{"id":680828,"date":"2026-07-08T18:08:37","date_gmt":"2026-07-08T18:08:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/680828\/"},"modified":"2026-07-08T18:08:37","modified_gmt":"2026-07-08T18:08:37","slug":"people-systematically-under-and-overestimate-public-engagement-in-climate-action","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/680828\/","title":{"rendered":"People systematically under- and overestimate public engagement in climate action"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Stern, P. C. Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. J. Soc. Issues 56, 407\u2013424 (2000).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/0022-4537.00175\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/0022-4537.00175\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2F0022-4537.00175\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/0022-4537.00175\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Toward%20a%20coherent%20theory%20of%20environmentally%20significant%20behavior&amp;journal=J.%20Soc.%20Issues&amp;doi=10.1111%2F0022-4537.00175&amp;volume=56&amp;pages=407-424&amp;publication_year=2000&amp;author=Stern%2CPC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Ajzen, I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 50, 179\u2013211 (1991).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0749-5978%2891%2990020-T\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20theory%20of%20planned%20behavior&amp;journal=Organ.%20Behav.%20Hum.%20Decis.%20Process.&amp;doi=10.1016%2F0749-5978%2891%2990020-T&amp;volume=50&amp;pages=179-211&amp;publication_year=1991&amp;author=Ajzen%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Farrow, K., Grolleau, G. &amp; Ibanez, L. Social norms and pro-environmental behavior: a review of the evidence. Ecol. Econ. 140, 1\u201313 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.04.017\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.04.017\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2017.04.017\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.04.017\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20norms%20and%20pro-environmental%20behavior%3A%20a%20review%20of%20the%20evidence&amp;journal=Ecol.%20Econ.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2017.04.017&amp;volume=140&amp;pages=1-13&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Farrow%2CK&amp;author=Grolleau%2CG&amp;author=Ibanez%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Helferich, M., Th\u00f8gersen, J. &amp; Bergquist, M. Direct and mediated impacts of social norms on pro-environmental behavior. Glob. Environ. Change 80, 102680 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2023.102680\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2023.102680\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2023.102680\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2023.102680\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Direct%20and%20mediated%20impacts%20of%20social%20norms%20on%20pro-environmental%20behavior&amp;journal=Glob.%20Environ.%20Change&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2023.102680&amp;volume=80&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Helferich%2CM&amp;author=Th%C3%B8gersen%2CJ&amp;author=Bergquist%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Stern, P. C., Dietz, T., Abel, T., Guagnano, G. A. &amp; Kalof, L. A value-belief-norm theory of support for social movements: the case of environmentalism. Hum. Ecol. Rev. 6, 81\u201397 (1999).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20value-belief-norm%20theory%20of%20support%20for%20social%20movements%3A%20the%20case%20of%20environmentalism&amp;journal=Hum.%20Ecol.%20Rev.&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=81-97&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;author=Stern%2CPC&amp;author=Dietz%2CT&amp;author=Abel%2CT&amp;author=Guagnano%2CGA&amp;author=Kalof%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Bergquist, M., Nilsson Hed, A. &amp; Schultz, W. P. A meta-analysis of field-experiments using social norms to promote pro-environmental behaviors. Glob. Environ. Change 59, 101941 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2019.101941\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2019.101941\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2019.101941\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2019.101941\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20meta-analysis%20of%20field-experiments%20using%20social%20norms%20to%20promote%20pro-environmental%20behaviors&amp;journal=Glob.%20Environ.%20Change&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2019.101941&amp;volume=59&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Bergquist%2CM&amp;author=Nilsson%20Hed%2CA&amp;author=Schultz%2CWP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Constantino, S. M. et al. Scaling up change: a critical review and practical guide to harnessing social norms for climate action. Psychol. Sci. Public Interest 23, 50\u201397 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/15291006221105279\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/15291006221105279\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F15291006221105279\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/15291006221105279\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Scaling%20up%20change%3A%20a%20critical%20review%20and%20practical%20guide%20to%20harnessing%20social%20norms%20for%20climate%20action&amp;journal=Psychol.%20Sci.%20Public%20Interest&amp;doi=10.1177%2F15291006221105279&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=50-97&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Constantino%2CSM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Schneider, C. R. &amp; van der Linden, S. Social norms as a powerful lever for motivating pro-climate actions. One Earth 6, 346\u2013351 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.oneear.2023.03.014\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.oneear.2023.03.014\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2023.03.014\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.oneear.2023.03.014\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Social%20norms%20as%20a%20powerful%20lever%20for%20motivating%20pro-climate%20actions&amp;journal=One%20Earth&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.oneear.2023.03.014&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=346-351&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Schneider%2CCR&amp;author=Linden%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Andre, P., Boneva, T., Chopra, F. &amp; Falk, A. Misperceived social norms and willingness to act against climate change. Rev. Econ. Stat. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/rest_a_01468\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1162\/rest_a_01468\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1162\/rest_a_01468<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Andre, P. et al. Globally representative evidence on the actual and perceived support for climate action. Nat. Clim. Change 14, 253\u2013259 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41558-024-01925-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41558-024-01925-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41558-024-01925-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41558-024-01925-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Globally%20representative%20evidence%20on%20the%20actual%20and%20perceived%20support%20for%20climate%20action&amp;journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Change&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41558-024-01925-3&amp;volume=14&amp;pages=253-259&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Andre%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Leviston, Z., Walker, I. &amp; Morwinski, S. Your opinion on climate change might not be as common as you think. Nat. Clim. Change 3, 334\u2013337 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nclimate1743\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nclimate1743\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnclimate1743\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nclimate1743\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Your%20opinion%20on%20climate%20change%20might%20not%20be%20as%20common%20as%20you%20think&amp;journal=Nat.%20Clim.%20Change&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnclimate1743&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=334-337&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Leviston%2CZ&amp;author=Walker%2CI&amp;author=Morwinski%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Mildenberger, M. &amp; Tingley, D. Beliefs about climate beliefs: the importance of second-order opinions for climate politics. Br. J. Polit. Sci. 49, 1279\u20131307 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/S0007123417000321\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/S0007123417000321\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0007123417000321\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/S0007123417000321\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Beliefs%20about%20climate%20beliefs%3A%20the%20importance%20of%20second-order%20opinions%20for%20climate%20politics&amp;journal=Br.%20J.%20Polit.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1017%2FS0007123417000321&amp;volume=49&amp;pages=1279-1307&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Mildenberger%2CM&amp;author=Tingley%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Sparkman, G., Geiger, N. &amp; Weber, E. U. Americans experience a false social reality by underestimating popular climate policy support by nearly half. Nat. Commun. 13, 4779 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-32412-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-32412-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-32412-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-32412-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xit1aqtb%2FE\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Americans%20experience%20a%20false%20social%20reality%20by%20underestimating%20popular%20climate%20policy%20support%20by%20nearly%20half&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-022-32412-y&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Sparkman%2CG&amp;author=Geiger%2CN&amp;author=Weber%2CEU\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Geiger, S. J. et al. Understanding the role of pluralistic ignorance in biodiversity conservation: a research agenda. Glob. Environ. Change 95, 103043 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2025.103043\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2025.103043\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2025.103043\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.gloenvcha.2025.103043\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Understanding%20the%20role%20of%20pluralistic%20ignorance%20in%20biodiversity%20conservation%3A%20a%20research%20agenda&amp;journal=Glob.%20Environ.%20Change&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.gloenvcha.2025.103043&amp;volume=95&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Geiger%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Geiger, N. &amp; Swim, J. K. Climate of silence: pluralistic ignorance as a barrier to climate change discussion. J. Environ. Psychol. 47, 79\u201390 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.05.002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.05.002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2016.05.002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2016.05.002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Climate%20of%20silence%3A%20pluralistic%20ignorance%20as%20a%20barrier%20to%20climate%20change%20discussion&amp;journal=J.%20Environ.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2016.05.002&amp;volume=47&amp;pages=79-90&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Geiger%2CN&amp;author=Swim%2CJK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Noelle-Neumann, E. The Spiral of Silence: Public Opinion\u2014Our Social Skin. 2nd edn (Univ. of Chicago Press, 1993).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Geiger, S. J. et al. What we think others think and do about climate change: a multicountry test of pluralistic ignorance and public-consensus messaging. Psychol. Sci. 36, 421\u2013442 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/09567976251335585\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/09567976251335585\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F09567976251335585\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/09567976251335585\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=What%20we%20think%20others%20think%20and%20do%20about%20climate%20change%3A%20a%20multicountry%20test%20of%20pluralistic%20ignorance%20and%20public-consensus%20messaging&amp;journal=Psychol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1177%2F09567976251335585&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=421-442&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Geiger%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Sevincer, A. T., Hostloesky, L., Styhler, F. &amp; Hofmann, W. Politicians underestimate support for climate action even more than the general public. Preprint at Open Science Framework <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/kav53_v4\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.31219\/osf.io\/kav53_v4\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/kav53_v4<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Dablander, F., Lange, F., Brick, C. &amp; Aron, A. R. Expressing intentions is not climate action. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2512457122 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2512457122\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2512457122\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2512457122\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2512457122\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhvFWltLnI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Expressing%20intentions%20is%20not%20climate%20action&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2512457122&amp;volume=122&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Dablander%2CF&amp;author=Lange%2CF&amp;author=Brick%2CC&amp;author=Aron%2CAR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Sheeran, P. &amp; Webb, T. L. The intention\u2013behavior gap. Soc. Personal. Psychol. Compass 10, 503\u2013518 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/spc3.12265\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/spc3.12265\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fspc3.12265\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/spc3.12265\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20intention%E2%80%93behavior%20gap&amp;journal=Soc.%20Personal.%20Psychol.%20Compass&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fspc3.12265&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=503-518&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Sheeran%2CP&amp;author=Webb%2CTL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Dixon, G., Clarke, C., Jacquet, J., Evensen, D. T. N. &amp; Hart, P. S. The complexity of pluralistic ignorance in Republican climate change policy support in the United States. Commun. Earth Environ. 5, 76 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s43247-024-01240-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s43247-024-01240-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01240-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s43247-024-01240-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20complexity%20of%20pluralistic%20ignorance%20in%20Republican%20climate%20change%20policy%20support%20in%20the%20United%20States&amp;journal=Commun.%20Earth%20Environ.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs43247-024-01240-x&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Dixon%2CG&amp;author=Clarke%2CC&amp;author=Jacquet%2CJ&amp;author=Evensen%2CDTN&amp;author=Hart%2CPS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Guay, B., Marghetis, T., Wong, C. &amp; Landy, D. Quirks of cognition explain why we dramatically overestimate the size of minority groups. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2413064122 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2413064122\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2413064122\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2413064122\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2413064122\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Quirks%20of%20cognition%20explain%20why%20we%20dramatically%20overestimate%20the%20size%20of%20minority%20groups&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2413064122&amp;volume=122&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Guay%2CB&amp;author=Marghetis%2CT&amp;author=Wong%2CC&amp;author=Landy%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Landy, D., Guay, B. &amp; Marghetis, T. Bias and ignorance in demographic perception. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 25, 1606\u20131618 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3758\/s13423-017-1360-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3758\/s13423-017-1360-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758%2Fs13423-017-1360-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.3758\/s13423-017-1360-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BC1cbjslSktg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bias%20and%20ignorance%20in%20demographic%20perception&amp;journal=Psychon.%20Bull.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.3758%2Fs13423-017-1360-2&amp;volume=25&amp;pages=1606-1618&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Landy%2CD&amp;author=Guay%2CB&amp;author=Marghetis%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Fennell, J. &amp; Baddeley, R. Uncertainty plus prior equals rational bias: an intuitive Bayesian probability weighting function. Psychol. Rev. 119, 878\u2013887 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1037\/a0029346\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1037\/a0029346\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037%2Fa0029346\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1037\/a0029346\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Uncertainty%20plus%20prior%20equals%20rational%20bias%3A%20an%20intuitive%20Bayesian%20probability%20weighting%20function&amp;journal=Psychol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1037%2Fa0029346&amp;volume=119&amp;pages=878-887&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Fennell%2CJ&amp;author=Baddeley%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Betsch, C. et al. Modelling the readiness for climate action across individual and system-related behaviours. Preprint at Open Science Framework <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/enkwy\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.31219\/osf.io\/enkwy\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/enkwy<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Castiglione, A., Brick, C., Holden, S., Miles-Urdan, E. &amp; Aron, A. R. Discovering the psychological building blocks underlying climate action: a longitudinal study of real-world activism. R. Soc. Open Sci. 9, 210006 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rsos.210006\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rsos.210006\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frsos.210006\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rsos.210006\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Discovering%20the%20psychological%20building%20blocks%20underlying%20climate%20action%3A%20a%20longitudinal%20study%20of%20real-world%20activism&amp;journal=R.%20Soc.%20Open%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frsos.210006&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Castiglione%2CA&amp;author=Brick%2CC&amp;author=Holden%2CS&amp;author=Miles-Urdan%2CE&amp;author=Aron%2CAR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Bechtoldt, M. &amp; Schermelleh-Engel, K. Worry\u2019s clout: concern, not positive affectivity, drives climate activism. J. Environ. Psychol. 101, 102517 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2024.102517\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2024.102517\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2024.102517\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2024.102517\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Worry%E2%80%99s%20clout%3A%20concern%2C%20not%20positive%20affectivity%2C%20drives%20climate%20activism&amp;journal=J.%20Environ.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2024.102517&amp;volume=101&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Bechtoldt%2CM&amp;author=Schermelleh-Engel%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Pew Research Center. How Americans View Future Harms From Climate Change in Their Community and Around the US. (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Goerg, S., Pondorfer, A. &amp; St\u00f6hr, V. Regional variation in social norm nudges. Sci Rep. 14, 16773 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-024-65765-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-024-65765-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-65765-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-024-65765-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhslGjt7bJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Regional%20variation%20in%20social%20norm%20nudges&amp;journal=Sci%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-024-65765-z&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Goerg%2CS&amp;author=Pondorfer%2CA&amp;author=St%C3%B6hr%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Barnfield, M. et al. Information on public opinion has lasting effects on second-order climate beliefs, but minimal and ephemeral effects on first-order beliefs. J. Environ. Psychol. 110, 102901 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2026.102901\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2026.102901\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2026.102901\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2026.102901\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Information%20on%20public%20opinion%20has%20lasting%20effects%20on%20second-order%20climate%20beliefs%2C%20but%20minimal%20and%20ephemeral%20effects%20on%20first-order%20beliefs&amp;journal=J.%20Environ.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2026.102901&amp;volume=110&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Barnfield%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Rinscheid, A., Pianta, S. &amp; Weber, E. U. What shapes public support for climate change mitigation policies? The role of descriptive social norms and elite cues. Behav. Public Policy 5, 503\u2013527 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/bpp.2020.43\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/bpp.2020.43\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2Fbpp.2020.43\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/bpp.2020.43\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=What%20shapes%20public%20support%20for%20climate%20change%20mitigation%20policies%3F%20The%20role%20of%20descriptive%20social%20norms%20and%20elite%20cues&amp;journal=Behav.%20Public%20Policy&amp;doi=10.1017%2Fbpp.2020.43&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=503-527&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Rinscheid%2CA&amp;author=Pianta%2CS&amp;author=Weber%2CEU\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Vlasceanu, M. et al. Addressing climate change with behavioral science: a global intervention tournament in 63 countries. Sci. Adv. 10, eadj5778 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/sciadv.adj5778\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/sciadv.adj5778\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fsciadv.adj5778\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/sciadv.adj5778\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXjslartLs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Addressing%20climate%20change%20with%20behavioral%20science%3A%20a%20global%20intervention%20tournament%20in%2063%20countries&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.adj5778&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Vlasceanu%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Tiede, K. E., Maur, K. &amp; Betsch, C. People systematically under- and overestimate public engagement in climate action. Preregistrations, materials, data, and analytical code. Preprint at Open Science Framework <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/KCQ37\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.17605\/OSF.IO\/KCQ37\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17605\/OSF.IO\/KCQ37<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Lange, F. &amp; Dewitte, S. The Work for Environmental Protection Task: a consequential web-based procedure for studying pro-environmental behavior. Behav. Res. Methods 54, 133\u2013145 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3758\/s13428-021-01617-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3758\/s13428-021-01617-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758%2Fs13428-021-01617-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.3758\/s13428-021-01617-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Work%20for%20Environmental%20Protection%20Task%3A%20a%20consequential%20web-based%20procedure%20for%20studying%20pro-environmental%20behavior&amp;journal=Behav.%20Res.%20Methods&amp;doi=10.3758%2Fs13428-021-01617-2&amp;volume=54&amp;pages=133-145&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Lange%2CF&amp;author=Dewitte%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Lange, F. &amp; Dewitte, S. Validity and scope sensitivity of the Work for Environmental Protection Task. J. Environ. Psychol. 86, 101967 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2023.101967\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2023.101967\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2023.101967\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2023.101967\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Validity%20and%20scope%20sensitivity%20of%20the%20Work%20for%20Environmental%20Protection%20Task&amp;journal=J.%20Environ.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2023.101967&amp;volume=86&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Lange%2CF&amp;author=Dewitte%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Lange, F. &amp; Dewitte, S. Behavioral paradigms for studying pro-environmental behavior: a systematic review. Behav. Res. Methods 55, 600\u2013622 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3758\/s13428-022-01825-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3758\/s13428-022-01825-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758%2Fs13428-022-01825-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 36\" data-doi=\"10.3758\/s13428-022-01825-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Behavioral%20paradigms%20for%20studying%20pro-environmental%20behavior%3A%20a%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=Behav.%20Res.%20Methods&amp;doi=10.3758%2Fs13428-022-01825-4&amp;volume=55&amp;pages=600-622&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Lange%2CF&amp;author=Dewitte%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Lehrer, L. et al. Study protocol of the planetary health action survey PACE: a serial cross-sectional survey to assess the readiness to act against climate change. BMJ Open 14, e091093 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-091093\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-091093\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2024-091093\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-091093\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Study%20protocol%20of%20the%20planetary%20health%20action%20survey%20PACE%3A%20a%20serial%20cross-sectional%20survey%20to%20assess%20the%20readiness%20to%20act%20against%20climate%20change&amp;journal=BMJ%20Open&amp;doi=10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2024-091093&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Lehrer%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Lees, J., Colaizzi, G., Goldberg, M. H. &amp; Constantino, S. M. Misperceptions of support for climate policy represent multiple phenomena predicted by different factors across intergroup boundaries. Preprint at Open Science Framework <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/vfbq4\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.31219\/osf.io\/vfbq4\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31219\/osf.io\/vfbq4<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Poortinga, W. The role of policy appraisals and second-order beliefs in public support for climate policies in the UK. Clim. Policy <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14693062.2025.2539977\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/14693062.2025.2539977\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14693062.2025.2539977<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/14693062.2025.2539977\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/14693062.2025.2539977\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F14693062.2025.2539977\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/14693062.2025.2539977\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20role%20of%20policy%20appraisals%20and%20second-order%20beliefs%20in%20public%20support%20for%20climate%20policies%20in%20the%20UK&amp;journal=Clim.%20Policy&amp;doi=10.1080%2F14693062.2025.2539977&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Poortinga%2CW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Sheeran, P. Intention\u2013behavior relations: a conceptual and empirical review. Eur. Rev. Soc. Psychol. 12, 1\u201336 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/14792772143000003\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/14792772143000003\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F14792772143000003\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/14792772143000003\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intention%E2%80%93behavior%20relations%3A%20a%20conceptual%20and%20empirical%20review&amp;journal=Eur.%20Rev.%20Soc.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F14792772143000003&amp;volume=12&amp;pages=1-36&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Sheeran%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Todorova, B. et al. Machine learning identifies key individual and nation-level factors predicting climate-relevant beliefs and behaviors. npj Clim. Action 4, 46 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s44168-025-00251-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s44168-025-00251-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs44168-025-00251-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 41\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s44168-025-00251-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Machine%20learning%20identifies%20key%20individual%20and%20nation-level%20factors%20predicting%20climate-relevant%20beliefs%20and%20behaviors&amp;journal=npj%20Clim.%20Action&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs44168-025-00251-4&amp;volume=4&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Todorova%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Drews, S., Savin, I. &amp; van den Bergh, J. C. J. M. Biased perceptions of other people\u2019s attitudes to carbon taxation. Energy Policy 167, 113051 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.113051\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.113051\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2022.113051\" aria-label=\"Article reference 42\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.enpol.2022.113051\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Biased%20perceptions%20of%20other%20people%E2%80%99s%20attitudes%20to%20carbon%20taxation&amp;journal=Energy%20Policy&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.enpol.2022.113051&amp;volume=167&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Drews%2CS&amp;author=Savin%2CI&amp;author=Bergh%2CJCJM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Schultz, P. W., Nolan, J. M., Cialdini, R. B., Goldstein, N. J. &amp; Griskevicius, V. The constructive, destructive, and reconstructive power of social norms: reprise. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 13, 249\u2013254 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/1745691617693325\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/1745691617693325\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F1745691617693325\" aria-label=\"Article reference 43\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/1745691617693325\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20constructive%2C%20destructive%2C%20and%20reconstructive%20power%20of%20social%20norms%3A%20reprise&amp;journal=Perspect.%20Psychol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1177%2F1745691617693325&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=249-254&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Schultz%2CPW&amp;author=Nolan%2CJM&amp;author=Cialdini%2CRB&amp;author=Goldstein%2CNJ&amp;author=Griskevicius%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Ai, P. &amp; Rosenthal, S. The model of norm-regulated responsibility for proenvironmental behavior in the context of littering prevention. Sci. Rep. 14, 9289 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-024-60047-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-024-60047-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-024-60047-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-024-60047-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXptlSms70%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20model%20of%20norm-regulated%20responsibility%20for%20proenvironmental%20behavior%20in%20the%20context%20of%20littering%20prevention&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-024-60047-0&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ai%2CP&amp;author=Rosenthal%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Bhanot, S. P. Isolating the effect of injunctive norms on conservation behavior: new evidence from a field experiment in California. Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 163, 30\u201342 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2018.11.002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2018.11.002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.obhdp.2018.11.002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.obhdp.2018.11.002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Isolating%20the%20effect%20of%20injunctive%20norms%20on%20conservation%20behavior%3A%20new%20evidence%20from%20a%20field%20experiment%20in%20California&amp;journal=Organ.%20Behav.%20Hum.%20Decis.%20Process.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.obhdp.2018.11.002&amp;volume=163&amp;pages=30-42&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Bhanot%2CSP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Bonan, J., Cattaneo, C., d\u2019Adda, G. &amp; Tavoni, M. The interaction of descriptive and injunctive social norms in promoting energy conservation. Nat. Energy 5, 900\u2013909 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41560-020-00719-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41560-020-00719-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41560-020-00719-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41560-020-00719-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20interaction%20of%20descriptive%20and%20injunctive%20social%20norms%20in%20promoting%20energy%20conservation&amp;journal=Nat.%20Energy&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41560-020-00719-z&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=900-909&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Bonan%2CJ&amp;author=Cattaneo%2CC&amp;author=d%E2%80%99Adda%2CG&amp;author=Tavoni%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Steiger, A. &amp; K\u00fchberger, A. A meta-analytic re-appraisal of the framing effect. Z. Psychol. 226, 1\u201319 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20meta-analytic%20re-appraisal%20of%20the%20framing%20effect&amp;journal=Z.%20Psychol.&amp;volume=226&amp;pages=1-19&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Steiger%2CA&amp;author=K%C3%BChberger%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Tversky, A. &amp; Kahneman, D. The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science 211, 453\u2013458 (1981).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.7455683\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.7455683\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.7455683\" aria-label=\"Article reference 48\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.7455683\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaL3M7gtlWqtg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20framing%20of%20decisions%20and%20the%20psychology%20of%20choice&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.7455683&amp;volume=211&amp;pages=453-458&amp;publication_year=1981&amp;author=Tversky%2CA&amp;author=Kahneman%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Goldwert, D. &amp; Vlasceanu, M. An individual\u2013collective\u2013systemic behavioral climate intervention framework. Curr. Opin. Behav. Sci. 65, 101569 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2025.101569\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2025.101569\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cobeha.2025.101569\" aria-label=\"Article reference 49\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cobeha.2025.101569\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=An%20individual%E2%80%93collective%E2%80%93systemic%20behavioral%20climate%20intervention%20framework&amp;journal=Curr.%20Opin.%20Behav.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cobeha.2025.101569&amp;volume=65&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Goldwert%2CD&amp;author=Vlasceanu%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Bergquist, M., Thiel, M., Goldberg, M. H. &amp; van der Linden, S. Field interventions for climate change mitigation behaviors: a second-order meta-analysis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2214851120 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2214851120\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2214851120\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2214851120\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2214851120\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXosVymsr0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Field%20interventions%20for%20climate%20change%20mitigation%20behaviors%3A%20a%20second-order%20meta-analysis&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2214851120&amp;volume=120&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Bergquist%2CM&amp;author=Thiel%2CM&amp;author=Goldberg%2CMH&amp;author=Linden%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Varotto, A. &amp; Spagnolli, A. Psychological strategies to promote household recycling: a systematic review with meta-analysis of validated field interventions. J. Environ. Psychol. 51, 168\u2013188 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2017.03.011\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2017.03.011\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2017.03.011\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2017.03.011\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Psychological%20strategies%20to%20promote%20household%20recycling%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20with%20meta-analysis%20of%20validated%20field%20interventions&amp;journal=J.%20Environ.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2017.03.011&amp;volume=51&amp;pages=168-188&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Varotto%2CA&amp;author=Spagnolli%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Beiser-McGrath, L. F. &amp; Bernauer, T. Could revenue recycling make effective carbon taxation politically feasible?. Sci. Adv. 5, eaax3323 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/sciadv.aax3323\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/sciadv.aax3323\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax3323\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/sciadv.aax3323\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Could%20revenue%20recycling%20make%20effective%20carbon%20taxation%20politically%20feasible%3F&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.aax3323&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Beiser-McGrath%2CLF&amp;author=Bernauer%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Huber, R. A., Wicki, M. L. &amp; Bernauer, T. Public support for environmental policy depends on beliefs concerning effectiveness, intrusiveness, and fairness. Environ. Polit. 29, 649\u2013673 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/09644016.2019.1629171\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/09644016.2019.1629171\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F09644016.2019.1629171\" aria-label=\"Article reference 53\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/09644016.2019.1629171\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Public%20support%20for%20environmental%20policy%20depends%20on%20beliefs%20concerning%20effectiveness%2C%20intrusiveness%2C%20and%20fairness&amp;journal=Environ.%20Polit.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F09644016.2019.1629171&amp;volume=29&amp;pages=649-673&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Huber%2CRA&amp;author=Wicki%2CML&amp;author=Bernauer%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Jagers, S. C. et al. Bridging the ideological gap? How fairness perceptions mediate the effect of revenue recycling on public support for carbon taxes in the United States, Canada and Germany. Rev. Policy Res. 38, 529\u2013554 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/ropr.12439\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/ropr.12439\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fropr.12439\" aria-label=\"Article reference 54\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/ropr.12439\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bridging%20the%20ideological%20gap%3F%20How%20fairness%20perceptions%20mediate%20the%20effect%20of%20revenue%20recycling%20on%20public%20support%20for%20carbon%20taxes%20in%20the%20United%20States%2C%20Canada%20and%20Germany&amp;journal=Rev.%20Policy%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fropr.12439&amp;volume=38&amp;pages=529-554&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Jagers%2CSC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Baranzini, A. et al. Carbon pricing in climate policy: seven reasons, complementary instruments, and political economy considerations. WIREs Clim. Change 8, e462 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/wcc.462\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/wcc.462\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fwcc.462\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/wcc.462\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Carbon%20pricing%20in%20climate%20policy%3A%20seven%20reasons%2C%20complementary%20instruments%2C%20and%20political%20economy%20considerations&amp;journal=WIREs%20Clim.%20Change&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fwcc.462&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Baranzini%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Dechezlepr\u00eatre, A. et al. Fighting climate change: international attitudes toward climate policies. Am. Econ. Rev. 115, 1258\u20131300 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1257\/aer.20230501\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1257\/aer.20230501\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1257%2Faer.20230501\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1257\/aer.20230501\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Fighting%20climate%20change%3A%20international%20attitudes%20toward%20climate%20policies&amp;journal=Am.%20Econ.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1257%2Faer.20230501&amp;volume=115&amp;pages=1258-1300&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Dechezlepr%C3%AAtre%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Maestre-Andr\u00e9s, S., Drews, S. &amp; Savin, I. Carbon tax acceptability with information provision and mixed revenue uses. Nat. Commun. 12, 7017 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-27380-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-27380-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27380-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-021-27380-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Carbon%20tax%20acceptability%20with%20information%20provision%20and%20mixed%20revenue%20uses&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27380-8&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Maestre-Andr%C3%A9s%2CS&amp;author=Drews%2CS&amp;author=Savin%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Aasen, M. &amp; Vatn, A. Public attitudes toward climate policies: the effect of institutional contexts and political values. Ecol. Econ. 146, 106\u2013114 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.008\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.008\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2017.10.008\" aria-label=\"Article reference 58\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2017.10.008\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 58\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Public%20attitudes%20toward%20climate%20policies%3A%20the%20effect%20of%20institutional%20contexts%20and%20political%20values&amp;journal=Ecol.%20Econ.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ecolecon.2017.10.008&amp;volume=146&amp;pages=106-114&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Aasen%2CM&amp;author=Vatn%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Bertolotti, M. &amp; Catellani, P. Bridging the ideological divide: communicating the positive economic impact of climate policy to persuade the right. J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol. 35, e70058 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/casp.70058\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/casp.70058\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fcasp.70058\" aria-label=\"Article reference 59\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/casp.70058\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 59\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bridging%20the%20ideological%20divide%3A%20communicating%20the%20positive%20economic%20impact%20of%20climate%20policy%20to%20persuade%20the%20right&amp;journal=J.%20Community%20Appl.%20Soc.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fcasp.70058&amp;volume=35&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Bertolotti%2CM&amp;author=Catellani%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Dasandi, N. et al. Positive, global, and health or environment framing bolsters public support for climate policies. Commun. Earth Environ. 3, 239 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s43247-022-00571-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s43247-022-00571-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs43247-022-00571-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 60\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s43247-022-00571-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 60\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Positive%2C%20global%2C%20and%20health%20or%20environment%20framing%20bolsters%20public%20support%20for%20climate%20policies&amp;journal=Commun.%20Earth%20Environ.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs43247-022-00571-x&amp;volume=3&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Dasandi%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Reynolds, J. et al. Communicating the effectiveness and ineffectiveness of government policies and their impact on public support: a systematic review with meta-analysis. R. Soc. Open Sci. 7, 190522 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rsos.190522\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rsos.190522\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frsos.190522\" aria-label=\"Article reference 61\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rsos.190522\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BB383otFShtg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Communicating%20the%20effectiveness%20and%20ineffectiveness%20of%20government%20policies%20and%20their%20impact%20on%20public%20support%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20with%20meta-analysis&amp;journal=R.%20Soc.%20Open%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frsos.190522&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Reynolds%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Tiede, K. E., Temme, H., Lehrer, L. &amp; Betsch, C. Enhancing perceived effectiveness can increase climate policy acceptance. J. Environ. Psychol. 106, 102725 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2025.102725\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2025.102725\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2025.102725\" aria-label=\"Article reference 62\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2025.102725\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Enhancing%20perceived%20effectiveness%20can%20increase%20climate%20policy%20acceptance&amp;journal=J.%20Environ.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2025.102725&amp;volume=106&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Tiede%2CKE&amp;author=Temme%2CH&amp;author=Lehrer%2CL&amp;author=Betsch%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Walker, B. J. A., Kurz, T. &amp; Russel, D. Towards an understanding of when non-climate frames can generate public support for climate change policy. Environ. Behav. 50, 781\u2013806 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/0013916517713299\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/0013916517713299\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F0013916517713299\" aria-label=\"Article reference 63\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/0013916517713299\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Towards%20an%20understanding%20of%20when%20non-climate%20frames%20can%20generate%20public%20support%20for%20climate%20change%20policy&amp;journal=Environ.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1177%2F0013916517713299&amp;volume=50&amp;pages=781-806&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Walker%2CBJA&amp;author=Kurz%2CT&amp;author=Russel%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Levontin, L., Gilad, Z., Durango-Cohen, E. &amp; Durango-Cohen, P. The impact factor: the effect of actual impact information and perceived donation efficacy on donors\u2019 repeated donations. J. Exp. Soc. Psychol. 118, 104720 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jesp.2025.104720\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jesp.2025.104720\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jesp.2025.104720\" aria-label=\"Article reference 64\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jesp.2025.104720\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 64\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20impact%20factor%3A%20the%20effect%20of%20actual%20impact%20information%20and%20perceived%20donation%20efficacy%20on%20donors%E2%80%99%20repeated%20donations&amp;journal=J.%20Exp.%20Soc.%20Psychol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jesp.2025.104720&amp;volume=118&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Levontin%2CL&amp;author=Gilad%2CZ&amp;author=Durango-Cohen%2CE&amp;author=Durango-Cohen%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">Henrich, J., Heine, S. J. &amp; Norenzayan, A. Beyond WEIRD: towards a broad-based behavioral science. Behav. Brain Sci. 33, 111\u2013135 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/S0140525X10000725\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/S0140525X10000725\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0140525X10000725\" aria-label=\"Article reference 65\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/S0140525X10000725\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 65\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Beyond%20WEIRD%3A%20towards%20a%20broad-based%20behavioral%20science&amp;journal=Behav.%20Brain%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1017%2FS0140525X10000725&amp;volume=33&amp;pages=111-135&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Henrich%2CJ&amp;author=Heine%2CSJ&amp;author=Norenzayan%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">IPCC. Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change: Working Group III Contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Lejarraga, T. &amp; Hertwig, R. How experimental methods shaped views on human competence and rationality. Psychol. Bull. 147, 535\u2013564 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1037\/bul0000324\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1037\/bul0000324\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037%2Fbul0000324\" aria-label=\"Article reference 67\" data-doi=\"10.1037\/bul0000324\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 67\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20experimental%20methods%20shaped%20views%20on%20human%20competence%20and%20rationality&amp;journal=Psychol.%20Bull.&amp;doi=10.1037%2Fbul0000324&amp;volume=147&amp;pages=535-564&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Lejarraga%2CT&amp;author=Hertwig%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Almaatouq, A. et al. Beyond playing 20 questions with nature: integrative experiment design in the social and behavioral sciences. Behav. Brain Sci. 47, e33 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1017\/S0140525X22002874\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1017\/S0140525X22002874\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017%2FS0140525X22002874\" aria-label=\"Article reference 68\" data-doi=\"10.1017\/S0140525X22002874\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 68\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Beyond%20playing%2020%20questions%20with%20nature%3A%20integrative%20experiment%20design%20in%20the%20social%20and%20behavioral%20sciences&amp;journal=Behav.%20Brain%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1017%2FS0140525X22002874&amp;volume=47&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Almaatouq%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Baribault, B. et al. Metastudies for robust tests of theory. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 115, 2607\u20132612 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1708285114\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1708285114\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1708285114\" aria-label=\"Article reference 69\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1708285114\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXht1ChtrzJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 69\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Metastudies%20for%20robust%20tests%20of%20theory&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1708285114&amp;volume=115&amp;pages=2607-2612&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Baribault%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">Bryan, C. J., Tipton, E. &amp; Yeager, D. S. Behavioural science is unlikely to change the world without a heterogeneity revolution. Nat. Hum. Behav. 5, 980\u2013989 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41562-021-01143-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41562-021-01143-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41562-021-01143-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 70\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41562-021-01143-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 70\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Behavioural%20science%20is%20unlikely%20to%20change%20the%20world%20without%20a%20heterogeneity%20revolution&amp;journal=Nat.%20Hum.%20Behav.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41562-021-01143-3&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=980-989&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Bryan%2CCJ&amp;author=Tipton%2CE&amp;author=Yeager%2CDS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">B\u00fcrkner, P.-C. brms: an R package for Bayesian multilevel models using Stan. J. Stat. Softw. 80, 1\u201328 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01\" data-track-item_id=\"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637%2Fjss.v080.i01\" aria-label=\"Article reference 71\" data-doi=\"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 71\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=brms%3A%20an%20R%20package%20for%20Bayesian%20multilevel%20models%20using%20Stan&amp;journal=J.%20Stat.%20Softw.&amp;doi=10.18637%2Fjss.v080.i01&amp;volume=80&amp;pages=1-28&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=B%C3%BCrkner%2CP-C\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR72\">Brooks, S. P. &amp; Gelman, A. General methods for monitoring convergence of iterative simulations. J. Comput. Graph. Stat. 7, 434\u2013455 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/10618600.1998.10474787\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/10618600.1998.10474787\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F10618600.1998.10474787\" aria-label=\"Article reference 72\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/10618600.1998.10474787\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 72\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=General%20methods%20for%20monitoring%20convergence%20of%20iterative%20simulations&amp;journal=J.%20Comput.%20Graph.%20Stat.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F10618600.1998.10474787&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=434-455&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Brooks%2CSP&amp;author=Gelman%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR73\">Gelman, A., Goodrich, B., Gabry, J. &amp; Vehtari, A. R-squared for Bayesian regression models. Am. Stat. 73, 307\u2013309 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/00031305.2018.1549100\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/00031305.2018.1549100\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F00031305.2018.1549100\" aria-label=\"Article reference 73\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/00031305.2018.1549100\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 73\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=R-squared%20for%20Bayesian%20regression%20models&amp;journal=Am.%20Stat.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F00031305.2018.1549100&amp;volume=73&amp;pages=307-309&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Gelman%2CA&amp;author=Goodrich%2CB&amp;author=Gabry%2CJ&amp;author=Vehtari%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Stern, P. C. Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. J. Soc. Issues 56, 407\u2013424 (2000). Article\u00a0&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":680829,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[22],"tags":[556,4422,16159,11549,125827,1397,4423,3250,369,90,56,54,55],"class_list":["post-680828","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-environment","tag-climate-change","tag-climate-change-climate-change-impacts","tag-climate-change-mitigation","tag-communication","tag-decision-making","tag-environment","tag-environmental-law-policy-ecojustice","tag-general","tag-psychology","tag-science","tag-uk","tag-united-kingdom","tag-unitedkingdom"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/680828","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=680828"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/680828\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/680829"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=680828"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=680828"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=680828"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}