sciadv.adg7541\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37018399\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10075962\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Metasurface-based%20realization%20of%20photonic%20time%20crystals&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.adg7541&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Wang%2CX\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Wang, X. et al. Expanding momentum bandgaps in photonic time crystals through resonances. Nat. Photonics 19, 149\u2013155 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41566-024-01563-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41566-024-01563-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41566-024-01563-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41566-024-01563-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Expanding%20momentum%20bandgaps%20in%20photonic%20time%20crystals%20through%20resonances&amp;journal=Nat.%20Photonics&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41566-024-01563-3&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=149-155&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Wang%2CX\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Sounas, D. L. &amp; Al\u00f9, A. Non-reciprocal photonics based on time modulation. Nat. Photonics 11, 774\u2013783 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41566-017-0051-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41566-017-0051-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41566-017-0051-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41566-017-0051-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXitVWnsLzM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Non-reciprocal%20photonics%20based%20on%20time%20modulation&amp;journal=Nat.%20Photonics&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41566-017-0051-x&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=774-783&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Sounas%2CDL&amp;author=Al%C3%B9%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Shaltout, A., Kildishev, A. &amp; Shalaev, V. Time-varying metasurfaces and Lorentz non-reciprocity. Opt. Mater. Express 5, 2459\u20132467 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1364\/OME.5.002459\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1364\/OME.5.002459\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364%2FOME.5.002459\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1364\/OME.5.002459\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Time-varying%20metasurfaces%20and%20Lorentz%20non-reciprocity&amp;journal=Opt.%20Mater.%20Express&amp;doi=10.1364%2FOME.5.002459&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=2459-2467&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Shaltout%2CA&amp;author=Kildishev%2CA&amp;author=Shalaev%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Pacheco-Pe\u00f1a, V. &amp; Engheta, N. Antireflection temporal coatings. Optica 7, 323 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.381175\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.381175\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364%2FOPTICA.381175\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1364\/OPTICA.381175\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antireflection%20temporal%20coatings&amp;journal=Optica&amp;doi=10.1364%2FOPTICA.381175&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Pacheco-Pe%C3%B1a%2CV&amp;author=Engheta%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Rubino, E. et al. Experimental evidence of analogue Hawking radiation from ultrashort laser pulse filaments. New J. Phys. 13, 085005 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1088\/1367-2630\/13\/8\/085005\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1088\/1367-2630\/13\/8\/085005\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F13%2F8%2F085005\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1088\/1367-2630\/13\/8\/085005\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Experimental%20evidence%20of%20analogue%20Hawking%20radiation%20from%20ultrashort%20laser%20pulse%20filaments&amp;journal=New%20J.%20Phys.&amp;doi=10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F13%2F8%2F085005&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Rubino%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Arbabi, E. et al. MEMS-tunable dielectric metasurface lens. Nat. Commun. 9, 812 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-03155-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-03155-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03155-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-03155-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29476147\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5824825\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=MEMS-tunable%20dielectric%20metasurface%20lens&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03155-6&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Arbabi%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Meng, C. et al. Dynamic piezoelectric MEMS-based optical metasurfaces. Sci. Adv. 7, eabg5639 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/sciadv.abg5639\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/sciadv.abg5639\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abg5639\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/sciadv.abg5639\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhvVShtLrO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34162551\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8221626\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dynamic%20piezoelectric%20MEMS-based%20optical%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.abg5639&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Meng%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Afridi, A., Gieseler, J., Meyer, N. &amp; Quidant, R. Ultrathin tunable optomechanical metalens. Nano Lett. 23, 2496\u20132501 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c04105\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c04105\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.2c04105\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c04105\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXlvVOitbs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36951636\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10103287\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ultrathin%20tunable%20optomechanical%20metalens&amp;journal=Nano%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.2c04105&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=2496-2501&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Afridi%2CA&amp;author=Gieseler%2CJ&amp;author=Meyer%2CN&amp;author=Quidant%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Wang, Y. et al. Electrical tuning of phase-change antennas and metasurfaces. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 667\u2013672 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41565-021-00882-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41565-021-00882-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41565-021-00882-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41565-021-00882-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXptFWisLo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33875869\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Electrical%20tuning%20of%20phase-change%20antennas%20and%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=Nat.%20Nanotechnol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41565-021-00882-8&amp;volume=16&amp;pages=667-672&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Wang%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Zhang, Y. et al. Electrically reconfigurable non-volatile metasurface using low-loss optical phase-change material. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 661\u2013666 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41565-021-00881-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41565-021-00881-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41565-021-00881-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41565-021-00881-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXptFWisLs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33875868\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Electrically%20reconfigurable%20non-volatile%20metasurface%20using%20low-loss%20optical%20phase-change%20material&amp;journal=Nat.%20Nanotechnol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41565-021-00881-9&amp;volume=16&amp;pages=661-666&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Zhang%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Sautter, J. et al. Active tuning of all-dielectric metasurfaces. ACS Nano 9, 4308\u20134315 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acsnano.5b00723\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acsnano.5b00723\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsnano.5b00723\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acsnano.5b00723\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXjvFygtrc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25748581\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Active%20tuning%20of%20all-dielectric%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=ACS%20Nano&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facsnano.5b00723&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=4308-4315&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Sautter%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Li, S. Q. et al. Phase-only transmissive spatial light modulator based on tunable dielectric metasurface. Science 364, 1087\u20131090 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aaw6747\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aaw6747\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aaw6747\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aaw6747\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhtFOitrbL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31197013\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Phase-only%20transmissive%20spatial%20light%20modulator%20based%20on%20tunable%20dielectric%20metasurface&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aaw6747&amp;volume=364&amp;pages=1087-1090&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Li%2CSQ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Malek, S. C., Overvig, A. C., Shrestha, S. &amp; Yu, N. Active nonlocal metasurfaces. Nanophotonics 10, 655\u2013665 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2020-0375\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2020-0375\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515%2Fnanoph-2020-0375\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2020-0375\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Active%20nonlocal%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=Nanophotonics&amp;doi=10.1515%2Fnanoph-2020-0375&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=655-665&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Malek%2CSC&amp;author=Overvig%2CAC&amp;author=Shrestha%2CS&amp;author=Yu%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Archetti, A. et al. Thermally reconfigurable metalens. Nanophotonics 11, 3969\u20133980 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0147\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0147\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515%2Fnanoph-2022-0147\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0147\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xis1CqurjF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36059378\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9394514\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Thermally%20reconfigurable%20metalens&amp;journal=Nanophotonics&amp;doi=10.1515%2Fnanoph-2022-0147&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=3969-3980&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Archetti%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Sokhoyan, R., Hail, C. U., Foley, M., Grajower, M. &amp; Atwater, H. A. All-dielectric high-Q dynamically tunable transmissive metasurfaces. Laser Photonics Rev. 18, 2300980 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/lpor.202300980\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/lpor.202300980\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Flpor.202300980\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/lpor.202300980\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=All-dielectric%20high-Q%20dynamically%20tunable%20transmissive%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=Laser%20Photonics%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Flpor.202300980&amp;volume=18&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Sokhoyan%2CR&amp;author=Hail%2CCU&amp;author=Foley%2CM&amp;author=Grajower%2CM&amp;author=Atwater%2CHA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Shirmanesh, G. K., Sokhoyan, R., Wu, P. C. &amp; Atwater, H. A. Electro-optically tunable multifunctional metasurfaces. ACS Nano 14, 6912\u20136920 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01269\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01269\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsnano.0c01269\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acsnano.0c01269\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXot1ertb8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32352740\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Electro-optically%20tunable%20multifunctional%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=ACS%20Nano&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facsnano.0c01269&amp;volume=14&amp;pages=6912-6920&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Shirmanesh%2CGK&amp;author=Sokhoyan%2CR&amp;author=Wu%2CPC&amp;author=Atwater%2CHA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Weiss, A. et al. Tunable metasurface using thin-film lithium niobate in the telecom regime. ACS Photonics 9, 605\u2013612 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c01582\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c01582\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsphotonics.1c01582\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c01582\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xms1SltA%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Tunable%20metasurface%20using%20thin-film%20lithium%20niobate%20in%20the%20telecom%20regime&amp;journal=ACS%20Photonics&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facsphotonics.1c01582&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=605-612&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Weiss%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Benea-Chelmus, I. C. et al. Gigahertz free-space electro-optic modulators based on Mie resonances. Nat. Commun. 13, 1\u20139 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-30451-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-30451-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-30451-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-30451-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Gigahertz%20free-space%20electro-optic%20modulators%20based%20on%20Mie%20resonances&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-022-30451-z&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=1-9&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Benea-Chelmus%2CIC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Sisler, J. et al. Electrically tunable space\u2013time metasurfaces at optical frequencies. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 1491\u20131498 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41565-024-01728-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41565-024-01728-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41565-024-01728-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41565-024-01728-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhs1aiurfP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39048705\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Electrically%20tunable%20space%E2%80%93time%20metasurfaces%20at%20optical%20frequencies&amp;journal=Nat.%20Nanotechnol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41565-024-01728-9&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=1491-1498&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Sisler%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Shaltout, A. M. et al. Spatiotemporal light control with frequency-gradient metasurfaces. Science 365, 374\u2013377 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aax2357\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aax2357\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aax2357\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aax2357\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhsVOhsb7O\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31346064\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Spatiotemporal%20light%20control%20with%20frequency-gradient%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aax2357&amp;volume=365&amp;pages=374-377&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Shaltout%2CAM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Shcherbakov, M. R. et al. Photon acceleration and tunable broadband harmonics generation in nonlinear time-dependent metasurfaces. Nat. Commun. 10, 1\u20139 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-09313-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-09313-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-09313-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-09313-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXotFams74%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Photon%20acceleration%20and%20tunable%20broadband%20harmonics%20generation%20in%20nonlinear%20time-dependent%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-019-09313-8&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=1-9&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Shcherbakov%2CMR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Zhou, Y. et al. Broadband frequency translation through time refraction in an epsilon-near-zero material. Nat. Commun. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-15682-2\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-15682-2\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41467-020-15682-2<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Sinev, I. S. et al. Observation of ultrafast self-action effects in quasi-BIC resonant metasurfaces. Nano Lett. 21, 8848\u20138855 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c03257\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c03257\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.1c03257\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.1c03257\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXit1Smtr%2FI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34633185\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Observation%20of%20ultrafast%20self-action%20effects%20in%20quasi-BIC%20resonant%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=Nano%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.1c03257&amp;volume=21&amp;pages=8848-8855&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Sinev%2CIS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Zubyuk, V. V., Shafirin, P. A., Shcherbakov, M. R., Shvets, G. &amp; Fedyanin, A. A. Externally driven nonlinear time-variant metasurfaces. ACS Photonics 9, 493\u2013502 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c01222\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c01222\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsphotonics.1c01222\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.1c01222\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhsVCjsLk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Externally%20driven%20nonlinear%20time-variant%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=ACS%20Photonics&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facsphotonics.1c01222&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=493-502&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Zubyuk%2CVV&amp;author=Shafirin%2CPA&amp;author=Shcherbakov%2CMR&amp;author=Shvets%2CG&amp;author=Fedyanin%2CAA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Lustig, E. et al. Time-refraction optics with single cycle modulation. Nanophotonics 12, 2221\u20132230 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2023-0126\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2023-0126\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515%2Fnanoph-2023-0126\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2023-0126\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhtlKjt7vI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39634044\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11501756\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Time-refraction%20optics%20with%20single%20cycle%20modulation&amp;journal=Nanophotonics&amp;doi=10.1515%2Fnanoph-2023-0126&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=2221-2230&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Lustig%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Fan, Q., Shaltout, A. M., van de Groep, J., Brongersma, M. L. &amp; Lindenberg, A. M. Ultrafast wavefront shaping via space-time refraction. ACS Photonics 10, 2467\u20132473 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.3c00498\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.3c00498\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsphotonics.3c00498\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.3c00498\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhtlGks7fP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ultrafast%20wavefront%20shaping%20via%20space-time%20refraction&amp;journal=ACS%20Photonics&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facsphotonics.3c00498&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=2467-2473&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Fan%2CQ&amp;author=Shaltout%2CAM&amp;author=Groep%2CJ&amp;author=Brongersma%2CML&amp;author=Lindenberg%2CAM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Tirole, R. et al. Double-slit time diffraction at optical frequencies. Nat. Phys. 19, 999\u20131002 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41567-023-01993-w\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41567-023-01993-w\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41567-023-01993-w\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41567-023-01993-w\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXmvV2rs78%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Double-slit%20time%20diffraction%20at%20optical%20frequencies&amp;journal=Nat.%20Phys.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41567-023-01993-w&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=999-1002&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Tirole%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Harwood, A. C. et al. Space-time optical diffraction from synthetic motion. Nat. Commun. 16, 5147 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-60159-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-60159-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-025-60159-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 36\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-60159-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhs1arsb%2FM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40461466\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12134302\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Space-time%20optical%20diffraction%20from%20synthetic%20motion&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-025-60159-9&amp;volume=16&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Harwood%2CAC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Jaffray, W. et al. Spatio-spectral optical fission in time-varying subwavelength layers. Nat. Photonics 19, 558\u2013566 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41566-025-01640-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41566-025-01640-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41566-025-01640-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41566-025-01640-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXht12ms77I\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40486094\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12141041\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Spatio-spectral%20optical%20fission%20in%20time-varying%20subwavelength%20layers&amp;journal=Nat.%20Photonics&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41566-025-01640-1&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=558-566&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Jaffray%2CW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Shcherbakov, M. R. et al. Ultrafast all-optical switching with magnetic resonances in nonlinear dielectric nanostructures. Nano Lett. 15, 6985\u20136990 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b02989\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b02989\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.5b02989\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.5b02989\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26393983\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ultrafast%20all-optical%20switching%20with%20magnetic%20resonances%20in%20nonlinear%20dielectric%20nanostructures&amp;journal=Nano%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.5b02989&amp;volume=15&amp;pages=6985-6990&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Shcherbakov%2CMR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Della Valle, G. et al. Nonlinear anisotropic dielectric metasurfaces for ultrafast nanophotonics. ACS Photonics 4, 2129\u20132136 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b00544\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b00544\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsphotonics.7b00544\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acsphotonics.7b00544\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Nonlinear%20anisotropic%20dielectric%20metasurfaces%20for%20ultrafast%20nanophotonics&amp;journal=ACS%20Photonics&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facsphotonics.7b00544&amp;volume=4&amp;pages=2129-2136&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Valle%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Sun, P. et al. Dielectric-metasurface-enhanced Kerr self-modulation for passively Q-switching. Laser Photonics Rev. 18, 1\u20137 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/lpor.202300263\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/lpor.202300263\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Flpor.202300263\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/lpor.202300263\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dielectric-metasurface-enhanced%20Kerr%20self-modulation%20for%20passively%20Q-switching&amp;journal=Laser%20Photonics%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Flpor.202300263&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=1-7&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Sun%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Karl, N. et al. Frequency conversion in a time-variant dielectric metasurface. Nano Lett. 20, 7052\u20137058 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c02113\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c02113\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.0c02113\" aria-label=\"Article reference 41\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.0c02113\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhvVahsb3M\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32940476\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Frequency%20conversion%20in%20a%20time-variant%20dielectric%20metasurface&amp;journal=Nano%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.0c02113&amp;volume=20&amp;pages=7052-7058&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Karl%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Iyer, P. P. et al. Sub-picosecond steering of ultrafast incoherent emission from semiconductor metasurfaces. Nat. Photonics 17, 588\u2013593 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41566-023-01172-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41566-023-01172-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41566-023-01172-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 42\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41566-023-01172-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXlslajur4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sub-picosecond%20steering%20of%20ultrafast%20incoherent%20emission%20from%20semiconductor%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=Nat.%20Photonics&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41566-023-01172-6&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=588-593&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Iyer%2CPP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Vabishchevich, P. P. et al. Ultrafast all-optical diffraction switching using semiconductor metasurfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett. 118, 211105 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1063\/5.0049585\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1063\/5.0049585\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1063%2F5.0049585\" aria-label=\"Article reference 43\" data-doi=\"10.1063\/5.0049585\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtF2msr%2FL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ultrafast%20all-optical%20diffraction%20switching%20using%20semiconductor%20metasurfaces&amp;journal=Appl.%20Phys.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1063%2F5.0049585&amp;volume=118&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Vabishchevich%2CPP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Shilkin, D. A., Ha, S. T., Paniagua-Dom\u00ednguez, R. &amp; Kuznetsov, A. I. Ultrafast modulation of a nonlocal semiconductor metasurface under spatially selective optical pumping. Nano Lett. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c03392\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c03392\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c03392<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c03392\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c03392\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.4c03392\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.4c03392\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39480066\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ultrafast%20modulation%20of%20a%20nonlocal%20semiconductor%20metasurface%20under%20spatially%20selective%20optical%20pumping&amp;journal=Nano%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.4c03392&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Shilkin%2CDA&amp;author=Ha%2CST&amp;author=Paniagua-Dom%C3%ADnguez%2CR&amp;author=Kuznetsov%2CAI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Crotti, G. et al. Ultrafast switching of a metasurface quasi-bound state in the continuum via transient optical symmetry breaking. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 240 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41377-025-01885-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41377-025-01885-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41377-025-01885-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41377-025-01885-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhsFCgt73L\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40623993\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12234965\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ultrafast%20switching%20of%20a%20metasurface%20quasi-bound%20state%20in%20the%20continuum%20via%20transient%20optical%20symmetry%20breaking&amp;journal=Light%20Sci.%20Appl.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41377-025-01885-z&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Crotti%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Bert\u00e9, R., Possmayer, T., Tittl, A., Menezes, L. D. S. &amp; Maier, S. A. All-optical permittivity-asymmetric quasi-bound states in the continuum. Light Sci. Appl. 14, 185 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41377-025-01843-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41377-025-01843-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41377-025-01843-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41377-025-01843-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40335460\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12059027\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=All-optical%20permittivity-asymmetric%20quasi-bound%20states%20in%20the%20continuum&amp;journal=Light%20Sci.%20Appl.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41377-025-01843-9&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Bert%C3%A9%2CR&amp;author=Possmayer%2CT&amp;author=Tittl%2CA&amp;author=Menezes%2CLDS&amp;author=Maier%2CSA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Alam, M. Z., De Leon, I. &amp; Boyd, R. W. Large optical nonlinearity of indium tin oxide in its epsilon-near-zero region. Science 352, 795\u2013797 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aae0330\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aae0330\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aae0330\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aae0330\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XnsVygu7s%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27127238\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Large%20optical%20nonlinearity%20of%20indium%20tin%20oxide%20in%20its%20epsilon-near-zero%20region&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aae0330&amp;volume=352&amp;pages=795-797&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Alam%2CMZ&amp;author=Leon%2CI&amp;author=Boyd%2CRW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Caspani, L. et al. Enhanced nonlinear refractive index in\u03b5-near-zero materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 233901 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.233901\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.233901\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.233901\" aria-label=\"Article reference 48\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.116.233901\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BC2s7js1arsg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27341234\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Enhanced%20nonlinear%20refractive%20index%20in%CE%B5-near-zero%20materials&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.116.233901&amp;volume=116&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Caspani%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Boyd, R. W. Nonlinear Optics (Academic Press, 2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Gai, X., Choi, D.-Y. &amp; Luther-Davies, B. Negligible nonlinear absorption in hydrogenated amorphous silicon at 155\u2009\u03bcm for ultra-fast nonlinear signal processing. Opt. Express 22, 9948 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1364\/OE.22.009948\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1364\/OE.22.009948\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1364%2FOE.22.009948\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1364\/OE.22.009948\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhs1CqsLfJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24787877\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Negligible%20nonlinear%20absorption%20in%20hydrogenated%20amorphous%20silicon%20at%20155%E2%80%89%CE%BCm%20for%20ultra-fast%20nonlinear%20signal%20processing&amp;journal=Opt.%20Express&amp;doi=10.1364%2FOE.22.009948&amp;volume=22&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Gai%2CX&amp;author=Choi%2CD-Y&amp;author=Luther-Davies%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Hail, C. U., Foley, M., Sokhoyan, R., Michaeli, L. &amp; Atwater, H. A. High quality factor metasurfaces for two-dimensional wavefront manipulation. Nat. Commun. 14, 8476 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-44164-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-44164-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-023-44164-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-44164-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXntVE%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38123546\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10733294\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=High%20quality%20factor%20metasurfaces%20for%20two-dimensional%20wavefront%20manipulation&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-023-44164-4&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Hail%2CCU&amp;author=Foley%2CM&amp;author=Sokhoyan%2CR&amp;author=Michaeli%2CL&amp;author=Atwater%2CHA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Hail, C. U., Michaeli, L. &amp; Atwater, H. A. Third harmonic generation enhancement and wavefront control using a local high-Q metasurface. Nano Lett. 24, 2257\u20132263 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c04476\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c04476\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.3c04476\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.3c04476\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXjt12lsLY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38346272\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Third%20harmonic%20generation%20enhancement%20and%20wavefront%20control%20using%20a%20local%20high-Q%20metasurface&amp;journal=Nano%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facs.nanolett.3c04476&amp;volume=24&amp;pages=2257-2263&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Hail%2CCU&amp;author=Michaeli%2CL&amp;author=Atwater%2CHA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Esser, A. et al. Ultrafast recombination and trapping in amorphous silicon. Phys. Rev. B 41, 2879\u20132884 (1990).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevB.41.2879\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevB.41.2879\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevB.41.2879\" aria-label=\"Article reference 53\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevB.41.2879\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXhvV2murw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ultrafast%20recombination%20and%20trapping%20in%20amorphous%20silicon&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20B&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevB.41.2879&amp;volume=41&amp;pages=2879-2884&amp;publication_year=1990&amp;author=Esser%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Sinelnik, A. et al. Ultrafast all-optical second harmonic wavefront shaping. Nat. Commun. 15, 2507 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-46642-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-46642-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-46642-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 54\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-46642-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXot1WhtLg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38509113\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10954747\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ultrafast%20all-optical%20second%20harmonic%20wavefront%20shaping&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-024-46642-9&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Sinelnik%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Di Francescantonio, A. et al. All-optical free-space routing of upconverted light by metasurfaces via nonlinear interferometry. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 298\u2013305 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41565-023-01549-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41565-023-01549-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41565-023-01549-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41565-023-01549-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38052942\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=All-optical%20free-space%20routing%20of%20upconverted%20light%20by%20metasurfaces%20via%20nonlinear%20interferometry&amp;journal=Nat.%20Nanotechnol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41565-023-01549-2&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=298-305&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Francescantonio%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Karimi, M., Alam, M. Z., Upham, J., Reshef, O. &amp; Boyd, R. W. Time-varying gradient metasurface with applications in all-optical beam steering. Nanophotonics 12, 1733\u20131740 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0756\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0756\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515%2Fnanoph-2022-0756\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1515\/nanoph-2022-0756\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB28XjvFKhtLs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39634111\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11501296\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Time-varying%20gradient%20metasurface%20with%20applications%20in%20all-optical%20beam%20steering&amp;journal=Nanophotonics&amp;doi=10.1515%2Fnanoph-2022-0756&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=1733-1740&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Karimi%2CM&amp;author=Alam%2CMZ&amp;author=Upham%2CJ&amp;author=Reshef%2CO&amp;author=Boyd%2CRW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Wang, X. et al. Nonreciprocity in bianisotropic systems with uniform time modulation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 266102 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.266102\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.266102\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.125.266102\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.125.266102\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXivVOkur8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33449712\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Nonreciprocity%20in%20bianisotropic%20systems%20with%20uniform%20time%20modulation&amp;journal=Phys.%20Rev.%20Lett.&amp;doi=10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.125.266102&amp;volume=125&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Wang%2CX\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Galiffi, E. et al. Photonics of time-varying media. Adv. Photonics 4, 014002 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1117\/1.AP.4.1.014002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1117\/1.AP.4.1.014002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1117%2F1.AP.4.1.014002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 58\" data-doi=\"10.1117\/1.AP.4.1.014002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhslOntLfM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 58\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 58\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Photonics%20of%20time-varying%20media&amp;journal=Adv.%20Photonics&amp;doi=10.1117%2F1.AP.4.1.014002&amp;volume=4&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Galiffi%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Park, J. et al. All-solid-state spatial light modulator with independent phase and amplitude control for three-dimensional LiDAR applications. Nat. Nanotechnol. 16, 69\u201376 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41565-020-00787-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41565-020-00787-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41565-020-00787-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 59\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41565-020-00787-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitFOktbzL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33106642\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 59\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=All-solid-state%20spatial%20light%20modulator%20with%20independent%20phase%20and%20amplitude%20control%20for%20three-dimensional%20LiDAR%20applications&amp;journal=Nat.%20Nanotechnol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41565-020-00787-y&amp;volume=16&amp;pages=69-76&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Park%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Moitra, P. et al. Electrically tunable reflective metasurfaces with continuous and full-phase modulation for high-efficiency wavefront control at visible frequencies. ACS Nano 17, 16952\u201316959 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acsnano.3c04071\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acsnano.3c04071\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsnano.3c04071\" aria-label=\"Article reference 60\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acsnano.3c04071\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhs1yksL3I\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 60\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37585264\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 60\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 60\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Electrically%20tunable%20reflective%20metasurfaces%20with%20continuous%20and%20full-phase%20modulation%20for%20high-efficiency%20wavefront%20control%20at%20visible%20frequencies&amp;journal=ACS%20Nano&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facsnano.3c04071&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=16952-16959&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Moitra%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Fang, Z. et al. Nonvolatile phase-only transmissive spatial light modulator with electrical addressability of individual pixels. ACS Nano 18, 11245\u201311256 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00340\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00340\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021%2Facsnano.4c00340\" aria-label=\"Article reference 61\" data-doi=\"10.1021\/acsnano.4c00340\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXos1SqsLg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38639708\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Nonvolatile%20phase-only%20transmissive%20spatial%20light%20modulator%20with%20electrical%20addressability%20of%20individual%20pixels&amp;journal=ACS%20Nano&amp;doi=10.1021%2Facsnano.4c00340&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=11245-11256&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Fang%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Dagli, S. et al. GHz-speed wavefront shaping metasurface modulators enabled by resonant electro-optic nanoantennas. Adv. Mater. 37, e06790 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/adma.202506790\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/adma.202506790\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fadma.202506790\" aria-label=\"Article reference 62\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/adma.202506790\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhvVKjur%2FI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40714801\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=GHz-speed%20wavefront%20shaping%20metasurface%20modulators%20enabled%20by%20resonant%20electro-optic%20nanoantennas&amp;journal=Adv.%20Mater.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fadma.202506790&amp;volume=37&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Dagli%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Brongersma, M. L. et al. The second optical metasurface revolution: moving from science to technology. Nat. Rev. Electr.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":652677,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24],"tags":[3250,10334,20753,20754,11662,64831,2302,90,56,54,55],"class_list":["post-652676","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-physics","tag-general","tag-materials-science","tag-metamaterials","tag-nanophotonics-and-plasmonics","tag-nanotechnology","tag-nanotechnology-and-microengineering","tag-physics","tag-science","tag-uk","tag-united-kingdom","tag-unitedkingdom"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/652676","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=652676"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/652676\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/652677"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=652676"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=652676"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=652676"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}