{"id":794408,"date":"2026-10-07T03:34:32","date_gmt":"2026-10-07T03:34:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/794408\/"},"modified":"2026-10-07T03:34:32","modified_gmt":"2026-10-07T03:34:32","slug":"accuracy-of-a-respiratory-assessment-chatbot-in-a-nationwide-messaging-system-for-layperson-diagnosis-and-triage-a-randomized-preregistered-study","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/794408\/","title":{"rendered":"Accuracy of a respiratory assessment chatbot in a nationwide messaging system for layperson diagnosis and triage: a randomized preregistered study"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">World Health Organization. Advancing COPD care in China through a comprehensive approach. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/feature-stories\/detail\/advancing-copd-care-in-china-through-a-comprehensive-approach\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/feature-stories\/detail\/advancing-copd-care-in-china-through-a-comprehensive-approach\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/feature-stories\/detail\/advancing-copd-care-in-china-through-a-comprehensive-approach<\/a> (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Cao, Z. et al. Burden of chronic respiratory diseases and their attributable risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990\u20132021: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021. Chin. Med. J. Pulm. Crit. Care Med. 3, 100\u2013110 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.pccm.2025.05.005\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.pccm.2025.05.005\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.pccm.2025.05.005\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.pccm.2025.05.005\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40677417\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12266273\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Burden%20of%20chronic%20respiratory%20diseases%20and%20their%20attributable%20risk%20factors%20in%20204%20countries%20and%20territories%2C%201990%E2%80%932021%3A%20results%20from%20the%20Global%20Burden%20of%20Disease%20study%202021&amp;journal=Chin.%20Med.%20J.%20Pulm.%20Crit.%20Care%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.pccm.2025.05.005&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=100-110&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Cao%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">GBD 2021 Lower Respiratory Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality burden of non-COVID-19 lower respiratory infections and aetiologies, 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease study 2021. Lancet Infect. Dis. 24, 974\u20131002 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00176-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00176-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2824%2900176-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00176-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%2C%20regional%2C%20and%20national%20incidence%20and%20mortality%20burden%20of%20non-COVID-19%20lower%20respiratory%20infections%20and%20aetiologies%2C%201990%E2%80%932021%3A%20a%20systematic%20analysis%20from%20the%20Global%20Burden%20of%20Disease%20study%202021&amp;journal=Lancet%20Infect.%20Dis.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2824%2900176-2&amp;volume=24&amp;pages=974-1002&amp;publication_year=2024\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Boers, E. et al. Global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease through 2050. JAMA Netw. Open 6, e2346598 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2023.46598\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.46598\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38060225\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10704283\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%20burden%20of%20chronic%20obstructive%20pulmonary%20disease%20through%202050&amp;journal=JAMA%20Netw.%20Open&amp;doi=10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2023.46598&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Boers%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Gogali, A. et al. Artificial intelligence in asthma: current status, opportunities, and pitfalls. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract. 13, 2891\u20132901 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.044\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.044\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.044<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.044\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.044\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jaip.2025.05.044\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jaip.2025.05.044\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40473017\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Artificial%20intelligence%20in%20asthma%3A%20current%20status%2C%20opportunities%2C%20and%20pitfalls&amp;journal=J.%20Allergy%20Clin.%20Immunol.%20Pract.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jaip.2025.05.044&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=2891-2901&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Gogali%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Lee, J. H., Hong, H., Nam, G., Hwang, E. J. &amp; Park, C. M. Effect of human\u2013AI interaction on detection of malignant lung nodules on chest radiographs. Radiology 307, e222976 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1148\/radiol.222976\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1148\/radiol.222976\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1148%2Fradiol.222976\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1148\/radiol.222976\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37367443\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Effect%20of%20human%E2%80%93AI%20interaction%20on%20detection%20of%20malignant%20lung%20nodules%20on%20chest%20radiographs&amp;journal=Radiology&amp;doi=10.1148%2Fradiol.222976&amp;volume=307&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Lee%2CJH&amp;author=Hong%2CH&amp;author=Nam%2CG&amp;author=Hwang%2CEJ&amp;author=Park%2CCM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Goh, E. et al. GPT-4 assistance for improvement of physician performance on patient care tasks: a randomized controlled trial. Nat. Med. 31, 1233\u20131238 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41591-024-03456-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41591-024-03456-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41591-024-03456-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41591-024-03456-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXjtVKjtL8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39910272\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12380382\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=GPT-4%20assistance%20for%20improvement%20of%20physician%20performance%20on%20patient%20care%20tasks%3A%20a%20randomized%20controlled%20trial&amp;journal=Nat.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41591-024-03456-y&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=1233-1238&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Goh%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Goh, E. et al. Large language model influence on diagnostic reasoning: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw. Open 7, e2440969 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.40969\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.40969\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2024.40969\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.40969\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39466245\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11519755\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Large%20language%20model%20influence%20on%20diagnostic%20reasoning%3A%20a%20randomized%20clinical%20trial&amp;journal=JAMA%20Netw.%20Open&amp;doi=10.1001%2Fjamanetworkopen.2024.40969&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Goh%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Niraula, D. et al. Intricacies of human\u2013AI interaction in dynamic decision-making for precision oncology. Nat. Commun. 16, 1138 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-55259-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-55259-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-55259-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-55259-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXis1GjsLg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39881134\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11779952\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intricacies%20of%20human%E2%80%93AI%20interaction%20in%20dynamic%20decision-making%20for%20precision%20oncology&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-024-55259-x&amp;volume=16&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Niraula%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Karthika, M., Sreedharan, J. K., Shevade, M., Mathew, C. S. &amp; Ray, S. Artificial intelligence in respiratory care. Front. Digit. Health 6, 1502434 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1502434\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1502434\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffdgth.2024.1502434\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fdgth.2024.1502434\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39764208\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11700984\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Artificial%20intelligence%20in%20respiratory%20care&amp;journal=Front.%20Digit.%20Health&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffdgth.2024.1502434&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Karthika%2CM&amp;author=Sreedharan%2CJK&amp;author=Shevade%2CM&amp;author=Mathew%2CCS&amp;author=Ray%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Gomez, C., Yin, J., Huang, C.-M. &amp; Unberath, M. How large language model-powered conversational agents influence decision making in domestic medical triage contexts. Front. Comput. Sci. 6, 1427463 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1427463\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1427463\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffcomp.2024.1427463\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fcomp.2024.1427463\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20large%20language%20model-powered%20conversational%20agents%20influence%20decision%20making%20in%20domestic%20medical%20triage%20contexts&amp;journal=Front.%20Comput.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffcomp.2024.1427463&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Gomez%2CC&amp;author=Yin%2CJ&amp;author=Huang%2CC-M&amp;author=Unberath%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Walstra, A. N. H. et al. Feasibility of AI as first reader in the 4-IN-THE-LUNG-RUN lung cancer screening trial: impact on negative-misclassifications and clinical referral rate. Eur. J. Cancer 216, 115214 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.115214\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.115214\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ejca.2024.115214\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ejca.2024.115214\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXmvF2isw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39754864\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Feasibility%20of%20AI%20as%20first%20reader%20in%20the%204-IN-THE-LUNG-RUN%20lung%20cancer%20screening%20trial%3A%20impact%20on%20negative-misclassifications%20and%20clinical%20referral%20rate&amp;journal=Eur.%20J.%20Cancer&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ejca.2024.115214&amp;volume=216&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Walstra%2CANH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Ibrahim, M. et al. Generative AI for synthetic data across multiple medical modalities: a systematic review of recent developments and challenges. Comput. Biol. Med. 189, 109834 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.109834\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.109834\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.compbiomed.2025.109834\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.109834\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40023073\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Generative%20AI%20for%20synthetic%20data%20across%20multiple%20medical%20modalities%3A%20a%20systematic%20review%20of%20recent%20developments%20and%20challenges&amp;journal=Comput.%20Biol.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.compbiomed.2025.109834&amp;volume=189&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Ibrahim%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Papachristou, P. et al. Evaluation of an artificial intelligence-based decision support for the detection of cutaneous melanoma in primary care: a prospective real-life clinical trial. Br. J. Dermatol. 191, 125\u2013133 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae021\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae021\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fbjd%2Fljae021\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/bjd\/ljae021\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38234043\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evaluation%20of%20an%20artificial%20intelligence-based%20decision%20support%20for%20the%20detection%20of%20cutaneous%20melanoma%20in%20primary%20care%3A%20a%20prospective%20real-life%20clinical%20trial&amp;journal=Br.%20J.%20Dermatol.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fbjd%2Fljae021&amp;volume=191&amp;pages=125-133&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Papachristou%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Kopka, M., Wang, S. M., Kunz, S., Schmid, C. &amp; Feufel, M. A. Technology-supported self-triage decision making. Npj Health Syst. 2, 3 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s44401-024-00008-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s44401-024-00008-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs44401-024-00008-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s44401-024-00008-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=42527456\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC13354180\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Technology-supported%20self-triage%20decision%20making&amp;journal=Npj%20Health%20Syst.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs44401-024-00008-x&amp;volume=2&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Kopka%2CM&amp;author=Wang%2CSM&amp;author=Kunz%2CS&amp;author=Schmid%2CC&amp;author=Feufel%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Vrdoljak, J. et al. Evaluating large language and large reasoning models as decision support tools in emergency internal medicine. Comput. Biol. Med. 192, 110351 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110351\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110351\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.compbiomed.2025.110351\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2025.110351\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40359675\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evaluating%20large%20language%20and%20large%20reasoning%20models%20as%20decision%20support%20tools%20in%20emergency%20internal%20medicine&amp;journal=Comput.%20Biol.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.compbiomed.2025.110351&amp;volume=192&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Vrdoljak%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Hager, P. et al. Evaluation and mitigation of the limitations of large language models in clinical decision-making. Nat. Med. 30, 2613\u20132622 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41591-024-03097-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41591-024-03097-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41591-024-03097-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41591-024-03097-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhsV2ntLvM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38965432\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11405275\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evaluation%20and%20mitigation%20of%20the%20limitations%20of%20large%20language%20models%20in%20clinical%20decision-making&amp;journal=Nat.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41591-024-03097-1&amp;volume=30&amp;pages=2613-2622&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Hager%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Takita, H. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic performance comparison between generative AI and physicians. NPJ Digit. Med. 8, 175 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-01543-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-01543-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41746-025-01543-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41746-025-01543-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40121370\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11929846\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20of%20diagnostic%20performance%20comparison%20between%20generative%20AI%20and%20physicians&amp;journal=NPJ%20Digit.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41746-025-01543-z&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Takita%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Sankari, A. &amp; Gupta, N. Acute pneumothorax evaluation and treatment. StatPearls <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538316\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538316\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK538316\/<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Cestonaro, C., Delicati, A., Marcante, B., Caenazzo, L. &amp; Tozzo, P. Defining medical liability when artificial intelligence is applied on diagnostic algorithms: a systematic review. Front. Med. (Lausanne) 10, 1305756 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1305756\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1305756\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffmed.2023.1305756\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1305756\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38089864\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10711067\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Defining%20medical%20liability%20when%20artificial%20intelligence%20is%20applied%20on%20diagnostic%20algorithms%3A%20a%20systematic%20review&amp;journal=Front.%20Med.%20%28Lausanne%29&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffmed.2023.1305756&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Cestonaro%2CC&amp;author=Delicati%2CA&amp;author=Marcante%2CB&amp;author=Caenazzo%2CL&amp;author=Tozzo%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Ong, J. C. L. et al. Ethical and regulatory challenges of large language models in medicine. Lancet Digit. Health 6, e428\u2013e432 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00061-X\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00061-X\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2824%2900061-X\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00061-X\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXovF2msb4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38658283\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ethical%20and%20regulatory%20challenges%20of%20large%20language%20models%20in%20medicine&amp;journal=Lancet%20Digit.%20Health&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2824%2900061-X&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=e428-e432&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ong%2CJCL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Xu, H. &amp; Shuttleworth, K. M. J. Medical artificial intelligence and the black box problem: a view based on the ethical principle of \u2018do no harm\u2019. Intell. Med. 4, 52\u201357 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.imed.2023.08.001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.imed.2023.08.001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.imed.2023.08.001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.imed.2023.08.001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Medical%20artificial%20intelligence%20and%20the%20black%20box%20problem%3A%20a%20view%20based%20on%20the%20ethical%20principle%20of%20%E2%80%98do%20no%20harm%E2%80%99&amp;journal=Intell.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.imed.2023.08.001&amp;volume=4&amp;pages=52-57&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Xu%2CH&amp;author=Shuttleworth%2CKMJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Salinas, M. P. et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of artificial intelligence versus clinicians for skin cancer diagnosis. NPJ Digit. Med. 7, 125 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41746-024-01103-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41746-024-01103-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41746-024-01103-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41746-024-01103-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38744955\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11094047\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis%20of%20artificial%20intelligence%20versus%20clinicians%20for%20skin%20cancer%20diagnosis&amp;journal=NPJ%20Digit.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41746-024-01103-x&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Salinas%2CMP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Tang, F., Yao, F. &amp; Zhou, M. Innovating diagnostic learning: how generative AI explanation styles influence cognitive load and confidence calibration in medical students. Comput. Educ. 249, 105619 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105619\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105619\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.compedu.2026.105619\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.compedu.2026.105619\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Innovating%20diagnostic%20learning%3A%20how%20generative%20AI%20explanation%20styles%20influence%20cognitive%20load%20and%20confidence%20calibration%20in%20medical%20students&amp;journal=Comput.%20Educ.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.compedu.2026.105619&amp;volume=249&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Tang%2CF&amp;author=Yao%2CF&amp;author=Zhou%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Li, B. et al. Cluster-randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an obesity prevention programme for Chinese primary school-aged children: the CHIRPY DRAGON study protocol. BMJ Open 7, e018415 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018415\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018415\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2017-018415\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018415\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29196485\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5719318\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cluster-randomised%20controlled%20trial%20to%20assess%20the%20effectiveness%20and%20cost-effectiveness%20of%20an%20obesity%20prevention%20programme%20for%20Chinese%20primary%20school-aged%20children%3A%20the%20CHIRPY%20DRAGON%20study%20protocol&amp;journal=BMJ%20Open&amp;doi=10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2017-018415&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Li%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">O\u2019Sullivan Greene, E. &amp; Shiely, F. Recording and reporting of recruitment strategies in trial protocols, registries, and publications was nonexistent. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 152, 248\u2013256 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.10.014\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.10.014\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jclinepi.2022.10.014\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2022.10.014\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36273772\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 26\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Recording%20and%20reporting%20of%20recruitment%20strategies%20in%20trial%20protocols%2C%20registries%2C%20and%20publications%20was%20nonexistent&amp;journal=J.%20Clin.%20Epidemiol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jclinepi.2022.10.014&amp;volume=152&amp;pages=248-256&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=O%E2%80%99Sullivan%20Greene%2CE&amp;author=Shiely%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Boutron, I. et al. CONSORT statement for randomized trials of nonpharmacologic treatments: a 2017 update and a CONSORT extension for nonpharmacologic trial abstracts. Ann. Intern. Med. 167, 40\u201347 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7326\/M17-0046\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7326\/M17-0046\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7326%2FM17-0046\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.7326\/M17-0046\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28630973\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=CONSORT%20statement%20for%20randomized%20trials%20of%20nonpharmacologic%20treatments%3A%20a%202017%20update%20and%20a%20CONSORT%20extension%20for%20nonpharmacologic%20trial%20abstracts&amp;journal=Ann.%20Intern.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.7326%2FM17-0046&amp;volume=167&amp;pages=40-47&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Boutron%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Liang, H. et al. LungDiag: empowering artificial intelligence for respiratory diseases diagnosis based on electronic health records, a multicenter study. MedComm 6, e70043 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/mco2.70043\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/mco2.70043\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fmco2.70043\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/mco2.70043\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39802635\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11725045\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=LungDiag%3A%20empowering%20artificial%20intelligence%20for%20respiratory%20diseases%20diagnosis%20based%20on%20electronic%20health%20records%2C%20a%20multicenter%20study&amp;journal=MedComm&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fmco2.70043&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Liang%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">Levine, D. M. et al. The diagnostic and triage accuracy of the GPT-3 artificial intelligence model: an observational study. Lancet Digit. Health 6, e555\u2013e561 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00097-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00097-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2824%2900097-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S2589-7500(24)00097-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhs1aitr3I\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39059888\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20diagnostic%20and%20triage%20accuracy%20of%20the%20GPT-3%20artificial%20intelligence%20model%3A%20an%20observational%20study&amp;journal=Lancet%20Digit.%20Health&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS2589-7500%2824%2900097-9&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=e555-e561&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Levine%2CDM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Hall, P., Johnstone, I. M., Ormerod, J. T., Wand, M. P. &amp; Yu, J. C. F. Fast and accurate binary response mixed model analysis via expectation propagation. J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 115, 1902\u20131916 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/01621459.2019.1665529\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/01621459.2019.1665529\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F01621459.2019.1665529\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/01621459.2019.1665529\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhvFymsb%2FI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35974897\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Fast%20and%20accurate%20binary%20response%20mixed%20model%20analysis%20via%20expectation%20propagation&amp;journal=J.%20Am.%20Stat.%20Assoc.&amp;doi=10.1080%2F01621459.2019.1665529&amp;volume=115&amp;pages=1902-1916&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Hall%2CP&amp;author=Johnstone%2CIM&amp;author=Ormerod%2CJT&amp;author=Wand%2CMP&amp;author=Yu%2CJCF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">asleepm. asleepm\/rct-analysis-code: respiratory RCT analysis code v2.2. Zenodo <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.21294848\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.5281\/zenodo.21294848\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.21294848<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"World Health Organization. Advancing COPD care in China through a comprehensive approach. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/feature-stories\/detail\/advancing-copd-care-in-china-through-a-comprehensive-approach (2023). Cao, Z. et al.&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":794409,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[3250,102,157624,81848,157623,2960,90812,3249,9625,261455,56,54,55],"class_list":["post-794408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-healthcare","tag-general","tag-health","tag-health-economics","tag-health-promotion-and-disease-prevention","tag-health-psychology","tag-healthcare","tag-maternal-and-child-health","tag-medicine-public-health","tag-outcomes-research","tag-respiratory-distress-syndrome","tag-uk","tag-united-kingdom","tag-unitedkingdom"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/794408","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=794408"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/794408\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/794409"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=794408"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=794408"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=794408"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}