{"id":802929,"date":"2026-10-15T02:08:33","date_gmt":"2026-10-15T02:08:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/802929\/"},"modified":"2026-10-15T02:08:33","modified_gmt":"2026-10-15T02:08:33","slug":"bacterial-strategies-for-surviving-antibiotics-during-urinary-tract-infection-could-uropathogenic-escherichia-coli-be-persisters","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/802929\/","title":{"rendered":"Bacterial strategies for surviving antibiotics during urinary tract infection: could uropathogenic Escherichia coli be persisters?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Ahmed, S. K. et al. Antimicrobial resistance: impacts, challenges, and future prospects. J. Med. Surg. Public Health 2, 100081 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.glmedi.2024.100081\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.glmedi.2024.100081\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antimicrobial%20resistance%3A%20impacts%2C%20challenges%2C%20and%20future%20prospects&amp;journal=J.%20Med.%20Surg.%20Public%20Health&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.glmedi.2024.100081&amp;volume=2&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ahmed%2CSK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Naghavi, M. et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990\u20132021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet 404, 1199\u20131226 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2824%2901867-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)01867-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhvF2mur3O\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%20burden%20of%20bacterial%20antimicrobial%20resistance%201990%E2%80%932021%3A%20a%20systematic%20analysis%20with%20forecasts%20to%202050&amp;journal=Lancet&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2824%2901867-1&amp;volume=404&amp;pages=1199-1226&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Naghavi%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Jonas, O. B., Irwin, A., Berthe, F. C. J., Le Gall, F. G. &amp; Marquez, P. V. Drug-resistant infections: a threat to our economic future. World Bank Report <a href=\"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/323311493396993758\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/323311493396993758\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/documents.worldbank.org\/en\/publication\/documents-reports\/documentdetail\/323311493396993758<\/a> (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Helaine, S., Conlon, B. P., Davis, K. M. &amp; Russell, D. G. Host stress drives tolerance and persistence: the bane of anti-microbial therapeutics. Cell Host Microbe 32, 852\u2013862 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.04.019\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.04.019\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2024.04.019\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.04.019\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhtlWjtL7P\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38870901\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11446042\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Host%20stress%20drives%20tolerance%20and%20persistence%3A%20the%20bane%20of%20anti-microbial%20therapeutics&amp;journal=Cell%20Host%20Microbe&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.chom.2024.04.019&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=852-862&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Helaine%2CS&amp;author=Conlon%2CBP&amp;author=Davis%2CKM&amp;author=Russell%2CDG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Cox, G. &amp; Wright, G. D. Intrinsic antibiotic resistance: mechanisms, origins, challenges and solutions. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 303, 287\u2013292 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.009\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.009\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ijmm.2013.02.009\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ijmm.2013.02.009\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXktlOitL4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23499305\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intrinsic%20antibiotic%20resistance%3A%20mechanisms%2C%20origins%2C%20challenges%20and%20solutions&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Med.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ijmm.2013.02.009&amp;volume=303&amp;pages=287-292&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Cox%2CG&amp;author=Wright%2CGD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Balaban, N. Q. et al. Definitions and guidelines for research on antibiotic persistence. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 441\u2013448 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41579-019-0196-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41579-019-0196-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41579-019-0196-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41579-019-0196-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXosF2rtbs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30980069\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7136161\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Definitions%20and%20guidelines%20for%20research%20on%20antibiotic%20persistence&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41579-019-0196-3&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=441-448&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Balaban%2CNQ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Darby, E. M. et al. Molecular mechanisms of antibiotic resistance revisited. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 21, 280\u2013295 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41579-022-00820-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41579-022-00820-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41579-022-00820-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41579-022-00820-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XivFalu7jJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36411397\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Molecular%20mechanisms%20of%20antibiotic%20resistance%20revisited&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41579-022-00820-y&amp;volume=21&amp;pages=280-295&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Darby%2CEM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Brauner, A., Fridman, O., Gefen, O. &amp; Balaban, N. Q. Distinguishing between resistance, tolerance and persistence to antibiotic treatment. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 14, 320\u2013330 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.34\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.34\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2016.34\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.34\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XmtVOrtbg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27080241\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Distinguishing%20between%20resistance%2C%20tolerance%20and%20persistence%20to%20antibiotic%20treatment&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2016.34&amp;volume=14&amp;pages=320-330&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Brauner%2CA&amp;author=Fridman%2CO&amp;author=Gefen%2CO&amp;author=Balaban%2CNQ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Ronneau, S., Hill, P. W. &amp; Helaine, S. Antibiotic persistence and tolerance: not just one and the same. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 64, 76\u201381 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.09.017\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.09.017\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.mib.2021.09.017\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.mib.2021.09.017\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xjs1ygsrw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34634678\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 9\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic%20persistence%20and%20tolerance%3A%20not%20just%20one%20and%20the%20same&amp;journal=Curr.%20Opin.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.mib.2021.09.017&amp;volume=64&amp;pages=76-81&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Ronneau%2CS&amp;author=Hill%2CPW&amp;author=Helaine%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Araten, A. H. et al. Cephalosporin resistance, tolerance, and approaches to improve their activities. J. Antibiot. 77, 135\u2013146 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41429-023-00687-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41429-023-00687-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41429-023-00687-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41429-023-00687-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXis1CnurzP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cephalosporin%20resistance%2C%20tolerance%2C%20and%20approaches%20to%20improve%20their%20activities&amp;journal=J.%20Antibiot.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41429-023-00687-y&amp;volume=77&amp;pages=135-146&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Araten%2CAH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Fang, X. &amp; Allison, K. R. Resuscitation dynamics reveal persister partitioning after antibiotic treatment. Mol. Syst. Biol. 19, e11320 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.15252\/msb.202211320\" data-track-item_id=\"10.15252\/msb.202211320\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15252%2Fmsb.202211320\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.15252\/msb.202211320\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXkvVGntbY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36866643\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10090945\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Resuscitation%20dynamics%20reveal%20persister%20partitioning%20after%20antibiotic%20treatment&amp;journal=Mol.%20Syst.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.15252%2Fmsb.202211320&amp;volume=19&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Fang%2CX&amp;author=Allison%2CKR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Marques, C. N. H., Morozov, A., Planzos, P. &amp; Zelaya, H. M. The fatty acid signaling molecule cis-2-decenoic acid increases metabolic activity and reverts persister cells to an antimicrobial-susceptible state. Appl. Env. Microbiol. 80, 6976\u20136991 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AEM.01576-14\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AEM.01576-14\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAEM.01576-14\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AEM.01576-14\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20fatty%20acid%20signaling%20molecule%20cis-2-decenoic%20acid%20increases%20metabolic%20activity%20and%20reverts%20persister%20cells%20to%20an%20antimicrobial-susceptible%20state&amp;journal=Appl.%20Env.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAEM.01576-14&amp;volume=80&amp;pages=6976-6991&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Marques%2CCNH&amp;author=Morozov%2CA&amp;author=Planzos%2CP&amp;author=Zelaya%2CHM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Moyed, H. S. &amp; Bertrand, K. P. hipA, a newly recognized gene of Escherichia coli K-12 that affects frequency of persistence after inhibition of murein synthesis. J. Bacteriol. 155, 768\u2013775 (1983).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/jb.155.2.768-775.1983\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/jb.155.2.768-775.1983\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fjb.155.2.768-775.1983\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/jb.155.2.768-775.1983\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaL3sXltlKks7w%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=6348026\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC217749\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=hipA%2C%20a%20newly%20recognized%20gene%20of%20Escherichia%20coli%20K-12%20that%20affects%20frequency%20of%20persistence%20after%20inhibition%20of%20murein%20synthesis&amp;journal=J.%20Bacteriol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fjb.155.2.768-775.1983&amp;volume=155&amp;pages=768-775&amp;publication_year=1983&amp;author=Moyed%2CHS&amp;author=Bertrand%2CKP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Lacerda Mariano, L. &amp; Ingersoll, M. A. The immune response to infection in the bladder. Nat. Rev. Urol. 17, 439\u2013458 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41585-020-0350-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41585-020-0350-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41585-020-0350-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41585-020-0350-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32661333\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20immune%20response%20to%20infection%20in%20the%20bladder&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Urol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41585-020-0350-8&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=439-458&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Lacerda%20Mariano%2CL&amp;author=Ingersoll%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Kochanowski, K., Morinishi, L., Altschuler, S. J. &amp; Wu, L. F. Drug persistence \u2014 from antibiotics to cancer therapies. Curr. Opin. Syst. Biol. 10, 1\u20138 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.coisb.2018.03.003\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.coisb.2018.03.003\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.coisb.2018.03.003\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.coisb.2018.03.003\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30740553\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6366840\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Drug%20persistence%20%E2%80%94%20from%20antibiotics%20to%20cancer%20therapies&amp;journal=Curr.%20Opin.%20Syst.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.coisb.2018.03.003&amp;volume=10&amp;pages=1-8&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Kochanowski%2CK&amp;author=Morinishi%2CL&amp;author=Altschuler%2CSJ&amp;author=Wu%2CLF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Ma, M. &amp; Kim, M. High-resolution, high-throughput detection of hidden antibiotic resistance with the dilution-and-delay (DnD) susceptibility assay. Nat. Commun. 17, 3641 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-026-70174-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-026-70174-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-026-70174-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 16\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-026-70174-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB28XhtVWjtrfJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41794775\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC13096344\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 16\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 16\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=High-resolution%2C%20high-throughput%20detection%20of%20hidden%20antibiotic%20resistance%20with%20the%20dilution-and-delay%20%28DnD%29%20susceptibility%20assay&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-026-70174-z&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Ma%2CM&amp;author=Kim%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Olivares Pacheco, J. A. et al. The intrinsic resistome of bacterial pathogens. Front. Microbiol. 4, 103 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20intrinsic%20resistome%20of%20bacterial%20pathogens&amp;journal=Front.%20Microbiol.&amp;volume=4&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Olivares%20Pacheco%2CJA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Kade\u0159\u00e1bkov\u00e1, N., Mahmood, A. J. S. &amp; Mavridou, D. A. I. Antibiotic susceptibility testing using minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assays. npj Antimicrob. Resist. 2, 37 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s44259-024-00051-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s44259-024-00051-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs44259-024-00051-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s44259-024-00051-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39843555\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11721449\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic%20susceptibility%20testing%20using%20minimum%20inhibitory%20concentration%20%28MIC%29%20assays&amp;journal=npj%20Antimicrob.%20Resist.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs44259-024-00051-6&amp;volume=2&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Kade%C5%99%C3%A1bkov%C3%A1%2CN&amp;author=Mahmood%2CAJS&amp;author=Mavridou%2CDAI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Neuhaus, S. et al. Towards a harmonized terminology: a glossary for biocide susceptibility testing. Pathogens 11, 1455 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/pathogens11121455\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/pathogens11121455\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fpathogens11121455\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/pathogens11121455\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36558789\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9780826\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Towards%20a%20harmonized%20terminology%3A%20a%20glossary%20for%20biocide%20susceptibility%20testing&amp;journal=Pathogens&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fpathogens11121455&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Neuhaus%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Fern\u00e1ndez, L. &amp; Hancock, R. E. W. Adaptive and mutational resistance: role of porins and efflux pumps in drug resistance. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 25, 661\u2013681 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/CMR.00043-12\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/CMR.00043-12\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FCMR.00043-12\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/CMR.00043-12\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23034325\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3485749\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Adaptive%20and%20mutational%20resistance%3A%20role%20of%20porins%20and%20efflux%20pumps%20in%20drug%20resistance&amp;journal=Clin.%20Microbiol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FCMR.00043-12&amp;volume=25&amp;pages=661-681&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Fern%C3%A1ndez%2CL&amp;author=Hancock%2CREW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Niu, H., Gu, J. &amp; Zhang, Y. Bacterial persisters: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic development. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 9, 174 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41392-024-01866-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41392-024-01866-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41392-024-01866-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41392-024-01866-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39013893\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11252167\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bacterial%20persisters%3A%20molecular%20mechanisms%20and%20therapeutic%20development&amp;journal=Signal%20Transduct.%20Target.%20Ther.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41392-024-01866-5&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Niu%2CH&amp;author=Gu%2CJ&amp;author=Zhang%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Orman, M. A. &amp; Brynildsen, M. P. Dormancy is not necessary or sufficient for bacterial persistence. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 57, 3230\u20133239 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.00243-13\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.00243-13\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.00243-13\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.00243-13\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXhtVartrfJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23629720\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3697331\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dormancy%20is%20not%20necessary%20or%20sufficient%20for%20bacterial%20persistence&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.00243-13&amp;volume=57&amp;pages=3230-3239&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Orman%2CMA&amp;author=Brynildsen%2CMP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Hill, P. W. S. et al. The vulnerable versatility of Salmonella antibiotic persisters during infection. Cell Host Microbe 29, 1757\u20131773.e10 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.10.002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.10.002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2021.10.002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.10.002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXisVShtLjJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34731646\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20vulnerable%20versatility%20of%20Salmonella%20antibiotic%20persisters%20during%20infection&amp;journal=Cell%20Host%20Microbe&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.chom.2021.10.002&amp;volume=29&amp;pages=1757-1773.e10&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Hill%2CPWS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Mouton, J. W. et al. The role of pharmacokinetics\/pharmacodynamics in setting clinical MIC breakpoints: the EUCAST approach. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 18, E37\u2013E45 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03752.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03752.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1469-0691.2011.03752.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 24\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03752.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmvValtbo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22264314\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20role%20of%20pharmacokinetics%2Fpharmacodynamics%20in%20setting%20clinical%20MIC%20breakpoints%3A%20the%20EUCAST%20approach&amp;journal=Clin.%20Microbiol.%20Infect.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1469-0691.2011.03752.x&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=E37-E45&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Mouton%2CJW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">MacLean, R. C. &amp; San Millan, A. The evolution of antibiotic resistance. Science 365, 1082\u20131083 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aax3879\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aax3879\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aax3879\" aria-label=\"Article reference 25\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aax3879\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhslGktrzN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31515374\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 25\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 25\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20evolution%20of%20antibiotic%20resistance&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aax3879&amp;volume=365&amp;pages=1082-1083&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=MacLean%2CRC&amp;author=San%20Millan%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Kol\u00e1\u0159, M., Urb\u00e1nek, K. &amp; L\u00e1tal, T. Antibiotic selective pressure and development of bacterial resistance. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 17, 357\u2013363 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00317-X\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00317-X\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0924-8579%2801%2900317-X\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00317-X\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11337221\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 26\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic%20selective%20pressure%20and%20development%20of%20bacterial%20resistance&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Antimicrob.%20Agents&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0924-8579%2801%2900317-X&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=357-363&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Kol%C3%A1%C5%99%2CM&amp;author=Urb%C3%A1nek%2CK&amp;author=L%C3%A1tal%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Pandey, S. et al. Antibiotic resistance in livestock, environment and humans: One Health perspective. J. Anim. Sci. Technol. 66, 266\u2013278 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.5187\/jast.2023.e129\" data-track-item_id=\"10.5187\/jast.2023.e129\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5187%2Fjast.2023.e129\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.5187\/jast.2023.e129\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhslCmtbzE\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38628683\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11016740\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20livestock%2C%20environment%20and%20humans%3A%20One%20Health%20perspective&amp;journal=J.%20Anim.%20Sci.%20Technol.&amp;doi=10.5187%2Fjast.2023.e129&amp;volume=66&amp;pages=266-278&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Pandey%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Djordjevic, S. P. et al. Genomic surveillance for antimicrobial resistance \u2014 a One Health perspective. Nat. Rev. Genet. 25, 142\u2013157 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41576-023-00649-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41576-023-00649-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41576-023-00649-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41576-023-00649-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhvFyqu7nO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37749210\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genomic%20surveillance%20for%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20%E2%80%94%20a%20One%20Health%20perspective&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41576-023-00649-y&amp;volume=25&amp;pages=142-157&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Djordjevic%2CSP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">von Wintersdorff, C. J. H. et al. Dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in microbial ecosystems through horizontal gene transfer. Front. Microbiol. 7, 173 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dissemination%20of%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20in%20microbial%20ecosystems%20through%20horizontal%20gene%20transfer&amp;journal=Front.%20Microbiol.&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Wintersdorff%2CCJH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Li, D. et al. Dominance of Escherichia coli sequence types ST73, ST95, ST127 and ST131 in Australian urine isolates: a genomic analysis of antimicrobial resistance and virulence linked to F plasmids. Microb. Genom. 9, 001068 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dominance%20of%20Escherichia%20coli%20sequence%20types%20ST73%2C%20ST95%2C%20ST127%20and%20ST131%20in%20Australian%20urine%20isolates%3A%20a%20genomic%20analysis%20of%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20and%20virulence%20linked%20to%20F%20plasmids&amp;journal=Microb.%20Genom.&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Li%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Hossain, M. et al. Genotype\u2013phenotype correlation of \u03b2-lactamase-producing uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) strains from Bangladesh. Sci. Rep. 10, 14549 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-020-71213-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-020-71213-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-71213-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-020-71213-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsl2itr7F\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32883963\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7471317\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genotype%E2%80%93phenotype%20correlation%20of%20%CE%B2-lactamase-producing%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20%28UPEC%29%20strains%20from%20Bangladesh&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-020-71213-5&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Hossain%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Li, D. et al. Genomic comparisons of Escherichia coli ST131 from Australia. Microb. Genom. 7, 000721 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XisVSlu7c%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34910614\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8767332\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genomic%20comparisons%20of%20Escherichia%20coli%20ST131%20from%20Australia&amp;journal=Microb.%20Genom.&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Li%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Hussain, A. et al. Multiresistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli from a region in India where urinary tract infections are endemic: genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of sequence type 131 isolates of the CTX-M-15 extended-spectrum-\u03b2-lactamase-producing lineage. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 56, 6358\u20136365 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.01099-12\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.01099-12\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.01099-12\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.01099-12\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhslKls7%2FL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23045357\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3497203\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Multiresistant%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20from%20a%20region%20in%20India%20where%20urinary%20tract%20infections%20are%20endemic%3A%20genotypic%20and%20phenotypic%20characteristics%20of%20sequence%20type%20131%20isolates%20of%20the%20CTX-M-15%20extended-spectrum-%CE%B2-lactamase-producing%20lineage&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.01099-12&amp;volume=56&amp;pages=6358-6365&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Hussain%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Li, D., Reid, C. J., Kudinha, T., Jarocki, V. M. &amp; Djordjevic, S. P. Genomic analysis of trimethoprim-resistant extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli and recurrent urinary tract infections. Microb. Genom. 6, e000475 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genomic%20analysis%20of%20trimethoprim-resistant%20extraintestinal%20pathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20and%20recurrent%20urinary%20tract%20infections&amp;journal=Microb.%20Genom.&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Li%2CD&amp;author=Reid%2CCJ&amp;author=Kudinha%2CT&amp;author=Jarocki%2CVM&amp;author=Djordjevic%2CSP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Poey, M. E., de los Santos, E., Aznarez, D., Garc\u00eda-Lavi\u00f1a, C. X. &amp; Lavi\u00f1a, M. Genetics of resistance to trimethoprim in cotrimoxazole resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli: integrons, transposons, and single gene cassettes. Front. Microbiol. 15, 1395953 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1395953\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1395953\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2024.1395953\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1395953\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXivFKgt7%2FE\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38946902\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11213556\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genetics%20of%20resistance%20to%20trimethoprim%20in%20cotrimoxazole%20resistant%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%3A%20integrons%2C%20transposons%2C%20and%20single%20gene%20cassettes&amp;journal=Front.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffmicb.2024.1395953&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Poey%2CME&amp;author=Santos%2CE&amp;author=Aznarez%2CD&amp;author=Garc%C3%ADa-Lavi%C3%B1a%2CCX&amp;author=Lavi%C3%B1a%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Blahna, M. T. et al. The role of horizontal gene transfer in the spread of trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Europe and Canada. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 57, 666\u2013672 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkl020\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkl020\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkl020\" aria-label=\"Article reference 36\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkl020\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28Xis1GltLY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16464890\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20role%20of%20horizontal%20gene%20transfer%20in%20the%20spread%20of%20trimethoprim%E2%80%93sulfamethoxazole%20resistance%20among%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20in%20Europe%20and%20Canada&amp;journal=J.%20Antimicrob.%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkl020&amp;volume=57&amp;pages=666-672&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Blahna%2CMT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Kneis, D. et al. Trimethoprim resistance in surface and wastewater is mediated by contrasting variants of the dfrB gene. ISME J. 17, 1455\u20131466 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41396-023-01460-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41396-023-01460-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41396-023-01460-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41396-023-01460-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhsVWlurvJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37369703\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10432401\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Trimethoprim%20resistance%20in%20surface%20and%20wastewater%20is%20mediated%20by%20contrasting%20variants%20of%20the%20dfrB%20gene&amp;journal=ISME%20J.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41396-023-01460-7&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=1455-1466&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Kneis%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Venkatesan, M. et al. Molecular mechanism of plasmid-borne resistance to sulfonamide antibiotics. Nat. Commun. 14, 4031 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-39778-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-39778-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-023-39778-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-023-39778-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhsVeisb3L\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37419898\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10328974\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Molecular%20mechanism%20of%20plasmid-borne%20resistance%20to%20sulfonamide%20antibiotics&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-023-39778-7&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Venkatesan%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Yu, K. et al. Global spread characteristics of CTX-M-type extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamases: a genomic epidemiology analysis. Drug Resist. Updates 73, 101036 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.drup.2023.101036\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.drup.2023.101036\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.drup.2023.101036\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.drup.2023.101036\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXmt1ansQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%20spread%20characteristics%20of%20CTX-M-type%20extended-spectrum%20%CE%B2-lactamases%3A%20a%20genomic%20epidemiology%20analysis&amp;journal=Drug%20Resist.%20Updates&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.drup.2023.101036&amp;volume=73&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Yu%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Tooke, C. L. et al. \u03b2-lactamases and \u03b2-lactamase inhibitors in the 21st century. J. Mol. Biol. 431, 3472\u20133500 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.04.002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.04.002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2019.04.002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jmb.2019.04.002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXnt1Cmur8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30959050\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6723624\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=%CE%B2-lactamases%20and%20%CE%B2-lactamase%20inhibitors%20in%20the%2021st%20century&amp;journal=J.%20Mol.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jmb.2019.04.002&amp;volume=431&amp;pages=3472-3500&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Tooke%2CCL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Yun, M.-K. et al. Catalysis and sulfa drug resistance in dihydropteroate synthase. Science 335, 1110\u20131114 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.1214641\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.1214641\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.1214641\" aria-label=\"Article reference 41\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.1214641\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XivVGhtrg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22383850\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3531234\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Catalysis%20and%20sulfa%20drug%20resistance%20in%20dihydropteroate%20synthase&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1214641&amp;volume=335&amp;pages=1110-1114&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Yun%2CM-K\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Krucinska, J. et al. Structure-guided functional studies of plasmid-encoded dihydrofolate reductases reveal a common mechanism of trimethoprim resistance in Gram-negative pathogens. Commun. Biol. 5, 459 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s42003-022-03384-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s42003-022-03384-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs42003-022-03384-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 42\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s42003-022-03384-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhvVGnsbrN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35562546\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9106665\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Structure-guided%20functional%20studies%20of%20plasmid-encoded%20dihydrofolate%20reductases%20reveal%20a%20common%20mechanism%20of%20trimethoprim%20resistance%20in%20Gram-negative%20pathogens&amp;journal=Commun.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs42003-022-03384-y&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Krucinska%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Li, Y., Green, K. D., Johnson, B. R. &amp; Garneau-Tsodikova, S. Inhibition of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase resistance enzymes by metal salts. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 59, 4148\u20134156 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.00885-15\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.00885-15\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.00885-15\" aria-label=\"Article reference 43\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.00885-15\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtFaqs73E\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25941215\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4468725\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Inhibition%20of%20aminoglycoside%20acetyltransferase%20resistance%20enzymes%20by%20metal%20salts&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.00885-15&amp;volume=59&amp;pages=4148-4156&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Li%2CY&amp;author=Green%2CKD&amp;author=Johnson%2CBR&amp;author=Garneau-Tsodikova%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Cowan, S. W. et al. Crystal structures explain functional properties of two E. coli porins. Nature 358, 727\u2013733 (1992).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/358727a0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/358727a0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F358727a0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/358727a0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK38XlsVGltbo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=1380671\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Crystal%20structures%20explain%20functional%20properties%20of%20two%20E.%20coli%20porins&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2F358727a0&amp;volume=358&amp;pages=727-733&amp;publication_year=1992&amp;author=Cowan%2CSW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Pag\u00e8s, J.-M., James, C. E. &amp; Winterhalter, M. The porin and the permeating antibiotic: a selective diffusion barrier in gram-negative bacteria. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 6, 893\u2013903 (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nrmicro1994\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nrmicro1994\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnrmicro1994\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nrmicro1994\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=18997824\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20porin%20and%20the%20permeating%20antibiotic%3A%20a%20selective%20diffusion%20barrier%20in%20gram-negative%20bacteria&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnrmicro1994&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=893-903&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;author=Pag%C3%A8s%2CJ-M&amp;author=James%2CCE&amp;author=Winterhalter%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Hern\u00e1ndez-All\u00e9s, S. et al. Porin expression in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Microbiology 145, 673\u2013679 (1999).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1099\/13500872-145-3-673\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1099\/13500872-145-3-673\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099%2F13500872-145-3-673\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1099\/13500872-145-3-673\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10217501\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Porin%20expression%20in%20clinical%20isolates%20of%20Klebsiella%20pneumoniae&amp;journal=Microbiology&amp;doi=10.1099%2F13500872-145-3-673&amp;volume=145&amp;pages=673-679&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;author=Hern%C3%A1ndez-All%C3%A9s%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Choi, U. &amp; Lee, C.-R. Distinct roles of outer membrane porins in antibiotic resistance and membrane integrity in Escherichia coli. Front. Microbiol. 10, 953 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00953\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00953\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2019.00953\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00953\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31114568\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6503746\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Distinct%20roles%20of%20outer%20membrane%20porins%20in%20antibiotic%20resistance%20and%20membrane%20integrity%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=Front.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffmicb.2019.00953&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Choi%2CU&amp;author=Lee%2CC-R\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Masi, M. et al. Cephalosporin translocation across enterobacterial OmpF and OmpC channels, a filter across the outer membrane. Commun. Biol. 5, 1059 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s42003-022-04035-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s42003-022-04035-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs42003-022-04035-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 48\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s42003-022-04035-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xis1Gms7nL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36198902\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9534850\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 48\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 48\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cephalosporin%20translocation%20across%20enterobacterial%20OmpF%20and%20OmpC%20channels%2C%20a%20filter%20across%20the%20outer%20membrane&amp;journal=Commun.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs42003-022-04035-y&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Masi%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Lou, H. et al. Altered antibiotic transport in OmpC mutants isolated from a series of clinical strains of multi-drug resistant E. coli. PLoS ONE 6, e25825 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025825\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025825\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0025825\" aria-label=\"Article reference 49\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0025825\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVyqu77K\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22053181\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3203869\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Altered%20antibiotic%20transport%20in%20OmpC%20mutants%20isolated%20from%20a%20series%20of%20clinical%20strains%20of%20multi-drug%20resistant%20E.%20coli&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0025825&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Lou%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Goessens, W. H. F. et al. Antibiotic trapping by plasmid-encoded CMY-2 \u03b2-lactamase combined with reduced outer membrane permeability as a mechanism of carbapenem resistance in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02459-12\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.02459-12\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02459-12<\/a> (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.02459-12\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/aac.02459-12\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Faac.02459-12\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/aac.02459-12\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23733461\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3719783\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic%20trapping%20by%20plasmid-encoded%20CMY-2%20%CE%B2-lactamase%20combined%20with%20reduced%20outer%20membrane%20permeability%20as%20a%20mechanism%20of%20carbapenem%20resistance%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Faac.02459-12&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Goessens%2CWHF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Kaczmarek, F. M., Dib-Hajj, F., Shang, W. &amp; Gootz, T. D. High-level carbapenem resistance in a Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate is due to the combination of blaACT-1 \u03b2-lactamase production, porin OmpK35\/36 insertional inactivation, and down-regulation of the phosphate transport porin PhoE. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 50, 3396\u20133406 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.00285-06\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.00285-06\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.00285-06\" aria-label=\"Article reference 51\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.00285-06\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVylsbnM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=17005822\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1610099\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 51\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 51\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=High-level%20carbapenem%20resistance%20in%20a%20Klebsiella%20pneumoniae%20clinical%20isolate%20is%20due%20to%20the%20combination%20of%20blaACT-1%20%CE%B2-lactamase%20production%2C%20porin%20OmpK35%2F36%20insertional%20inactivation%2C%20and%20down-regulation%20of%20the%20phosphate%20transport%20porin%20PhoE&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.00285-06&amp;volume=50&amp;pages=3396-3406&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Kaczmarek%2CFM&amp;author=Dib-Hajj%2CF&amp;author=Shang%2CW&amp;author=Gootz%2CTD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Teelucksingh, T., Thompson, L. K. &amp; Cox, G. The evolutionary conservation of Escherichia coli drug efflux pumps supports physiological functions. J. Bacteriol. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00367-20\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/jb.00367-20\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00367-20<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/jb.00367-20\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/jb.00367-20\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fjb.00367-20\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/jb.00367-20\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32839176\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7585057\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20evolutionary%20conservation%20of%20Escherichia%20coli%20drug%20efflux%20pumps%20supports%20physiological%20functions&amp;journal=J.%20Bacteriol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fjb.00367-20&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Teelucksingh%2CT&amp;author=Thompson%2CLK&amp;author=Cox%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">McMurry, L., Petrucci, R. E. &amp; Levy, S. B. Active efflux of tetracycline encoded by four genetically different tetracycline resistance determinants in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. 77, 3974\u20133977 (1980).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.77.7.3974\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.77.7.3974\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.77.7.3974\" aria-label=\"Article reference 53\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.77.7.3974\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaL3cXlsVKisrg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=7001450\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC349750\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Active%20efflux%20of%20tetracycline%20encoded%20by%20four%20genetically%20different%20tetracycline%20resistance%20determinants%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.77.7.3974&amp;volume=77&amp;pages=3974-3977&amp;publication_year=1980&amp;author=McMurry%2CL&amp;author=Petrucci%2CRE&amp;author=Levy%2CSB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Okusu, H., Ma, D. &amp; Nikaido, H. AcrAB efflux pump plays a major role in the antibiotic resistance phenotype of Escherichia coli multiple-antibiotic-resistance (Mar) mutants. J. Bacteriol. 178, 306\u2013308 (1996).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/jb.178.1.306-308.1996\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/jb.178.1.306-308.1996\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fjb.178.1.306-308.1996\" aria-label=\"Article reference 54\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/jb.178.1.306-308.1996\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK28XhvFOqsg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8550435\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC177656\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=AcrAB%20efflux%20pump%20plays%20a%20major%20role%20in%20the%20antibiotic%20resistance%20phenotype%20of%20Escherichia%20coli%20multiple-antibiotic-resistance%20%28Mar%29%20mutants&amp;journal=J.%20Bacteriol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fjb.178.1.306-308.1996&amp;volume=178&amp;pages=306-308&amp;publication_year=1996&amp;author=Okusu%2CH&amp;author=Ma%2CD&amp;author=Nikaido%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Li, X.-Z., Pl\u00e9siat, P. &amp; Nikaido, H. The challenge of efflux-mediated antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 28, 337\u2013418 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/CMR.00117-14\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/CMR.00117-14\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FCMR.00117-14\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/CMR.00117-14\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25788514\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4402952\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20challenge%20of%20efflux-mediated%20antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20gram-negative%20bacteria&amp;journal=Clin.%20Microbiol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FCMR.00117-14&amp;volume=28&amp;pages=337-418&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Li%2CX-Z&amp;author=Pl%C3%A9siat%2CP&amp;author=Nikaido%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Grimsey, E. M., Weston, N., Ricci, V., Stone, J. W. &amp; Piddock, L. J. V. Overexpression of RamA, which regulates production of the multidrug resistance efflux pump AcrAB-TolC, increases mutation rate and influences drug resistance phenotype. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02460-19\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.02460-19\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.02460-19<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.02460-19\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/aac.02460-19\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Faac.02460-19\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/aac.02460-19\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31988103\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7179326\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Overexpression%20of%20RamA%2C%20which%20regulates%20production%20of%20the%20multidrug%20resistance%20efflux%20pump%20AcrAB-TolC%2C%20increases%20mutation%20rate%20and%20influences%20drug%20resistance%20phenotype&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Faac.02460-19&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Grimsey%2CEM&amp;author=Weston%2CN&amp;author=Ricci%2CV&amp;author=Stone%2CJW&amp;author=Piddock%2CLJV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Padilla, E. et al. Klebsiella pneumoniae AcrAB efflux pump contributes to antimicrobial resistance and virulence. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54, 177\u2013183 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.00715-09\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.00715-09\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.00715-09\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.00715-09\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXht1Siu7s%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=19858254\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Klebsiella%20pneumoniae%20AcrAB%20efflux%20pump%20contributes%20to%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20and%20virulence&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.00715-09&amp;volume=54&amp;pages=177-183&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Padilla%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">Swick, M. C., Morgan-Linnell, S. K., Carlson, K. M. &amp; Zechiedrich, L. Expression of multidrug efflux pump genes acrAB-tolC, mdfA, and norE in Escherichia coli clinical isolates as a function of fluoroquinolone and multidrug resistance. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 55, 921\u2013924 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.00996-10\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.00996-10\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.00996-10\" aria-label=\"Article reference 58\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.00996-10\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXisVyjtbw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 58\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21098250\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 58\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 58\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Expression%20of%20multidrug%20efflux%20pump%20genes%20acrAB-tolC%2C%20mdfA%2C%20and%20norE%20in%20Escherichia%20coli%20clinical%20isolates%20as%20a%20function%20of%20fluoroquinolone%20and%20multidrug%20resistance&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.00996-10&amp;volume=55&amp;pages=921-924&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Swick%2CMC&amp;author=Morgan-Linnell%2CSK&amp;author=Carlson%2CKM&amp;author=Zechiedrich%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Keeney, D., Ruzin, A., McAleese, F., Murphy, E. &amp; Bradford, P. A. MarA-mediated overexpression of the AcrAB efflux pump results in decreased susceptibility to tigecycline in Escherichia coli. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 61, 46\u201353 (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkm397\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkm397\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm397\" aria-label=\"Article reference 59\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkm397\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1cXhtFWgtA%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=17967850\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 59\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=MarA-mediated%20overexpression%20of%20the%20AcrAB%20efflux%20pump%20results%20in%20decreased%20susceptibility%20to%20tigecycline%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=J.%20Antimicrob.%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm397&amp;volume=61&amp;pages=46-53&amp;publication_year=2008&amp;author=Keeney%2CD&amp;author=Ruzin%2CA&amp;author=McAleese%2CF&amp;author=Murphy%2CE&amp;author=Bradford%2CPA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">He, F. et al. Tigecycline susceptibility and the role of efflux pumps in tigecycline resistance in KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. PLoS ONE 10, e0119064 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119064\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119064\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119064\" aria-label=\"Article reference 60\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119064\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25734903\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 60\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 60\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Tigecycline%20susceptibility%20and%20the%20role%20of%20efflux%20pumps%20in%20tigecycline%20resistance%20in%20KPC-producing%20Klebsiella%20pneumoniae&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0119064&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=He%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Baucheron, S., Imberechts, H., Chaslus-Dancla, E. &amp; Cloeckaert, A. The AcrB multidrug transporter plays a major role in high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar typhimurium phage type DT204. Microb. Drug Resist. 8, 281\u2013289 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1089\/10766290260469543\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1089\/10766290260469543\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089%2F10766290260469543\" aria-label=\"Article reference 61\" data-doi=\"10.1089\/10766290260469543\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXhtValt74%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12523625\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20AcrB%20multidrug%20transporter%20plays%20a%20major%20role%20in%20high-level%20fluoroquinolone%20resistance%20in%20Salmonella%20enterica%20Serovar%20typhimurium%20phage%20type%20DT204&amp;journal=Microb.%20Drug%20Resist.&amp;doi=10.1089%2F10766290260469543&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=281-289&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Baucheron%2CS&amp;author=Imberechts%2CH&amp;author=Chaslus-Dancla%2CE&amp;author=Cloeckaert%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Andersson, D. I., Nicoloff, H. &amp; Hjort, K. Mechanisms and clinical relevance of bacterial heteroresistance. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17, 479\u2013496 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41579-019-0218-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41579-019-0218-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41579-019-0218-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 62\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41579-019-0218-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXht1ersr%2FM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31235888\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mechanisms%20and%20clinical%20relevance%20of%20bacterial%20heteroresistance&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41579-019-0218-1&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=479-496&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Andersson%2CDI&amp;author=Nicoloff%2CH&amp;author=Hjort%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Pereira, C., Larsson, J., Hjort, K., Elf, J. &amp; Andersson, D. I. The highly dynamic nature of bacterial heteroresistance impairs its clinical detection. Commun. Biol. 4, 521 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s42003-021-02052-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s42003-021-02052-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs42003-021-02052-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 63\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s42003-021-02052-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtlegs7zJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33953333\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8099907\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20highly%20dynamic%20nature%20of%20bacterial%20heteroresistance%20impairs%20its%20clinical%20detection&amp;journal=Commun.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs42003-021-02052-x&amp;volume=4&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Pereira%2CC&amp;author=Larsson%2CJ&amp;author=Hjort%2CK&amp;author=Elf%2CJ&amp;author=Andersson%2CDI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Nicoloff, H., Hjort, K., Levin, B. R. &amp; Andersson, D. I. The high prevalence of antibiotic heteroresistance in pathogenic bacteria is mainly caused by gene amplification. Nat. Microbiol. 4, 504\u2013514 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41564-018-0342-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41564-018-0342-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41564-018-0342-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 64\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41564-018-0342-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXmsVymt7c%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30742072\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 64\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20high%20prevalence%20of%20antibiotic%20heteroresistance%20in%20pathogenic%20bacteria%20is%20mainly%20caused%20by%20gene%20amplification&amp;journal=Nat.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41564-018-0342-0&amp;volume=4&amp;pages=504-514&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Nicoloff%2CH&amp;author=Hjort%2CK&amp;author=Levin%2CBR&amp;author=Andersson%2CDI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">Band, V. I. et al. Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae exhibiting clinically undetected colistin heteroresistance leads to treatment failure in a murine model of infection. mBio 9, e02448-17 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02448-17\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/mbio.02448-17\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02448-17<\/a> (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/mbio.02448-17\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/mbio.02448-17\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fmbio.02448-17\" aria-label=\"Article reference 65\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/mbio.02448-17\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhs1Cktb0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29511071\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5844991\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 65\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Carbapenem-resistant%20Klebsiella%20pneumoniae%20exhibiting%20clinically%20undetected%20colistin%20heteroresistance%20leads%20to%20treatment%20failure%20in%20a%20murine%20model%20of%20infection&amp;journal=mBio&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fmbio.02448-17&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Band%2CVI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Kon, H. et al. Prevalence and clinical consequences of colistin heteroresistance and evolution into full resistance in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Microbiol. Spectr. 11, e05093-22 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/spectrum.05093-22\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/spectrum.05093-22\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fspectrum.05093-22\" aria-label=\"Article reference 66\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/spectrum.05093-22\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37219426\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 66\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10269815\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 66\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 66\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20and%20clinical%20consequences%20of%20colistin%20heteroresistance%20and%20evolution%20into%20full%20resistance%20in%20carbapenem-resistant%20Acinetobacter%20baumannii&amp;journal=Microbiol.%20Spectr.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fspectrum.05093-22&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Kon%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Heyman, G. et al. Prevalence, misclassification, and clinical consequences of the heteroresistant phenotype in Escherichia coli bloodstream infections in patients in Uppsala, Sweden: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet Microbe 6, 101010 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101010\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101010\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.lanmic.2024.101010\" aria-label=\"Article reference 67\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.101010\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39827894\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12004506\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 67\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%2C%20misclassification%2C%20and%20clinical%20consequences%20of%20the%20heteroresistant%20phenotype%20in%20Escherichia%20coli%20bloodstream%20infections%20in%20patients%20in%20Uppsala%2C%20Sweden%3A%20a%20retrospective%20cohort%20study&amp;journal=Lancet%20Microbe&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.lanmic.2024.101010&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Heyman%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Claeys, K. C. et al. Pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: does vancomycin heteroresistance matter? Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60, 1708\u20131716 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.02388-15\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.02388-15\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.02388-15\" aria-label=\"Article reference 68\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.02388-15\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtV2mtL3F\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26729497\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4775950\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 68\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Pneumonia%20caused%20by%20methicillin-resistant%20Staphylococcus%20aureus%3A%20does%20vancomycin%20heteroresistance%20matter%3F&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.02388-15&amp;volume=60&amp;pages=1708-1716&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Claeys%2CKC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Tan, K. et al. Prevalence of the carbapenem-heteroresistant phenotype among ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 75, 1506\u20131512 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsFSrsLjO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32181802\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 69\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20of%20the%20carbapenem-heteroresistant%20phenotype%20among%20ESBL-producing%20Escherichia%20coli%20and%20Klebsiella%20pneumoniae%20clinical%20isolates&amp;journal=J.%20Antimicrob.%20Chemother.&amp;volume=75&amp;pages=1506-1512&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Tan%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">Dao, T. H. et al. Vancomycin heteroresistance and clinical outcomes in bloodstream infections caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 64, e00944-20 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00944-20\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.00944-20\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.00944-20<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.00944-20\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/aac.00944-20\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Faac.00944-20\" aria-label=\"Article reference 70\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/aac.00944-20\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXisF2ntLfK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32816729\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7577166\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 70\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Vancomycin%20heteroresistance%20and%20clinical%20outcomes%20in%20bloodstream%20infections%20caused%20by%20coagulase-negative%20Staphylococci&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Faac.00944-20&amp;volume=64&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Dao%2CTH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">Tomasz, A., Albino, A. &amp; Zanati, E. Multiple antibiotic resistance in a bacterium with suppressed autolytic system. Nature 227, 138\u2013140 (1970).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/227138a0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/227138a0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F227138a0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 71\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/227138a0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaE3cXks1emtLs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=4393335\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 71\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Multiple%20antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20a%20bacterium%20with%20suppressed%20autolytic%20system&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2F227138a0&amp;volume=227&amp;pages=138-140&amp;publication_year=1970&amp;author=Tomasz%2CA&amp;author=Albino%2CA&amp;author=Zanati%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR72\">Forsberg, C. &amp; Rogers, H. J. Autolytic enzymes in growth of bacteria. Nature 229, 272\u2013273 (1971).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/229272a0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/229272a0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F229272a0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 72\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/229272a0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaE3MXntlWntQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 72\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=4927203\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 72\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 72\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Autolytic%20enzymes%20in%20growth%20of%20bacteria&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2F229272a0&amp;volume=229&amp;pages=272-273&amp;publication_year=1971&amp;author=Forsberg%2CC&amp;author=Rogers%2CHJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR73\">Michaux, C., Ronneau, S., Giorgio, R. T. &amp; Helaine, S. Antibiotic tolerance and persistence have distinct fitness trade-offs. PLoS Pathog. 18, e1010963 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010963\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010963\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1010963\" aria-label=\"Article reference 73\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010963\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XjtVahsLjK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 73\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36374854\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 73\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9704765\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 73\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 73\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic%20tolerance%20and%20persistence%20have%20distinct%20fitness%20trade-offs&amp;journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1010963&amp;volume=18&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Michaux%2CC&amp;author=Ronneau%2CS&amp;author=Giorgio%2CRT&amp;author=Helaine%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR74\">Fisher, R. A., Gollan, B. &amp; Helaine, S. Persistent bacterial infections and persister cells. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 15, 453\u2013464 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.42\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.42\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2017.42\" aria-label=\"Article reference 74\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.42\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXotVKnsLk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 74\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28529326\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 74\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 74\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Persistent%20bacterial%20infections%20and%20persister%20cells&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnrmicro.2017.42&amp;volume=15&amp;pages=453-464&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Fisher%2CRA&amp;author=Gollan%2CB&amp;author=Helaine%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR75\">Wiuff, C. &amp; Andersson, D. I. Antibiotic treatment in vitro of phenotypically tolerant bacterial populations. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 59, 254\u2013263 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkl469\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkl469\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkl469\" aria-label=\"Article reference 75\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkl469\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2sXjt1Chtbg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=17105735\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 75\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic%20treatment%20in%20vitro%20of%20phenotypically%20tolerant%20bacterial%20populations&amp;journal=J.%20Antimicrob.%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkl469&amp;volume=59&amp;pages=254-263&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Wiuff%2CC&amp;author=Andersson%2CDI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR76\">Dengler Haunreiter, V. et al. In-host evolution of Staphylococcus epidermidis in a pacemaker-associated endocarditis resulting in increased antibiotic tolerance. Nat. Commun. 10, 1149 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-09053-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-09053-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-09053-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 76\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-09053-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30850614\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6408453\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 76\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=In-host%20evolution%20of%20Staphylococcus%20epidermidis%20in%20a%20pacemaker-associated%20endocarditis%20resulting%20in%20increased%20antibiotic%20tolerance&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-019-09053-9&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Dengler%20Haunreiter%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR77\">Pontes, M. H. &amp; Groisman, E. A. Slow growth determines nonheritable antibiotic resistance in Salmonella enterica. Sci. Signal. 12, eaax3938 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/scisignal.aax3938\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/scisignal.aax3938\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscisignal.aax3938\" aria-label=\"Article reference 77\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/scisignal.aax3938\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31363068\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7206539\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 77\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Slow%20growth%20determines%20nonheritable%20antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20Salmonella%20enterica&amp;journal=Sci.%20Signal.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscisignal.aax3938&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Pontes%2CMH&amp;author=Groisman%2CEA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR78\">Fridman, O., Goldberg, A., Ronin, I., Shoresh, N. &amp; Balaban, N. Q. Optimization of lag time underlies antibiotic tolerance in evolved bacterial populations. Nature 513, 418\u2013421 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature13469\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature13469\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature13469\" aria-label=\"Article reference 78\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature13469\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhsFOlu7jJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 78\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25043002\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 78\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 78\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Optimization%20of%20lag%20time%20underlies%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20in%20evolved%20bacterial%20populations&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature13469&amp;volume=513&amp;pages=418-421&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Fridman%2CO&amp;author=Goldberg%2CA&amp;author=Ronin%2CI&amp;author=Shoresh%2CN&amp;author=Balaban%2CNQ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR79\">Pu, Y. et al. Enhanced efflux activity facilitates drug tolerance in dormant bacterial cells. Mol. Cell 62, 284\u2013294 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.03.035\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.03.035\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2016.03.035\" aria-label=\"Article reference 79\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.03.035\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XmslShurY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27105118\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4850422\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 79\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Enhanced%20efflux%20activity%20facilitates%20drug%20tolerance%20in%20dormant%20bacterial%20cells&amp;journal=Mol.%20Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2016.03.035&amp;volume=62&amp;pages=284-294&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Pu%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR80\">Fanous, J. et al. Limited impact of Salmonella stress and persisters on antibiotic clearance. Nature 639, 181\u2013189 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08506-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08506-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08506-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 80\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08506-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXjtVKjtL0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39910302\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11882453\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 80\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Limited%20impact%20of%20Salmonella%20stress%20and%20persisters%20on%20antibiotic%20clearance&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08506-6&amp;volume=639&amp;pages=181-189&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Fanous%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR81\">Beam, J. E. et al. Inflammasome-mediated glucose limitation induces antibiotic tolerance in Staphylococcus aureus. iScience 26, 107942 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107942\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107942\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.isci.2023.107942\" aria-label=\"Article reference 81\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.107942\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXitVartLvF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 81\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37790275\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 81\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10543182\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 81\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 81\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Inflammasome-mediated%20glucose%20limitation%20induces%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20in%20Staphylococcus%20aureus&amp;journal=iScience&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.isci.2023.107942&amp;volume=26&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Beam%2CJE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR82\">Rowe, S. E. et al. Reactive oxygen species induce antibiotic tolerance during systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection. Nat. Microbiol. 5, 282\u2013290 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41564-019-0627-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41564-019-0627-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41564-019-0627-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 82\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41564-019-0627-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXitlCht77F\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 82\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31819212\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 82\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 82\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Reactive%20oxygen%20species%20induce%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20during%20systemic%20Staphylococcus%20aureus%20infection&amp;journal=Nat.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41564-019-0627-y&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=282-290&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Rowe%2CSE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR83\">Beam, J. E. et al. Macrophage-produced peroxynitrite induces antibiotic tolerance and supersedes intrinsic mechanisms of persister formation. Infect. Immun. 89, e0028621 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/IAI.00286-21\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/IAI.00286-21\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FIAI.00286-21\" aria-label=\"Article reference 83\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/IAI.00286-21\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34097475\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 83\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8445188\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 83\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 83\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Macrophage-produced%20peroxynitrite%20induces%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20and%20supersedes%20intrinsic%20mechanisms%20of%20persister%20formation&amp;journal=Infect.%20Immun.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FIAI.00286-21&amp;volume=89&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Beam%2CJE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR84\">Acocella, G., Carlone, N. A., Cuffini, A. M. &amp; Cavallo, G. The penetration of rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and pyrazinoic acid into mouse macrophages. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 132, 1268\u20131273 (1985).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaL28XmtFCmug%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 84\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=4073666\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 84\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 84\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20penetration%20of%20rifampicin%2C%20pyrazinamide%2C%20and%20pyrazinoic%20acid%20into%20mouse%20macrophages&amp;journal=Am.%20Rev.%20Respir.%20Dis.&amp;volume=132&amp;pages=1268-1273&amp;publication_year=1985&amp;author=Acocella%2CG&amp;author=Carlone%2CNA&amp;author=Cuffini%2CAM&amp;author=Cavallo%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR85\">Helaine, S. et al. Internalization of Salmonella by macrophages induces formation of nonreplicating persisters. Science 343, 204\u2013208 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.1244705\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.1244705\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.1244705\" aria-label=\"Article reference 85\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.1244705\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXktVyrsw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 85\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24408438\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 85\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6485627\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 85\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 85\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Internalization%20of%20Salmonella%20by%20macrophages%20induces%20formation%20of%20nonreplicating%20persisters&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1244705&amp;volume=343&amp;pages=204-208&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Helaine%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR86\">Liu, Y. et al. Immune activation of the host cell induces drug tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis both in vitro and in vivo. J. Exp. Med. 213, 809\u2013825 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1084\/jem.20151248\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1084\/jem.20151248\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1084%2Fjem.20151248\" aria-label=\"Article reference 86\" data-doi=\"10.1084\/jem.20151248\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhslKrtrnM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27114608\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4854729\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 86\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Immune%20activation%20of%20the%20host%20cell%20induces%20drug%20tolerance%20in%20Mycobacterium%20tuberculosis%20both%20in%20vitro%20and%20in%20vivo&amp;journal=J.%20Exp.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1084%2Fjem.20151248&amp;volume=213&amp;pages=809-825&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Liu%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR87\">Baek, S.-H., Li, A. H. &amp; Sassetti, C. M. Metabolic regulation of mycobacterial growth and antibiotic sensitivity. PLoS Biol. 9, e1001065 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001065\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001065\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001065\" aria-label=\"Article reference 87\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1001065\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXmsl2lsbc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 87\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21629732\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 87\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3101192\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 87\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 87\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Metabolic%20regulation%20of%20mycobacterial%20growth%20and%20antibiotic%20sensitivity&amp;journal=PLoS%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001065&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Baek%2CS-H&amp;author=Li%2CAH&amp;author=Sassetti%2CCM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR88\">Levin-Reisman, I. et al. Antibiotic tolerance facilitates the evolution of resistance. Science 355, 826\u2013830 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aaj2191\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aaj2191\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aaj2191\" aria-label=\"Article reference 88\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aaj2191\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXjtVaisbs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 88\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28183996\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 88\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 88\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic%20tolerance%20facilitates%20the%20evolution%20of%20resistance&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aaj2191&amp;volume=355&amp;pages=826-830&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Levin-Reisman%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR89\">Liu, J., Gefen, O., Ronin, I., Bar-Meir, M. &amp; Balaban, N. Q. Effect of tolerance on the evolution of antibiotic resistance under drug combinations. Science 367, 200\u2013204 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aay3041\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aay3041\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aay3041\" aria-label=\"Article reference 89\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aay3041\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXmvFejsg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 89\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31919223\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 89\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 89\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Effect%20of%20tolerance%20on%20the%20evolution%20of%20antibiotic%20resistance%20under%20drug%20combinations&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aay3041&amp;volume=367&amp;pages=200-204&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Liu%2CJ&amp;author=Gefen%2CO&amp;author=Ronin%2CI&amp;author=Bar-Meir%2CM&amp;author=Balaban%2CNQ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR90\">Hobby, G. L., Meyer, K. &amp; Chaffee, E. Observations on the mechanism of action of penicillin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 50, 281\u2013285 (1942).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3181\/00379727-50-13773\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3181\/00379727-50-13773\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3181%2F00379727-50-13773\" aria-label=\"Article reference 90\" data-doi=\"10.3181\/00379727-50-13773\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaH38XjtlehsA%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 90\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 90\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Observations%20on%20the%20mechanism%20of%20action%20of%20penicillin&amp;journal=Proc.%20Soc.%20Exp.%20Biol.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.3181%2F00379727-50-13773&amp;volume=50&amp;pages=281-285&amp;publication_year=1942&amp;author=Hobby%2CGL&amp;author=Meyer%2CK&amp;author=Chaffee%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR91\">Balaban, N. Q., Merrin, J., Chait, R., Kowalik, L. &amp; Leibler, S. Bacterial persistence as a phenotypic switch. Science 305, 1622\u20131625 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.1099390\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.1099390\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.1099390\" aria-label=\"Article reference 91\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.1099390\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXntlGrsro%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 91\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15308767\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 91\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 91\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bacterial%20persistence%20as%20a%20phenotypic%20switch&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1099390&amp;volume=305&amp;pages=1622-1625&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Balaban%2CNQ&amp;author=Merrin%2CJ&amp;author=Chait%2CR&amp;author=Kowalik%2CL&amp;author=Leibler%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR92\">Claudi, B. et al. Phenotypic variation of Salmonella in host tissues delays eradication by antimicrobial chemotherapy. Cell 158, 722\u2013733 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.045\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.045\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2014.06.045\" aria-label=\"Article reference 92\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.06.045\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlymtLrL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25126781\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 92\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Phenotypic%20variation%20of%20Salmonella%20in%20host%20tissues%20delays%20eradication%20by%20antimicrobial%20chemotherapy&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2014.06.045&amp;volume=158&amp;pages=722-733&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Claudi%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR93\">Blattman, S. B. et al. Identification and genetic dissection of convergent persister cell states. Nature 636, 438\u2013446 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08124-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08124-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08124-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 93\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08124-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXisVehurnL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 93\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39506104\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 93\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11634777\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 93\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 93\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Identification%20and%20genetic%20dissection%20of%20convergent%20persister%20cell%20states&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08124-2&amp;volume=636&amp;pages=438-446&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Blattman%2CSB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR94\">Umetani, M. et al. Observation of persister cell histories reveals diverse modes of survival in antibiotic persistence. eLife 14, e79517 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.79517\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.79517\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.79517\" aria-label=\"Article reference 94\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.79517\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB28XhvVels73N\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 94\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40356339\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 94\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12074638\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 94\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 94\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Observation%20of%20persister%20cell%20histories%20reveals%20diverse%20modes%20of%20survival%20in%20antibiotic%20persistence&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.79517&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Umetani%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR95\">Miyahara, Y. et al. Survival of ampicillin-treated uropathogenic Escherichia coli is independent of single-cell growth rates. npj Antimicrob. Resist. 4, 7 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s44259-025-00180-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s44259-025-00180-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs44259-025-00180-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 95\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s44259-025-00180-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41629675\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 95\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12864937\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 95\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 95\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Survival%20of%20ampicillin-treated%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20is%20independent%20of%20single-cell%20growth%20rates&amp;journal=npj%20Antimicrob.%20Resist.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs44259-025-00180-6&amp;volume=4&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Miyahara%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR96\">Goormaghtigh, F. &amp; Van Melderen, L. Single-cell imaging and characterization of Escherichia coli persister cells to ofloxacin in exponential cultures. Sci. Adv. 5, eaav9462 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/sciadv.aav9462\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/sciadv.aav9462\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fsciadv.aav9462\" aria-label=\"Article reference 96\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/sciadv.aav9462\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31223653\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 96\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6584399\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 96\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 96\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Single-cell%20imaging%20and%20characterization%20of%20Escherichia%20coli%20persister%20cells%20to%20ofloxacin%20in%20exponential%20cultures&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.aav9462&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Goormaghtigh%2CF&amp;author=Melderen%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR97\">Brown, D. R. Nitrogen starvation induces persister cell formation in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 201, e00622-18 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00622-18\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/jb.00622-18\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.00622-18<\/a> (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/jb.00622-18\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/jb.00622-18\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fjb.00622-18\" aria-label=\"Article reference 97\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/jb.00622-18\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXos1amsbc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 97\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30420451\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 97\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6349093\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 97\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 97\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Nitrogen%20starvation%20induces%20persister%20cell%20formation%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=J.%20Bacteriol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fjb.00622-18&amp;volume=201&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Brown%2CDR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR98\">Mina, E. G. &amp; Marques, C. N. H. Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus persister cells with the host when in a persister state and following awakening. Sci. Rep. 6, 31342 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/srep31342\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/srep31342\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fsrep31342\" aria-label=\"Article reference 98\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/srep31342\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhtlCitrnM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 98\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27506163\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 98\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4979210\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 98\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 98\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Interaction%20of%20Staphylococcus%20aureus%20persister%20cells%20with%20the%20host%20when%20in%20a%20persister%20state%20and%20following%20awakening&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fsrep31342&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Mina%2CEG&amp;author=Marques%2CCNH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR99\">Vega, N. M., Allison, K. R., Khalil, A. S. &amp; Collins, J. J. Signaling-mediated bacterial persister formation. Nat. Chem. Biol. 8, 431\u2013433 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nchembio.915\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nchembio.915\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnchembio.915\" aria-label=\"Article reference 99\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nchembio.915\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XktValu7Y%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 99\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22426114\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 99\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3329571\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 99\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 99\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Signaling-mediated%20bacterial%20persister%20formation&amp;journal=Nat.%20Chem.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnchembio.915&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=431-433&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Vega%2CNM&amp;author=Allison%2CKR&amp;author=Khalil%2CAS&amp;author=Collins%2CJJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR100\">D\u00f6rr, T., Vuli\u0107, M. &amp; Lewis, K. Ciprofloxacin causes persister formation by inducing the TisB toxin in Escherichia coli. PLoS Biol. 8, e1000317 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000317\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000317\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000317\" aria-label=\"Article reference 100\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000317\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20186264\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 100\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2826370\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 100\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 100\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ciprofloxacin%20causes%20persister%20formation%20by%20inducing%20the%20TisB%20toxin%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=PLoS%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1000317&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=D%C3%B6rr%2CT&amp;author=Vuli%C4%87%2CM&amp;author=Lewis%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR101\">D\u00f6rr, T., Lewis, K. &amp; Vuli\u0107, M. SOS response induces persistence to fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli. PLoS Genet. 5, e1000760 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000760\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000760\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000760\" aria-label=\"Article reference 101\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000760\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20011100\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 101\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2780357\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 101\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 101\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=SOS%20response%20induces%20persistence%20to%20fluoroquinolones%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=PLoS%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1000760&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=D%C3%B6rr%2CT&amp;author=Lewis%2CK&amp;author=Vuli%C4%87%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR102\">Wiradiputra, M. R. D., Khuntayaporn, P., Thirapanmethee, K. &amp; Chomnawang, M. T. Toxin-antitoxin systems: a key role on persister formation in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. Infect. Drug Resist. 15, 5813\u20135829 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2147\/IDR.S378157\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2147\/IDR.S378157\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147%2FIDR.S378157\" aria-label=\"Article reference 102\" data-doi=\"10.2147\/IDR.S378157\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXlt1KqsL4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 102\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36213766\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 102\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9541301\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 102\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 102\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Toxin-antitoxin%20systems%3A%20a%20key%20role%20on%20persister%20formation%20in%20Salmonella%20enterica%20Serovar%20Typhimurium&amp;journal=Infect.%20Drug%20Resist.&amp;doi=10.2147%2FIDR.S378157&amp;volume=15&amp;pages=5813-5829&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Wiradiputra%2CMRD&amp;author=Khuntayaporn%2CP&amp;author=Thirapanmethee%2CK&amp;author=Chomnawang%2CMT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR103\">Nashier, P. et al. Deep phosphoproteomics of Klebsiella pneumoniae reveals HipA-mediated tolerance to ciprofloxacin. PLoS Pathog. 20, e1012759 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012759\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012759\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1012759\" aria-label=\"Article reference 103\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012759\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhsVymsbs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 103\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39666758\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 103\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11717353\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 103\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 103\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Deep%20phosphoproteomics%20of%20Klebsiella%20pneumoniae%20reveals%20HipA-mediated%20tolerance%20to%20ciprofloxacin&amp;journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1012759&amp;volume=20&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Nashier%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR104\">Yang, Q. E. &amp; Walsh, T. R. Toxin\u2013antitoxin systems and their role in disseminating and maintaining antimicrobial resistance. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 41, 343\u2013353 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/femsre\/fux006\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/femsre\/fux006\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Ffemsre%2Ffux006\" aria-label=\"Article reference 104\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/femsre\/fux006\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhvV2nu73I\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 104\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28449040\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 104\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5812544\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 104\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 104\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Toxin%E2%80%93antitoxin%20systems%20and%20their%20role%20in%20disseminating%20and%20maintaining%20antimicrobial%20resistance&amp;journal=FEMS%20Microbiol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Ffemsre%2Ffux006&amp;volume=41&amp;pages=343-353&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Yang%2CQE&amp;author=Walsh%2CTR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR105\">Wolfson, J. S., Hooper, D. C., McHugh, G. L., Bozza, M. A. &amp; Swartz, M. N. Mutants of Escherichia coli K-12 exhibiting reduced killing by both quinolone and \u03b2-lactam antimicrobial agents. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 34, 1938\u20131943 (1990).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.34.10.1938\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.34.10.1938\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.34.10.1938\" aria-label=\"Article reference 105\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.34.10.1938\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK3cXmtVyhtrs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 105\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=1963289\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 105\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC171968\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 105\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 105\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mutants%20of%20Escherichia%20coli%20K-12%20exhibiting%20reduced%20killing%20by%20both%20quinolone%20and%20%CE%B2-lactam%20antimicrobial%20agents&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.34.10.1938&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=1938-1943&amp;publication_year=1990&amp;author=Wolfson%2CJS&amp;author=Hooper%2CDC&amp;author=McHugh%2CGL&amp;author=Bozza%2CMA&amp;author=Swartz%2CMN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR106\">Nguyen, D. et al. Active starvation responses mediate antibiotic tolerance in biofilms and nutrient-limited bacteria. Science 334, 982\u2013986 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.1211037\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.1211037\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.1211037\" aria-label=\"Article reference 106\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.1211037\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhsVGktL7F\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 106\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22096200\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 106\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4046891\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 106\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 106\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Active%20starvation%20responses%20mediate%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20in%20biofilms%20and%20nutrient-limited%20bacteria&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1211037&amp;volume=334&amp;pages=982-986&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Nguyen%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR107\">Fung, D. K. C., Chan, E. W. C., Chin, M. L. &amp; Chan, R. C. Y. Delineation of a bacterial starvation stress response network which can mediate antibiotic tolerance development. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54, 1082\u20131093 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.01218-09\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.01218-09\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.01218-09\" aria-label=\"Article reference 107\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.01218-09\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjtFWqs7s%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 107\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20086164\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 107\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2825962\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 107\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 107\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Delineation%20of%20a%20bacterial%20starvation%20stress%20response%20network%20which%20can%20mediate%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20development&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.01218-09&amp;volume=54&amp;pages=1082-1093&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Fung%2CDKC&amp;author=Chan%2CEWC&amp;author=Chin%2CML&amp;author=Chan%2CRCY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR108\">Pacios, O. et al. (p)ppGpp and its role in bacterial persistence: new challenges. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 64, e01283-20 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01283-20\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.01283-20\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01283-20<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.01283-20\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/aac.01283-20\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Faac.01283-20\" aria-label=\"Article reference 108\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/aac.01283-20\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitF2gtL%2FE\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 108\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32718971\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 108\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7508602\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 108\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 108\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=%28p%29ppGpp%20and%20its%20role%20in%20bacterial%20persistence%3A%20new%20challenges&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Faac.01283-20&amp;volume=64&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Pacios%2CO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR109\">Hauryliuk, V., Atkinson, G. C., Murakami, K. S., Tenson, T. &amp; Gerdes, K. Recent functional insights into the role of (p)ppGpp in bacterial physiology. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13, 298\u2013309 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nrmicro3448\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nrmicro3448\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnrmicro3448\" aria-label=\"Article reference 109\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nrmicro3448\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXmtVaqs7o%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 109\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25853779\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 109\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4659695\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 109\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 109\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Recent%20functional%20insights%20into%20the%20role%20of%20%28p%29ppGpp%20in%20bacterial%20physiology&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnrmicro3448&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=298-309&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Hauryliuk%2CV&amp;author=Atkinson%2CGC&amp;author=Murakami%2CKS&amp;author=Tenson%2CT&amp;author=Gerdes%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR110\">Svenningsen, M. S., Veress, A., Harms, A., Mitarai, N. &amp; Semsey, S. Birth and resuscitation of (p)ppGpp induced antibiotic tolerant persister cells. Sci. Rep. 9, 6056 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-019-42403-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-019-42403-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-42403-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 110\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-019-42403-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30988388\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 110\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6465370\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 110\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 110\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Birth%20and%20resuscitation%20of%20%28p%29ppGpp%20induced%20antibiotic%20tolerant%20persister%20cells&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-019-42403-7&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Svenningsen%2CMS&amp;author=Veress%2CA&amp;author=Harms%2CA&amp;author=Mitarai%2CN&amp;author=Semsey%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR111\">Manina, G., Dhar, N. &amp; McKinney, J. D. Stress and host immunity amplify Mycobacterium tuberculosis phenotypic heterogeneity and induce nongrowing metabolically active forms. Cell Host Microbe 17, 32\u201346 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.11.016\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.11.016\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2014.11.016\" aria-label=\"Article reference 111\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.11.016\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXmtlKksw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 111\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25543231\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 111\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 111\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Stress%20and%20host%20immunity%20amplify%20Mycobacterium%20tuberculosis%20phenotypic%20heterogeneity%20and%20induce%20nongrowing%20metabolically%20active%20forms&amp;journal=Cell%20Host%20Microbe&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.chom.2014.11.016&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=32-46&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Manina%2CG&amp;author=Dhar%2CN&amp;author=McKinney%2CJD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR112\">Mouton, J. M., Helaine, S., Holden, D. W. &amp; Sampson, S. L. Elucidating population-wide mycobacterial replication dynamics at the single-cell level. Microbiology 162, 966\u2013978 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1099\/mic.0.000288\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1099\/mic.0.000288\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099%2Fmic.0.000288\" aria-label=\"Article reference 112\" data-doi=\"10.1099\/mic.0.000288\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhslWnsbnJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 112\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27027532\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 112\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5042079\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 112\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 112\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Elucidating%20population-wide%20mycobacterial%20replication%20dynamics%20at%20the%20single-cell%20level&amp;journal=Microbiology&amp;doi=10.1099%2Fmic.0.000288&amp;volume=162&amp;pages=966-978&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Mouton%2CJM&amp;author=Helaine%2CS&amp;author=Holden%2CDW&amp;author=Sampson%2CSL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR113\">Peyrusson, F. et al. Intracellular Staphylococcus aureus persisters upon antibiotic exposure. Nat. Commun. 11, 2200 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-15966-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-15966-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-15966-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 113\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-15966-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXovVChsbo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 113\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32366839\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 113\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7198484\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 113\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 113\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intracellular%20Staphylococcus%20aureus%20persisters%20upon%20antibiotic%20exposure&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-020-15966-7&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Peyrusson%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR114\">Demarre, G. et al. The Crohn\u2019s disease-associated Escherichia coli strain LF82 relies on SOS and stringent responses to survive, multiply and tolerate antibiotics within macrophages. PLoS Pathog. 15, e1008123 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008123\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008123\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1008123\" aria-label=\"Article reference 114\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008123\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31725806\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 114\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6855411\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 114\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 114\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20Crohn%E2%80%99s%20disease-associated%20Escherichia%20coli%20strain%20LF82%20relies%20on%20SOS%20and%20stringent%20responses%20to%20survive%2C%20multiply%20and%20tolerate%20antibiotics%20within%20macrophages&amp;journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1008123&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Demarre%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR115\">Peyrusson, F., Nguyen, T. K., Najdovski, T. &amp; Van Bambeke, F. Host cell oxidative stress induces dormant Staphylococcus aureus persisters. Microbiol. Spectr. 10, e02313-21 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/spectrum.02313-21\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/spectrum.02313-21\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fspectrum.02313-21\" aria-label=\"Article reference 115\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/spectrum.02313-21\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35196815\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 115\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8865412\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 115\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 115\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Host%20cell%20oxidative%20stress%20induces%20dormant%20Staphylococcus%20aureus%20persisters&amp;journal=Microbiol.%20Spectr.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fspectrum.02313-21&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Peyrusson%2CF&amp;author=Nguyen%2CTK&amp;author=Najdovski%2CT&amp;author=Bambeke%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR116\">Ronneau, S., Michaux, C. &amp; Helaine, S. Decline in nitrosative stress drives antibiotic persister regrowth during infection. Cell Host Microbe 31, 993\u20131006.e6 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2023.05.002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 116\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2023.05.002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhtV2it73E\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 116\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37236190\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 116\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 116\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Decline%20in%20nitrosative%20stress%20drives%20antibiotic%20persister%20regrowth%20during%20infection&amp;journal=Cell%20Host%20Microbe&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.chom.2023.05.002&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=993-1006.e6&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Ronneau%2CS&amp;author=Michaux%2CC&amp;author=Helaine%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR117\">Ronneau, S., Michaux, C., Giorgio, R. T. &amp; Helaine, S. Intoxication of antibiotic persisters by host RNS inactivates their efflux machinery during infection. PLoS Pathog. 20, e1012033 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012033\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012033\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1012033\" aria-label=\"Article reference 117\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1012033\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXltlartLY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 117\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38421944\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 117\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10903880\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 117\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 117\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intoxication%20of%20antibiotic%20persisters%20by%20host%20RNS%20inactivates%20their%20efflux%20machinery%20during%20infection&amp;journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1012033&amp;volume=20&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ronneau%2CS&amp;author=Michaux%2CC&amp;author=Giorgio%2CRT&amp;author=Helaine%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR118\">Helaine, S. et al. Dynamics of intracellular bacterial replication at the single cell level. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 3746\u20133751 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1000041107\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1000041107\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1000041107\" aria-label=\"Article reference 118\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1000041107\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjtFaktr4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 118\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20133586\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 118\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2840444\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 118\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 118\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dynamics%20of%20intracellular%20bacterial%20replication%20at%20the%20single%20cell%20level&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1000041107&amp;volume=107&amp;pages=3746-3751&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Helaine%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR119\">Dadole, I., Blaha, D. &amp; Personnic, N. The macrophage\u2013bacterium mismatch in persister formation. Trends Microbiol. 32, 944\u2013956 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.02.009\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.02.009\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2024.02.009\" aria-label=\"Article reference 119\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.02.009\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXltVemu7k%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 119\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38443279\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 119\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 119\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20macrophage%E2%80%93bacterium%20mismatch%20in%20persister%20formation&amp;journal=Trends%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tim.2024.02.009&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=944-956&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Dadole%2CI&amp;author=Blaha%2CD&amp;author=Personnic%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR120\">Windels, E. M. et al. Bacterial persistence promotes the evolution of antibiotic resistance by increasing survival and mutation rates. ISME J. 13, 1239\u20131251 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41396-019-0344-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41396-019-0344-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41396-019-0344-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 120\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41396-019-0344-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXhtVyrsbnM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 120\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30647458\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 120\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6474225\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 120\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 120\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bacterial%20persistence%20promotes%20the%20evolution%20of%20antibiotic%20resistance%20by%20increasing%20survival%20and%20mutation%20rates&amp;journal=ISME%20J.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41396-019-0344-9&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=1239-1251&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Windels%2CEM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR121\">Barrett, T. C., Mok, W. W. K., Murawski, A. M. &amp; Brynildsen, M. P. Enhanced antibiotic resistance development from fluoroquinolone persisters after a single exposure to antibiotic. Nat. Commun. 10, 1177 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-09058-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-09058-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-09058-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 121\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-09058-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30862812\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 121\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6414640\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 121\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 121\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Enhanced%20antibiotic%20resistance%20development%20from%20fluoroquinolone%20persisters%20after%20a%20single%20exposure%20to%20antibiotic&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-019-09058-4&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Barrett%2CTC&amp;author=Mok%2CWWK&amp;author=Murawski%2CAM&amp;author=Brynildsen%2CMP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR122\">Giorgio, R. T. &amp; Helaine, S. Antibiotic-recalcitrant Salmonella during infection. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 23, 276\u2013287 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41579-024-01124-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41579-024-01124-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41579-024-01124-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 122\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41579-024-01124-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXisFahtLjF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 122\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39558126\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 122\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 122\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic-recalcitrant%20Salmonella%20during%20infection&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41579-024-01124-z&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=276-287&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Giorgio%2CRT&amp;author=Helaine%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR123\">Ackermann, M. A functional perspective on phenotypic heterogeneity in microorganisms. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13, 497\u2013508 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nrmicro3491\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nrmicro3491\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnrmicro3491\" aria-label=\"Article reference 123\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nrmicro3491\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtFyks7%2FN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 123\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26145732\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 123\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 123\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20functional%20perspective%20on%20phenotypic%20heterogeneity%20in%20microorganisms&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnrmicro3491&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=497-508&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Ackermann%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR124\">Rotem, E. et al. Regulation of phenotypic variability by a threshold-based mechanism underlies bacterial persistence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 12541\u201312546 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1004333107\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1004333107\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1004333107\" aria-label=\"Article reference 124\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1004333107\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXpt1eiurY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 124\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20616060\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 124\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2906590\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 124\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 124\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Regulation%20of%20phenotypic%20variability%20by%20a%20threshold-based%20mechanism%20underlies%20bacterial%20persistence&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1004333107&amp;volume=107&amp;pages=12541-12546&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Rotem%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR125\">Zeng, Z., Zhan, J., Zhang, K., Chen, H. &amp; Cheng, S. Global, regional, and national burden of urinary tract infections from 1990 to 2019: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. World J. Urol. 40, 755\u2013763 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s00345-021-03913-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s00345-021-03913-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00345-021-03913-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 125\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s00345-021-03913-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XhtVWkurjM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 125\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35066637\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 125\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 125\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%2C%20regional%2C%20and%20national%20burden%20of%20urinary%20tract%20infections%20from%201990%20to%202019%3A%20an%20analysis%20of%20the%20global%20burden%20of%20disease%20study%202019&amp;journal=World%20J.%20Urol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs00345-021-03913-0&amp;volume=40&amp;pages=755-763&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Zeng%2CZ&amp;author=Zhan%2CJ&amp;author=Zhang%2CK&amp;author=Chen%2CH&amp;author=Cheng%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR126\">Assumpcao, C. Some urinary tract disease in Australian aboriginal inpatients in 1980. Aust. N. Z. J. Med. 18, 17\u201320 (1988).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1988.tb02233.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1988.tb02233.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1445-5994.1988.tb02233.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 126\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1445-5994.1988.tb02233.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaL1c3otVKrsQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 126\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2456055\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 126\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 126\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Some%20urinary%20tract%20disease%20in%20Australian%20aboriginal%20inpatients%20in%201980&amp;journal=Aust.%20N.%20Z.%20J.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1445-5994.1988.tb02233.x&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=17-20&amp;publication_year=1988&amp;author=Assumpcao%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR127\">Wojszel, Z. B. &amp; Toczy\u0144ska-Silkiewicz, M. Urinary tract infections in a geriatric sub-acute ward-health correlates and atypical presentations. Eur. Geriatr. Med. 9, 659\u2013667 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s41999-018-0099-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s41999-018-0099-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s41999-018-0099-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 127\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s41999-018-0099-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30294397\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 127\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6153699\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 127\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 127\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Urinary%20tract%20infections%20in%20a%20geriatric%20sub-acute%20ward-health%20correlates%20and%20atypical%20presentations&amp;journal=Eur.%20Geriatr.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs41999-018-0099-2&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=659-667&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Wojszel%2CZB&amp;author=Toczy%C5%84ska-Silkiewicz%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR128\">Medina, M. &amp; Castillo-Pino, E. An introduction to the epidemiology and burden of urinary tract infections. Ther. Adv. Urol. 11, 1756287219832172 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1177\/1756287219832172\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1177\/1756287219832172\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177%2F1756287219832172\" aria-label=\"Article reference 128\" data-doi=\"10.1177\/1756287219832172\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31105774\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 128\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6502976\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 128\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 128\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=An%20introduction%20to%20the%20epidemiology%20and%20burden%20of%20urinary%20tract%20infections&amp;journal=Ther.%20Adv.%20Urol.&amp;doi=10.1177%2F1756287219832172&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Medina%2CM&amp;author=Castillo-Pino%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR129\">Kaur, N., Sharma, S., Malhotra, S., Madan, P. &amp; Hans, C. Urinary tract infection: aetiology and antimicrobial resistance pattern in infants from a tertiary care hospital in Northern India. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 8, DC01\u2013DC03 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25478339\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 129\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4253157\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 129\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 129\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Urinary%20tract%20infection%3A%20aetiology%20and%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20pattern%20in%20infants%20from%20a%20tertiary%20care%20hospital%20in%20Northern%20India&amp;journal=J.%20Clin.%20Diagn.%20Res.&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=DC01-DC03&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Kaur%2CN&amp;author=Sharma%2CS&amp;author=Malhotra%2CS&amp;author=Madan%2CP&amp;author=Hans%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR130\">Foxman, B. The epidemiology of urinary tract infection. Nat. Rev. Urol. 7, 653\u2013660 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.190\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.190\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnrurol.2010.190\" aria-label=\"Article reference 130\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nrurol.2010.190\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21139641\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 130\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 130\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20epidemiology%20of%20urinary%20tract%20infection&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Urol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnrurol.2010.190&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=653-660&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Foxman%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR131\"> EAU Guidelines on Urological Infections Edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress Madrid, Spain. European Association of Urology <a href=\"https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/urological-infections\/chapter\/the-guideline\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/urological-infections\/chapter\/the-guideline\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/uroweb.org\/guidelines\/urological-infections\/chapter\/the-guideline<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR132\">Flores-Mireles, A. L., Walker, J. N., Caparon, M. &amp; Hultgren, S. J. Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 13, 269\u2013284 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nrmicro3432\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nrmicro3432\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnrmicro3432\" aria-label=\"Article reference 132\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nrmicro3432\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXmtVaqs78%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 132\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25853778\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 132\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4457377\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 132\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 132\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Urinary%20tract%20infections%3A%20epidemiology%2C%20mechanisms%20of%20infection%20and%20treatment%20options&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnrmicro3432&amp;volume=13&amp;pages=269-284&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Flores-Mireles%2CAL&amp;author=Walker%2CJN&amp;author=Caparon%2CM&amp;author=Hultgren%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR133\">Lupo, F. &amp; Ingersoll, M. A. Is bacterial prostatitis a urinary tract infection. Nat. Rev. Urol. 16, 203\u2013204 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41585-019-0150-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41585-019-0150-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41585-019-0150-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 133\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41585-019-0150-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30700862\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 133\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 133\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Is%20bacterial%20prostatitis%20a%20urinary%20tract%20infection&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Urol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41585-019-0150-1&amp;volume=16&amp;pages=203-204&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Lupo%2CF&amp;author=Ingersoll%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR134\">Kass, E. H. Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract. J. Urol. 167, 1016\u20131020 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0022-5347(02)80328-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0022-5347(02)80328-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2802%2980328-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 134\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0022-5347(02)80328-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11905871\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 134\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 134\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Asymptomatic%20infections%20of%20the%20urinary%20tract&amp;journal=J.%20Urol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0022-5347%2802%2980328-7&amp;volume=167&amp;pages=1016-1020&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Kass%2CEH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR135\">Doiron, R. C. &amp; Cotechini, T. The 2025 AUA Guideline Update on Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections: important new recommendations reflecting progress in an often-ignored disease space. J. Urol. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000005079\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1097\/JU.0000000000005079\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JU.0000000000005079<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR136\">Lawrenson, R. A. &amp; Logie, J. W. Antibiotic failure in the treatment of urinary tract infections in young women. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 48, 895\u2013901 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/jac\/48.6.895\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/jac\/48.6.895\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.6.895\" aria-label=\"Article reference 136\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/jac\/48.6.895\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xjt1eiuw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 136\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11733475\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 136\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 136\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic%20failure%20in%20the%20treatment%20of%20urinary%20tract%20infections%20in%20young%20women&amp;journal=J.%20Antimicrob.%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.6.895&amp;volume=48&amp;pages=895-901&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Lawrenson%2CRA&amp;author=Logie%2CJW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR137\">Cuningham, W. et al. Repurposing antibiotic resistance surveillance data to support treatment of recurrent infections in a remote setting. Sci. Rep. 14, 2414 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-50008-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-50008-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-023-50008-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 137\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-023-50008-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXislOjtLg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 137\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38287025\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 137\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10825221\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 137\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 137\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Repurposing%20antibiotic%20resistance%20surveillance%20data%20to%20support%20treatment%20of%20recurrent%20infections%20in%20a%20remote%20setting&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-023-50008-4&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Cuningham%2CW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR138\">Cohen, J. E., Chen, L. &amp; Schaeffer, A. J. Algorithms using previous resistance, prior antimicrobial prescriptions, and patient place of residence enhance empirical therapy for women with uncomplicated urinary tract infections. Urology 137, 72\u201378 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.11.009\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.11.009\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.urology.2019.11.009\" aria-label=\"Article reference 138\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.urology.2019.11.009\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31747548\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 138\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 138\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Algorithms%20using%20previous%20resistance%2C%20prior%20antimicrobial%20prescriptions%2C%20and%20patient%20place%20of%20residence%20enhance%20empirical%20therapy%20for%20women%20with%20uncomplicated%20urinary%20tract%20infections&amp;journal=Urology&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.urology.2019.11.009&amp;volume=137&amp;pages=72-78&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Cohen%2CJE&amp;author=Chen%2CL&amp;author=Schaeffer%2CAJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR139\">Honda, T. et al. The impact of inter-infection time on antimicrobial resistance profiles in women with multiple urinary tract infections over time. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 80, 2234\u20132240 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf194\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf194\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkaf194\" aria-label=\"Article reference 139\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/jac\/dkaf194\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhvVajsbnK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 139\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40581812\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 139\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12313461\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 139\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 139\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20impact%20of%20inter-infection%20time%20on%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20profiles%20in%20women%20with%20multiple%20urinary%20tract%20infections%20over%20time&amp;journal=J.%20Antimicrob.%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkaf194&amp;volume=80&amp;pages=2234-2240&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Honda%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR140\">Zhu, N. J. et al. Economic burden of community-acquired antibiotic-resistant urinary tract infections: systematic review and meta-analysis. JMIR Public. Health Surveill. 10, e53828 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.2196\/53828\" data-track-item_id=\"10.2196\/53828\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196%2F53828\" aria-label=\"Article reference 140\" data-doi=\"10.2196\/53828\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39382601\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 140\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11481822\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 140\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 140\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Economic%20burden%20of%20community-acquired%20antibiotic-resistant%20urinary%20tract%20infections%3A%20systematic%20review%20and%20meta-analysis&amp;journal=JMIR%20Public.%20Health%20Surveill.&amp;doi=10.2196%2F53828&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Zhu%2CNJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR141\">Flower, A., Bishop, F. L. &amp; Lewith, G. How women manage recurrent urinary tract infections: an analysis of postings on a popular web forum. BMC Family Pract. 15, 162 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/1471-2296-15-162\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/1471-2296-15-162\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/1471-2296-15-162\" aria-label=\"Article reference 141\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/1471-2296-15-162\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 141\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20women%20manage%20recurrent%20urinary%20tract%20infections%3A%20an%20analysis%20of%20postings%20on%20a%20popular%20web%20forum&amp;journal=BMC%20Family%20Pract.&amp;doi=10.1186%2F1471-2296-15-162&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Flower%2CA&amp;author=Bishop%2CFL&amp;author=Lewith%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR142\">Newlands, A. F. et al. Evaluating the quality of life impact of recurrent urinary tract infection: validation and refinement of the Recurrent UTI Impact Questionnaire (RUTIIQ). Neurourol. Urodyn. 43, 902\u2013914 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/nau.25426\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/nau.25426\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fnau.25426\" aria-label=\"Article reference 142\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/nau.25426\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38385648\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 142\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 142\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evaluating%20the%20quality%20of%20life%20impact%20of%20recurrent%20urinary%20tract%20infection%3A%20validation%20and%20refinement%20of%20the%20Recurrent%20UTI%20Impact%20Questionnaire%20%28RUTIIQ%29&amp;journal=Neurourol.%20Urodyn.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fnau.25426&amp;volume=43&amp;pages=902-914&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Newlands%2CAF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR143\">Gupta, K. &amp; Stamm, W. E. Outcomes associated with trimethoprim\/sulphamethoxazole (TMP\/SMX) therapy in TMP\/SMX resistant community-acquired UTI. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 19, 554\u2013556 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00104-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00104-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0924-8579%2802%2900104-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 143\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0924-8579(02)00104-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38Xls1agtLw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 143\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12135847\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 143\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 143\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Outcomes%20associated%20with%20trimethoprim%2Fsulphamethoxazole%20%28TMP%2FSMX%29%20therapy%20in%20TMP%2FSMX%20resistant%20community-acquired%20UTI&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Antimicrob.%20Agents&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0924-8579%2802%2900104-8&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=554-556&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Gupta%2CK&amp;author=Stamm%2CWE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR144\">Kot, B. Antibiotic resistance among uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Pol. J. Microbiol. 68, 403\u2013415 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.33073\/pjm-2019-048\" data-track-item_id=\"10.33073\/pjm-2019-048\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33073%2Fpjm-2019-048\" aria-label=\"Article reference 144\" data-doi=\"10.33073\/pjm-2019-048\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31880885\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 144\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7260639\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 144\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 144\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antibiotic%20resistance%20among%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=Pol.%20J.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.33073%2Fpjm-2019-048&amp;volume=68&amp;pages=403-415&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Kot%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR145\">Sati, H. et al. The WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens List 2024: a prioritisation study to guide research, development, and public health strategies against antimicrobial resistance. Lancet Infect Dis 25, 1033\u20131043 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2825%2900118-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 145\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S1473-3099(25)00118-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40245910\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 145\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12367593\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 145\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 145\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20WHO%20Bacterial%20Priority%20Pathogens%20List%202024%3A%20a%20prioritisation%20study%20to%20guide%20research%2C%20development%2C%20and%20public%20health%20strategies%20against%20antimicrobial%20resistance&amp;journal=Lancet%20Infect%20Dis&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2825%2900118-5&amp;volume=25&amp;pages=1033-1043&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Sati%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR146\">Murray, C. J. L. et al. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis. Lancet 399, 629\u2013655 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2821%2902724-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 146\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XpvFGrtb0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 146\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 146\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Global%20burden%20of%20bacterial%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20in%202019%3A%20a%20systematic%20analysis&amp;journal=Lancet&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2821%2902724-0&amp;volume=399&amp;pages=629-655&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Murray%2CCJL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR147\">Mulvey, M. A. et al. Induction and evasion of host defenses by type 1-piliated uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Science 282, 1494\u20131497 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.282.5393.1494\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.282.5393.1494\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.282.5393.1494\" aria-label=\"Article reference 147\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.282.5393.1494\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXns1yqtbc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 147\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9822381\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 147\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 147\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Induction%20and%20evasion%20of%20host%20defenses%20by%20type%201-piliated%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.282.5393.1494&amp;volume=282&amp;pages=1494-1497&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Mulvey%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR148\">Melican, K. et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli P and type 1 fimbriae act in synergy in a living host to facilitate renal colonization leading to nephron obstruction. PLoS Pathog. 7, e1001298 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001298\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001298\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1001298\" aria-label=\"Article reference 148\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001298\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjtVWjtbk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 148\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21383970\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 148\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3044688\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 148\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 148\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20P%20and%20type%201%20fimbriae%20act%20in%20synergy%20in%20a%20living%20host%20to%20facilitate%20renal%20colonization%20leading%20to%20nephron%20obstruction&amp;journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1001298&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Melican%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR149\">Wurpel, D. J., Beatson, S. A., Totsika, M., Petty, N. K. &amp; Schembri, M. A. Chaperone-usher fimbriae of Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE 8, e52835 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052835\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052835\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052835\" aria-label=\"Article reference 149\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052835\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXis1aktLs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 149\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23382825\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 149\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3559732\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 149\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 149\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Chaperone-usher%20fimbriae%20of%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052835&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Wurpel%2CDJ&amp;author=Beatson%2CSA&amp;author=Totsika%2CM&amp;author=Petty%2CNK&amp;author=Schembri%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR150\">Eto, D. S., Jones, T. A., Sundsbak, J. L. &amp; Mulvey, M. A. Integrin-mediated host cell invasion by type 1\u2013piliated uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog. 3, e100 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030100\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030100\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030100\" aria-label=\"Article reference 150\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.0030100\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=17630833\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 150\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1914067\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 150\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 150\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Integrin-mediated%20host%20cell%20invasion%20by%20type%201%E2%80%93piliated%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030100&amp;volume=3&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Eto%2CDS&amp;author=Jones%2CTA&amp;author=Sundsbak%2CJL&amp;author=Mulvey%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR151\">Martinez, J. J., Mulvey, M. A., Schilling, J. D., Pinkner, J. S. &amp; Hultgren, S. J. Type 1 pilus-mediated bacterial invasion of bladder epithelial cells. EMBO J. 19, 2803\u20132812 (2000).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/emboj\/19.12.2803\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/emboj\/19.12.2803\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Femboj%2F19.12.2803\" aria-label=\"Article reference 151\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/emboj\/19.12.2803\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXmtFCru7k%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 151\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10856226\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 151\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC203355\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 151\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 151\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Type%201%20pilus-mediated%20bacterial%20invasion%20of%20bladder%20epithelial%20cells&amp;journal=EMBO%20J.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Femboj%2F19.12.2803&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=2803-2812&amp;publication_year=2000&amp;author=Martinez%2CJJ&amp;author=Mulvey%2CMA&amp;author=Schilling%2CJD&amp;author=Pinkner%2CJS&amp;author=Hultgren%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR152\">Anderson, G. G. et al. Intracellular bacterial biofilm-like pods in urinary tract infections. Science 301, 105\u2013107 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.1084550\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.1084550\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.1084550\" aria-label=\"Article reference 152\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.1084550\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXltVGqsL0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 152\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12843396\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 152\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 152\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intracellular%20bacterial%20biofilm-like%20pods%20in%20urinary%20tract%20infections&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1084550&amp;volume=301&amp;pages=105-107&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Anderson%2CGG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR153\">Pokhrel, A. et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli proliferate as a coccoid morphotype inside human host cells. PLoS Biol. 23, e3003366 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003366\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003366\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3003366\" aria-label=\"Article reference 153\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3003366\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXit1akur%2FJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 153\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40901850\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 153\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12407437\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 153\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 153\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20proliferate%20as%20a%20coccoid%20morphotype%20inside%20human%20host%20cells&amp;journal=PLoS%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3003366&amp;volume=23&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Pokhrel%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR154\">Justice, S. S. et al. Differentiation and developmental pathways of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract pathogenesis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 1333\u20131338 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.0308125100\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.0308125100\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.0308125100\" aria-label=\"Article reference 154\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.0308125100\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtlWjtb0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 154\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=14739341\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 154\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC337053\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 154\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 154\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Differentiation%20and%20developmental%20pathways%20of%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20in%20urinary%20tract%20pathogenesis&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.0308125100&amp;volume=101&amp;pages=1333-1338&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Justice%2CSS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR155\">Le Blanc, L. et al. Bacterial growth under confinement requires transcriptional adaptation to resist turgor pressure build-up. Nat. Commun. 17, 10434 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-026-76492-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-026-76492-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-026-76492-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 155\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-026-76492-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB28XisFGqu7fN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 155\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=42823393\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 155\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC13631305\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 155\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 155\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bacterial%20growth%20under%20confinement%20requires%20transcriptional%20adaptation%20to%20resist%20turgor%20pressure%20build-up&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-026-76492-6&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Le%20Blanc%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR156\">Anderson, G. G., Goller, C. C., Justice, S., Hultgren, S. J. &amp; Seed, P. C. Polysaccharide capsule and sialic acid-mediated regulation promote biofilm-like intracellular bacterial communities during cystitis. Infect. Immun. 78, 963\u2013975 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/IAI.00925-09\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/IAI.00925-09\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FIAI.00925-09\" aria-label=\"Article reference 156\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/IAI.00925-09\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXjtFais7w%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 156\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20086090\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 156\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2825929\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 156\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 156\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Polysaccharide%20capsule%20and%20sialic%20acid-mediated%20regulation%20promote%20biofilm-like%20intracellular%20bacterial%20communities%20during%20cystitis&amp;journal=Infect.%20Immun.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FIAI.00925-09&amp;volume=78&amp;pages=963-975&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Anderson%2CGG&amp;author=Goller%2CCC&amp;author=Justice%2CS&amp;author=Hultgren%2CSJ&amp;author=Seed%2CPC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR157\">Mulvey, M. A., Schilling, J. D. &amp; Hultgren, S. J. Establishment of a persistent Escherichia coli reservoir during the acute phase of a bladder infection. Infect. Immun. 69, 4572\u20134579 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4572-4579.2001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4572-4579.2001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FIAI.69.7.4572-4579.2001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 157\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/IAI.69.7.4572-4579.2001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXksleksL0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 157\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11402001\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 157\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC98534\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 157\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 157\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Establishment%20of%20a%20persistent%20Escherichia%20coli%20reservoir%20during%20the%20acute%20phase%20of%20a%20bladder%20infection&amp;journal=Infect.%20Immun.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FIAI.69.7.4572-4579.2001&amp;volume=69&amp;pages=4572-4579&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Mulvey%2CMA&amp;author=Schilling%2CJD&amp;author=Hultgren%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR158\">Abell-King, C., Costas, A., Duggin, I. G. &amp; S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, B. Bacterial filamentation during urinary tract infections. PLoS Pathog. 18, e1010950 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010950\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010950\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1010950\" aria-label=\"Article reference 158\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010950\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XjtFWhurrJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 158\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36454736\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 158\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9714745\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 158\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 158\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bacterial%20filamentation%20during%20urinary%20tract%20infections&amp;journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1010950&amp;volume=18&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Abell-King%2CC&amp;author=Costas%2CA&amp;author=Duggin%2CIG&amp;author=S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR159\">Iosifidis, G. &amp; Duggin, I. G. Distinct morphological fates of uropathogenic Escherichia coli intracellular bacterial communities: dependency on urine composition and pH. Infect. Immun. 88, e00884-19 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00884-19\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/iai.00884-19\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/iai.00884-19<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/iai.00884-19\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/iai.00884-19\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fiai.00884-19\" aria-label=\"Article reference 159\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/iai.00884-19\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsl2qu77I\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 159\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32540870\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 159\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7440767\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 159\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 159\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Distinct%20morphological%20fates%20of%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20intracellular%20bacterial%20communities%3A%20dependency%20on%20urine%20composition%20and%20pH&amp;journal=Infect.%20Immun.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fiai.00884-19&amp;volume=88&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Iosifidis%2CG&amp;author=Duggin%2CIG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR160\">Mysorekar, I. U. &amp; Hultgren, S. J. Mechanisms of uropathogenic Escherichia coli persistence and eradication from the urinary tract. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 14170\u201314175 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.0602136103\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.0602136103\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.0602136103\" aria-label=\"Article reference 160\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.0602136103\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD28XhtVCmu7bK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 160\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16968784\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 160\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1564066\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 160\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 160\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mechanisms%20of%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20persistence%20and%20eradication%20from%20the%20urinary%20tract&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.0602136103&amp;volume=103&amp;pages=14170-14175&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Mysorekar%2CIU&amp;author=Hultgren%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR161\">Fromer, D. L. et al. Risk factors for empiric treatment failure in US female outpatients with uncomplicated urinary tract infection: an observational study. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 40, 862\u2013870 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s11606-024-09029-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s11606-024-09029-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s11606-024-09029-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 161\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s11606-024-09029-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39356448\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 161\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 161\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Risk%20factors%20for%20empiric%20treatment%20failure%20in%20US%20female%20outpatients%20with%20uncomplicated%20urinary%20tract%20infection%3A%20an%20observational%20study&amp;journal=J.%20Gen.%20Intern.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs11606-024-09029-6&amp;volume=40&amp;pages=862-870&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Fromer%2CDL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR162\">Wurpel, D. J., Moriel, D. G., Totsika, M., Easton, D. M. &amp; Schembri, M. A. Comparative analysis of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli surface proteome by tandem mass-spectrometry of artificially induced outer membrane vesicles. J. Proteom. 115, 93\u2013106 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.12.005\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.12.005\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jprot.2014.12.005\" aria-label=\"Article reference 162\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jprot.2014.12.005\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXitFygtbbM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 162\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 162\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Comparative%20analysis%20of%20the%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20surface%20proteome%20by%20tandem%20mass-spectrometry%20of%20artificially%20induced%20outer%20membrane%20vesicles&amp;journal=J.%20Proteom.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jprot.2014.12.005&amp;volume=115&amp;pages=93-106&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Wurpel%2CDJ&amp;author=Moriel%2CDG&amp;author=Totsika%2CM&amp;author=Easton%2CDM&amp;author=Schembri%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR163\">Kishii, R. &amp; Takei, M. Relationship between the expression of ompF and quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli. J. Infect. Chemother. 15, 361\u2013366 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s10156-009-0716-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s10156-009-0716-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10156-009-0716-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 163\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s10156-009-0716-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXhsFCktLjM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 163\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20012725\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 163\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 163\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Relationship%20between%20the%20expression%20of%20ompF%20and%20quinolone%20resistance%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=J.%20Infect.%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs10156-009-0716-6&amp;volume=15&amp;pages=361-366&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Kishii%2CR&amp;author=Takei%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR164\">da Silva Ribeiro, \u00c1. C. et al. Exposure to sub-inhibitory ciprofloxacin and nitrofurantoin concentrations increases recA gene expression in uropathogenic Escherichia coli: the role of RecA protein as a drug target. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 146, 105268 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105268\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105268\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ejps.2020.105268\" aria-label=\"Article reference 164\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ejps.2020.105268\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 164\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Exposure%20to%20sub-inhibitory%20ciprofloxacin%20and%20nitrofurantoin%20concentrations%20increases%20recA%20gene%20expression%20in%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%3A%20the%20role%20of%20RecA%20protein%20as%20a%20drug%20target&amp;journal=Eur.%20J.%20Pharm.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ejps.2020.105268&amp;volume=146&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Silva%20Ribeiro%2C%C3%81C\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR165\">Yasufuku, T. et al. Correlation of overexpression of efflux pump genes with antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli strains clinically isolated from urinary tract infection patients. J. Clin. Microbiol. 49, 189\u2013194 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/JCM.00827-10\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/JCM.00827-10\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FJCM.00827-10\" aria-label=\"Article reference 165\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/JCM.00827-10\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjtFSgtbo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 165\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21048014\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 165\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 165\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Correlation%20of%20overexpression%20of%20efflux%20pump%20genes%20with%20antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20Escherichia%20coli%20strains%20clinically%20isolated%20from%20urinary%20tract%20infection%20patients&amp;journal=J.%20Clin.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FJCM.00827-10&amp;volume=49&amp;pages=189-194&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Yasufuku%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR166\">Sung, K. et al. Comprehensive genomic analysis of uropathogenic e. coli: virulence factors, antimicrobial resistance, and mobile genetic elements. Pathogens 13, 794 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/pathogens13090794\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/pathogens13090794\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fpathogens13090794\" aria-label=\"Article reference 166\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/pathogens13090794\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXit1Cqtb0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 166\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39338985\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 166\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11434687\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 166\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 166\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Comprehensive%20genomic%20analysis%20of%20uropathogenic%20e.%20coli%3A%20virulence%20factors%2C%20antimicrobial%20resistance%2C%20and%20mobile%20genetic%20elements&amp;journal=Pathogens&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fpathogens13090794&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Sung%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR167\">Choi, N. et al. A shared mechanism of multidrug resistance in laboratory-evolved uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Virulence 15, 2367648 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2367648\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2367648\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080%2F21505594.2024.2367648\" aria-label=\"Article reference 167\" data-doi=\"10.1080\/21505594.2024.2367648\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38899601\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 167\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11195483\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 167\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 167\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20shared%20mechanism%20of%20multidrug%20resistance%20in%20laboratory-evolved%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=Virulence&amp;doi=10.1080%2F21505594.2024.2367648&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Choi%2CN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR168\">Goneau, L. W. et al. Selective target inactivation rather than global metabolic dormancy causes antibiotic tolerance in uropathogens. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 58, 2089\u20132097 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.02552-13\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.02552-13\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.02552-13\" aria-label=\"Article reference 168\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.02552-13\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24449771\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 168\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4023725\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 168\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 168\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Selective%20target%20inactivation%20rather%20than%20global%20metabolic%20dormancy%20causes%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20in%20uropathogens&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.02552-13&amp;volume=58&amp;pages=2089-2097&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Goneau%2CLW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR169\">Kerkez, I., Tulkens, P. M., Tenson, T., Van Bambeke, F. &amp; Putrin\u0161, M. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Shows antibiotic tolerance and growth heterogeneity in an in vitro model of intracellular infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 65, e01468-21 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01468-21\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.01468-21\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aac.01468-21<\/a> (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.01468-21\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/aac.01468-21\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Faac.01468-21\" aria-label=\"Article reference 169\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/aac.01468-21\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXis1ejtbzP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 169\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34570646\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 169\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8597737\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 169\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 169\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20Shows%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20and%20growth%20heterogeneity%20in%20an%20in%20vitro%20model%20of%20intracellular%20infection&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Faac.01468-21&amp;volume=65&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Kerkez%2CI&amp;author=Tulkens%2CPM&amp;author=Tenson%2CT&amp;author=Bambeke%2CF&amp;author=Putrin%C5%A1%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR170\">Sharma, K. et al. Dynamic persistence of UPEC intracellular bacterial communities in a human bladder-chip model of urinary tract infection. eLife 10, e66481 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.66481\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.66481\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.66481\" aria-label=\"Article reference 170\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.66481\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XjtVGju74%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 170\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34219648\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 170\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8354636\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 170\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 170\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dynamic%20persistence%20of%20UPEC%20intracellular%20bacterial%20communities%20in%20a%20human%20bladder-chip%20model%20of%20urinary%20tract%20infection&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.66481&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Sharma%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR171\">Leatham-Jensen, M. P. et al. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli metabolite-dependent quiescence and persistence may explain antibiotic tolerance during urinary tract infection. mSphere 1, e00055-15 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00055-15\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/msphere.00055-15\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msphere.00055-15<\/a> (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/msphere.00055-15\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/msphere.00055-15\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fmsphere.00055-15\" aria-label=\"Article reference 171\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/msphere.00055-15\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27303698\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 171\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4863606\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 171\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 171\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20metabolite-dependent%20quiescence%20and%20persistence%20may%20explain%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20during%20urinary%20tract%20infection&amp;journal=mSphere&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fmsphere.00055-15&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Leatham-Jensen%2CMP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR172\">Zheng, E. J. et al. Modulating the evolutionary trajectory of tolerance using antibiotics with different metabolic dependencies. Nat. Commun. 13, 2525 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-30272-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-30272-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-30272-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 172\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-30272-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38Xht1OisLnP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 172\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35534481\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 172\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9085803\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 172\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 172\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Modulating%20the%20evolutionary%20trajectory%20of%20tolerance%20using%20antibiotics%20with%20different%20metabolic%20dependencies&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-022-30272-0&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Zheng%2CEJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR173\">Amoura, A. et al. Variability in cell division among anatomical sites shapes Escherichia coli antibiotic survival in a urinary tract infection mouse model. Cell Host Microbe 32, 900\u2013912.e4 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.04.015\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.04.015\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chom.2024.04.015\" aria-label=\"Article reference 173\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.chom.2024.04.015\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXhtFWrsb3I\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 173\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38759643\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 173\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 173\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Variability%20in%20cell%20division%20among%20anatomical%20sites%20shapes%20Escherichia%20coli%20antibiotic%20survival%20in%20a%20urinary%20tract%20infection%20mouse%20model&amp;journal=Cell%20Host%20Microbe&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.chom.2024.04.015&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=900-912.e4&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Amoura%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR174\">Blango, M. G. &amp; Mulvey, M. A. Persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli in the face of multiple antibiotics. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 54, 1855\u20131863 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.00014-10\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.00014-10\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.00014-10\" aria-label=\"Article reference 174\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.00014-10\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXmtFelsrg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 174\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20231390\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 174\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2863638\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 174\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 174\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Persistence%20of%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20in%20the%20face%20of%20multiple%20antibiotics&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.00014-10&amp;volume=54&amp;pages=1855-1863&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Blango%2CMG&amp;author=Mulvey%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR175\">Norton, J. P. &amp; Mulvey, M. A. Toxin-antitoxin systems are important for niche-specific colonization and stress resistance of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. PLoS Pathog. 8, e1002954 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002954\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002954\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002954\" aria-label=\"Article reference 175\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002954\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XhsFCisL7O\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 175\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23055930\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 175\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3464220\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 175\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 175\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Toxin-antitoxin%20systems%20are%20important%20for%20niche-specific%20colonization%20and%20stress%20resistance%20of%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002954&amp;volume=8&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Norton%2CJP&amp;author=Mulvey%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR176\">Zahir, T. et al. Image-based dynamic phenotyping reveals genetic determinants of filamentation-mediated \u03b2-lactam tolerance. Front. Microbiol. 11, 374 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00374\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00374\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2020.00374\" aria-label=\"Article reference 176\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00374\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32231648\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 176\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7082316\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 176\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 176\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Image-based%20dynamic%20phenotyping%20reveals%20genetic%20determinants%20of%20filamentation-mediated%20%CE%B2-lactam%20tolerance&amp;journal=Front.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffmicb.2020.00374&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Zahir%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR177\">Chung, H. S. et al. Rapid \u03b2-lactam-induced lysis requires successful assembly of the cell division machinery. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 106, 21872\u201321877 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.0911674106\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.0911674106\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.0911674106\" aria-label=\"Article reference 177\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.0911674106\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXltlKnsQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 177\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=19995973\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 177\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2799840\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 177\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 177\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Rapid%20%CE%B2-lactam-induced%20lysis%20requires%20successful%20assembly%20of%20the%20cell%20division%20machinery&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.0911674106&amp;volume=106&amp;pages=21872-21877&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Chung%2CHS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR178\">S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, B., Pittorino, M. J., Daley, D. O. &amp; Duggin, I. G. Assembly dynamics of FtsZ and DamX during infection-related filamentation and division in uropathogenic E. coli. Nat. Commun. 13, 3648 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-31378-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-31378-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-022-31378-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 178\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-022-31378-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35752634\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 178\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9233674\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 178\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 178\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Assembly%20dynamics%20of%20FtsZ%20and%20DamX%20during%20infection-related%20filamentation%20and%20division%20in%20uropathogenic%20E.%20coli&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-022-31378-1&amp;volume=13&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m%2CB&amp;author=Pittorino%2CMJ&amp;author=Daley%2CDO&amp;author=Duggin%2CIG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR179\">K\u00f6hn, R.-M. et al. A simple ex vivo bladder infection model permits study of host\u2013pathogen interactions in urinary tract infection. FEMS Microbes 7, xtag012 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtag012\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtag012\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Ffemsmc%2Fxtag012\" aria-label=\"Article reference 179\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/femsmc\/xtag012\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41869365\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 179\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC13001586\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 179\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 179\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20simple%20ex%20vivo%20bladder%20infection%20model%20permits%20study%20of%20host%E2%80%93pathogen%20interactions%20in%20urinary%20tract%20infection&amp;journal=FEMS%20Microbes&amp;doi=10.1093%2Ffemsmc%2Fxtag012&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=K%C3%B6hn%2CR-M\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR180\">Sulaiman, J. E. &amp; Lam, H. Proteomic study of the survival and resuscitation mechanisms of filamentous persisters in an evolved Escherichia coli population from cyclic ampicillin treatment. mSystems 5, e00462-20 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00462-20\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/msystems.00462-20\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/msystems.00462-20<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/msystems.00462-20\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/msystems.00462-20\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fmsystems.00462-20\" aria-label=\"Article reference 180\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/msystems.00462-20\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXisVenu7nK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 180\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32723793\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 180\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7394356\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 180\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 180\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Proteomic%20study%20of%20the%20survival%20and%20resuscitation%20mechanisms%20of%20filamentous%20persisters%20in%20an%20evolved%20Escherichia%20coli%20population%20from%20cyclic%20ampicillin%20treatment&amp;journal=mSystems&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fmsystems.00462-20&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Sulaiman%2CJE&amp;author=Lam%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR181\">Rosen, D. A., Hooton, T. M., Stamm, W. E., Humphrey, P. A. &amp; Hultgren, S. J. Detection of intracellular bacterial communities in human urinary tract infection. PLoS Med. 4, e329 (2007).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040329\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040329\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040329\" aria-label=\"Article reference 181\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040329\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=18092884\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 181\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2140087\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 181\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 181\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Detection%20of%20intracellular%20bacterial%20communities%20in%20human%20urinary%20tract%20infection&amp;journal=PLoS%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040329&amp;volume=4&amp;publication_year=2007&amp;author=Rosen%2CDA&amp;author=Hooton%2CTM&amp;author=Stamm%2CWE&amp;author=Humphrey%2CPA&amp;author=Hultgren%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR182\">Abell-King, C., Pokhrel, A., Rice, S. A., Duggin, I. G. &amp; S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, B. Multispecies bacterial invasion of human host cells. Pathog. Dis. 82, ftae012 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/femspd\/ftae012\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/femspd\/ftae012\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Ffemspd%2Fftae012\" aria-label=\"Article reference 182\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/femspd\/ftae012\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXisVOmurk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 182\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38794885\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 182\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11180983\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 182\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 182\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Multispecies%20bacterial%20invasion%20of%20human%20host%20cells&amp;journal=Pathog.%20Dis.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Ffemspd%2Fftae012&amp;volume=82&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Abell-King%2CC&amp;author=Pokhrel%2CA&amp;author=Rice%2CSA&amp;author=Duggin%2CIG&amp;author=S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR183\">Conner, J. F., Coleman, S. E., Davis, J. L. &amp; McGaughey, F. S. Bacterial L-forms from urinary-tract infections in a veterans hospital population. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 16, 893\u2013900 (1968).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1968.tb02684.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1968.tb02684.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1532-5415.1968.tb02684.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 183\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1968.tb02684.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaF1czmtFWgsA%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 183\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=4875316\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 183\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 183\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bacterial%20L-forms%20from%20urinary-tract%20infections%20in%20a%20veterans%20hospital%20population&amp;journal=J.%20Am.%20Geriatr.%20Soc.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1532-5415.1968.tb02684.x&amp;volume=16&amp;pages=893-900&amp;publication_year=1968&amp;author=Conner%2CJF&amp;author=Coleman%2CSE&amp;author=Davis%2CJL&amp;author=McGaughey%2CFS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR184\">Mickiewicz, K. M. et al. Possible role of L-form switching in recurrent urinary tract infection. Nat. Commun. 10, 4379 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-12359-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-12359-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12359-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 184\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-12359-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31558767\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 184\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6763468\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 184\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 184\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Possible%20role%20of%20L-form%20switching%20in%20recurrent%20urinary%20tract%20infection&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-019-12359-3&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Mickiewicz%2CKM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR185\">Petrovic Fabijan, A. et al. L-form switching in Escherichia coli as a common \u03b2-lactam resistance mechanism. Microbiol. Spectr. 10, e02419-22 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/spectrum.02419-22\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/spectrum.02419-22\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fspectrum.02419-22\" aria-label=\"Article reference 185\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/spectrum.02419-22\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36102643\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 185\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9603335\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 185\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 185\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=L-form%20switching%20in%20Escherichia%20coli%20as%20a%20common%20%CE%B2-lactam%20resistance%20mechanism.%20Microbiol&amp;journal=Microbiol.%20Spectr.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fspectrum.02419-22&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Petrovic%20Fabijan%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR186\">Mercier, R., Kawai, Y. &amp; Errington, J. General principles for the formation and proliferation of a wall-free (L-form) state in bacteria. eLife 3, e04629 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.04629\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.04629\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.04629\" aria-label=\"Article reference 186\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.04629\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25358088\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 186\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4244569\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 186\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 186\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=General%20principles%20for%20the%20formation%20and%20proliferation%20of%20a%20wall-free%20%28L-form%29%20state%20in%20bacteria&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.04629&amp;volume=3&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Mercier%2CR&amp;author=Kawai%2CY&amp;author=Errington%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR187\">Paduthol, G. et al. A microphysiological human mini-bladder reveals urine-urothelium interplay in tissue resilience and UPEC recurrence in urinary tract infections. Nat. Commun. 17, 2322 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-026-68573-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-026-68573-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-026-68573-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 187\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-026-68573-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB28XmslSks7k%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 187\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41634008\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 187\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12976268\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 187\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 187\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20microphysiological%20human%20mini-bladder%20reveals%20urine-urothelium%20interplay%20in%20tissue%20resilience%20and%20UPEC%20recurrence%20in%20urinary%20tract%20infections&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-026-68573-3&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Paduthol%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR188\">Kawai, Y., Mickiewicz, K. &amp; Errington, J. Lysozyme counteracts \u03b2-lactam antibiotics by promoting the emergence of L-form bacteria. Cell 172, 1038\u20131049.e10 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.021\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.021\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2018.01.021\" aria-label=\"Article reference 188\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.01.021\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXjt12ltrg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 188\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29456081\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 188\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5847170\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 188\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 188\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Lysozyme%20counteracts%20%CE%B2-lactam%20antibiotics%20by%20promoting%20the%20emergence%20of%20L-form%20bacteria&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2018.01.021&amp;volume=172&amp;pages=1038-1049.e10&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Kawai%2CY&amp;author=Mickiewicz%2CK&amp;author=Errington%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR189\">Lacerda Mariano, L. et al. Functionally distinct resident macrophage subsets differentially shape responses to infection in the bladder. Sci. Adv. 6, eabc5739 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5739\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5739\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abc5739\" aria-label=\"Article reference 189\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/sciadv.abc5739\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33239294\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 189\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7688323\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 189\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 189\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Functionally%20distinct%20resident%20macrophage%20subsets%20differentially%20shape%20responses%20to%20infection%20in%20the%20bladder&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.abc5739&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Lacerda%20Mariano%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR190\">Mora-Bau, G. et al. Macrophages subvert adaptive immunity to urinary tract infection. PLoS Pathog. 11, e1005044 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005044\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005044\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1005044\" aria-label=\"Article reference 190\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005044\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26182347\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 190\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4504509\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 190\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 190\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Macrophages%20subvert%20adaptive%20immunity%20to%20urinary%20tract%20infection&amp;journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1005044&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Mora-Bau%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR191\">Anderson, G. G., Martin, S. M. &amp; Hultgren, S. J. Host subversion by formation of intracellular bacterial communities in the urinary tract. Microbes Infect. 6, 1094\u20131101 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.05.023\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.05.023\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.micinf.2004.05.023\" aria-label=\"Article reference 191\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.05.023\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15380779\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 191\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 191\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Host%20subversion%20by%20formation%20of%20intracellular%20bacterial%20communities%20in%20the%20urinary%20tract&amp;journal=Microbes%20Infect.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.micinf.2004.05.023&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=1094-1101&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Anderson%2CGG&amp;author=Martin%2CSM&amp;author=Hultgren%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR192\">Brooun, A., Liu, S. &amp; Lewis, K. A dose-response study of antibiotic resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 640\u2013646 (2000).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.640-646.2000\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.640-646.2000\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.44.3.640-646.2000\" aria-label=\"Article reference 192\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.44.3.640-646.2000\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXhsVGhu78%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 192\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10681331\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 192\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC89739\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 192\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 192\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20dose-response%20study%20of%20antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20Pseudomonas%20aeruginosa%20biofilms&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.44.3.640-646.2000&amp;volume=44&amp;pages=640-646&amp;publication_year=2000&amp;author=Brooun%2CA&amp;author=Liu%2CS&amp;author=Lewis%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR193\">Spoering, A. L. &amp; Lewis, K. Biofilms and planktonic cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa have similar resistance to killing by antimicrobials. J. Bacteriol. 183, 6746\u20136751 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/JB.183.23.6746-6751.2001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/JB.183.23.6746-6751.2001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FJB.183.23.6746-6751.2001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 193\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/JB.183.23.6746-6751.2001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXovVSjs7Y%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 193\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11698361\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 193\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC95513\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 193\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 193\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Biofilms%20and%20planktonic%20cells%20of%20Pseudomonas%20aeruginosa%20have%20similar%20resistance%20to%20killing%20by%20antimicrobials&amp;journal=J.%20Bacteriol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FJB.183.23.6746-6751.2001&amp;volume=183&amp;pages=6746-6751&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Spoering%2CAL&amp;author=Lewis%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR194\">Verstraete, L. et al. In vitro persistence level reflects in vivo antibiotic survival of natural Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in a murine lung infection model. Microbiol. Spectr. 11, e0497022 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/spectrum.04970-22\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/spectrum.04970-22\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fspectrum.04970-22\" aria-label=\"Article reference 194\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/spectrum.04970-22\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37140371\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 194\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10269860\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 194\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 194\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=In%20vitro%20persistence%20level%20reflects%20in%20vivo%20antibiotic%20survival%20of%20natural%20Pseudomonas%20aeruginosa%20isolates%20in%20a%20murine%20lung%20infection%20model&amp;journal=Microbiol.%20Spectr.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fspectrum.04970-22&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Verstraete%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR195\">Schilling, J. D., Lorenz, R. G. &amp; Hultgren, S. J. Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole on recurrent bacteriuria and bacterial persistence in mice infected with uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 70, 7042\u20137049 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.7042-7049.2002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.7042-7049.2002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FIAI.70.12.7042-7049.2002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 195\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/IAI.70.12.7042-7049.2002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XptVyhs7o%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 195\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12438384\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 195\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC132990\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 195\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 195\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Effect%20of%20trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole%20on%20recurrent%20bacteriuria%20and%20bacterial%20persistence%20in%20mice%20infected%20with%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=Infect.%20Immun.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FIAI.70.12.7042-7049.2002&amp;volume=70&amp;pages=7042-7049&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Schilling%2CJD&amp;author=Lorenz%2CRG&amp;author=Hultgren%2CSJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR196\">Negrete, H. O., Lavelle, J. P., Berg, J., Lewis, S. A. &amp; Zeidel, M. L. Permeability properties of the intact mammalian bladder epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. 271, F886\u2013F894 (1996).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1152\/ajprenal.1996.271.4.F886\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1152\/ajprenal.1996.271.4.F886\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152%2Fajprenal.1996.271.4.F886\" aria-label=\"Article reference 196\" data-doi=\"10.1152\/ajprenal.1996.271.4.F886\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK28Xms1OnsbY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 196\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 196\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Permeability%20properties%20of%20the%20intact%20mammalian%20bladder%20epithelium&amp;journal=Am.%20J.%20Physiol.%20Renal%20Physiol.&amp;doi=10.1152%2Fajprenal.1996.271.4.F886&amp;volume=271&amp;pages=F886-F894&amp;publication_year=1996&amp;author=Negrete%2CHO&amp;author=Lavelle%2CJP&amp;author=Berg%2CJ&amp;author=Lewis%2CSA&amp;author=Zeidel%2CML\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR197\">Wientjes, M. G., Badalament, R. A., Wang, R. C., Hassan, F. &amp; Au, J. L. Penetration of mitomycin C in human bladder. Cancer Res. 53, 3314\u20133320 (1993).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaK3szhtlyltw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 197\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8324743\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 197\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 197\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Penetration%20of%20mitomycin%20C%20in%20human%20bladder&amp;journal=Cancer%20Res.&amp;volume=53&amp;pages=3314-3320&amp;publication_year=1993&amp;author=Wientjes%2CMG&amp;author=Badalament%2CRA&amp;author=Wang%2CRC&amp;author=Hassan%2CF&amp;author=Au%2CJL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR198\">Labbaf, S. et al. An encapsulated drug delivery system for recalcitrant urinary tract infection. J. R. Soc. Interface 10, 20130747 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0747\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0747\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frsif.2013.0747\" aria-label=\"Article reference 198\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rsif.2013.0747\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24068180\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 198\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3808553\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 198\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 198\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=An%20encapsulated%20drug%20delivery%20system%20for%20recalcitrant%20urinary%20tract%20infection&amp;journal=J.%20R.%20Soc.%20Interface&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frsif.2013.0747&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Labbaf%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR199\">Lau, W. K. et al. Novel antibiotic-loaded particles conferring eradication of deep tissue bacterial reservoirs for the treatment of chronic urinary tract infection. J. Control. Rel. 328, 490\u2013502 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.08.048\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.08.048\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jconrel.2020.08.048\" aria-label=\"Article reference 199\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2020.08.048\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhvVKnt73P\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 199\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 199\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Novel%20antibiotic-loaded%20particles%20conferring%20eradication%20of%20deep%20tissue%20bacterial%20reservoirs%20for%20the%20treatment%20of%20chronic%20urinary%20tract%20infection&amp;journal=J.%20Control.%20Rel.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jconrel.2020.08.048&amp;volume=328&amp;pages=490-502&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Lau%2CWK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR200\">GuhaSarkar, S. &amp; Banerjee, R. Intravesical drug delivery: challenges, current status, opportunities and novel strategies. J. Control. Rel. 148, 147\u2013159 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.08.031\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.08.031\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.jconrel.2010.08.031\" aria-label=\"Article reference 200\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2010.08.031\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVCmsr3M\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 200\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 200\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intravesical%20drug%20delivery%3A%20challenges%2C%20current%20status%2C%20opportunities%20and%20novel%20strategies&amp;journal=J.%20Control.%20Rel.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.jconrel.2010.08.031&amp;volume=148&amp;pages=147-159&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=GuhaSarkar%2CS&amp;author=Banerjee%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR201\">Morrison, J. J. et al. Metabolic flux regulates growth transitions and antibiotic tolerance in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 206, e00162-24 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/jb.00162-24\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/jb.00162-24\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fjb.00162-24\" aria-label=\"Article reference 201\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/jb.00162-24\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38814092\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 201\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11332148\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 201\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 201\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Metabolic%20flux%20regulates%20growth%20transitions%20and%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20in%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=J.%20Bacteriol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fjb.00162-24&amp;volume=206&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Morrison%2CJJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR202\">Valencia, E. Y., de Moraes Gomes, F., Ospino, K. &amp; Spira, B. RpoS role in antibiotic resistance, tolerance and persistence in E. coli natural isolates. BMC Microbiol. 24, 72 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s12866-024-03222-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s12866-024-03222-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s12866-024-03222-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 202\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s12866-024-03222-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXmtVeru7o%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 202\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38443813\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 202\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11323705\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 202\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 202\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=RpoS%20role%20in%20antibiotic%20resistance%2C%20tolerance%20and%20persistence%20in%20E.%20coli%20natural%20isolates&amp;journal=BMC%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs12866-024-03222-7&amp;volume=24&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Valencia%2CEY&amp;author=de%20Moraes%20Gomes%2CF&amp;author=Ospino%2CK&amp;author=Spira%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR203\">Molina-Quiroz, R. C., Lazinski, D. W., Camilli, A. &amp; Levy, S. B. Transposon-sequencing analysis unveils novel genes involved in the generation of persister cells in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60, 6907\u20136910 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.01617-16\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.01617-16\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.01617-16\" aria-label=\"Article reference 203\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.01617-16\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXitV2guro%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 203\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27550350\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 203\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5075105\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 203\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 203\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Transposon-sequencing%20analysis%20unveils%20novel%20genes%20involved%20in%20the%20generation%20of%20persister%20cells%20in%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.01617-16&amp;volume=60&amp;pages=6907-6910&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Molina-Quiroz%2CRC&amp;author=Lazinski%2CDW&amp;author=Camilli%2CA&amp;author=Levy%2CSB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR204\">Zhang, S. et al. Small Non-coding RNA RyhB mediates persistence to multiple antibiotics and stresses in uropathogenic Escherichia coli by reducing cellular metabolism. Front. Microbiol. 9, 136 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00136\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00136\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2018.00136\" aria-label=\"Article reference 204\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00136\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29467745\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 204\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5808207\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 204\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 204\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Small%20Non-coding%20RNA%20RyhB%20mediates%20persistence%20to%20multiple%20antibiotics%20and%20stresses%20in%20uropathogenic%20Escherichia%20coli%20by%20reducing%20cellular%20metabolism&amp;journal=Front.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffmicb.2018.00136&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Zhang%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR205\">Keren, I., Shah, D., Spoering, A., Kaldalu, N. &amp; Lewis, K. Specialized persister cells and the mechanism of multidrug tolerance in Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 186, 8172\u20138180 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/JB.186.24.8172-8180.2004\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/JB.186.24.8172-8180.2004\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FJB.186.24.8172-8180.2004\" aria-label=\"Article reference 205\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/JB.186.24.8172-8180.2004\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXhtFSgsrzI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 205\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15576765\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 205\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC532439\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 205\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 205\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Specialized%20persister%20cells%20and%20the%20mechanism%20of%20multidrug%20tolerance%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=J.%20Bacteriol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FJB.186.24.8172-8180.2004&amp;volume=186&amp;pages=8172-8180&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Keren%2CI&amp;author=Shah%2CD&amp;author=Spoering%2CA&amp;author=Kaldalu%2CN&amp;author=Lewis%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR206\">Schumacher, M. A. et al. HipBA\u2013promoter structures reveal the basis of heritable multidrug tolerance. Nature 524, 59\u201364 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature14662\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature14662\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature14662\" aria-label=\"Article reference 206\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature14662\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXht1GlsbfI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 206\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26222023\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 206\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7502270\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 206\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 206\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=HipBA%E2%80%93promoter%20structures%20reveal%20the%20basis%20of%20heritable%20multidrug%20tolerance&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature14662&amp;volume=524&amp;pages=59-64&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Schumacher%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR207\">Michaux, C., Ronneau, S. &amp; Helaine, S. Studying antibiotic persistence during infection. Methods Mol. Biol. 2357, 273\u2013289 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1621-5_18\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1621-5_18\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/978-1-0716-1621-5_18\" aria-label=\"Article reference 207\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/978-1-0716-1621-5_18\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXisFygsbvK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 207\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34590265\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 207\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 207\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Studying%20antibiotic%20persistence%20during%20infection&amp;journal=Methods%20Mol.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1007%2F978-1-0716-1621-5_18&amp;volume=2357&amp;pages=273-289&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Michaux%2CC&amp;author=Ronneau%2CS&amp;author=Helaine%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR208\">Gefen, O., Chekol, B., Strahilevitz, J. &amp; Balaban, N. Q. TDtest: easy detection of bacterial tolerance and persistence in clinical isolates by a modified disk-diffusion assay. Sci. Rep. 7, 41284 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/srep41284\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/srep41284\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fsrep41284\" aria-label=\"Article reference 208\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/srep41284\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXitVygs7c%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 208\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28145464\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 208\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5286521\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 208\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 208\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=TDtest%3A%20easy%20detection%20of%20bacterial%20tolerance%20and%20persistence%20in%20clinical%20isolates%20by%20a%20modified%20disk-diffusion%20assay&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fsrep41284&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Gefen%2CO&amp;author=Chekol%2CB&amp;author=Strahilevitz%2CJ&amp;author=Balaban%2CNQ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR209\">Lazarovits, G. et al. Prevalence of antibiotic tolerance and risk for reinfection among Escherichia coli bloodstream isolates: a prospective cohort Study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 75, 1706\u20131713 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/cid\/ciac281\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/cid\/ciac281\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciac281\" aria-label=\"Article reference 209\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/cid\/ciac281\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXpsFWqtr0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 209\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35451002\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 209\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10645045\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 209\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 209\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Prevalence%20of%20antibiotic%20tolerance%20and%20risk%20for%20reinfection%20among%20Escherichia%20coli%20bloodstream%20isolates%3A%20a%20prospective%20cohort%20Study&amp;journal=Clin.%20Infect.%20Dis.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciac281&amp;volume=75&amp;pages=1706-1713&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Lazarovits%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR210\">Zheng, E. J., Stokes, J. M. &amp; Collins, J. J. Eradicating bacterial persisters with combinations of strongly and weakly metabolism-dependent antibiotics. Cell Chem. Biol. 27, 1544\u20131552.e3 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2020.08.015\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2020.08.015\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2020.08.015\" aria-label=\"Article reference 210\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2020.08.015\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsl2gsrzO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 210\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32916087\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 210\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 210\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Eradicating%20bacterial%20persisters%20with%20combinations%20of%20strongly%20and%20weakly%20metabolism-dependent%20antibiotics&amp;journal=Cell%20Chem.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.chembiol.2020.08.015&amp;volume=27&amp;pages=1544-1552.e3&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Zheng%2CEJ&amp;author=Stokes%2CJM&amp;author=Collins%2CJJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR211\">Clinical Breakpoint Tables. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/bacteria\/clinical-breakpoints-and-interpretation\/clinical-breakpoint-tables\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/bacteria\/clinical-breakpoints-and-interpretation\/clinical-breakpoint-tables\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.eucast.org\/bacteria\/clinical-breakpoints-and-interpretation\/clinical-breakpoint-tables\/<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR212\">Patel, P. &amp; Preuss, C. V. Cephalosporins. StatPearls [Internet] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/sites\/books\/NBK551517\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/sites\/books\/NBK551517\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/sites\/books\/NBK551517\/<\/a> (updated 17 February 2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR213\">Silver, L. L. Fosfomycin: mechanism and resistance. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med. 7, a025262 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025262\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025262\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a025262\" aria-label=\"Article reference 213\" data-doi=\"10.1101\/cshperspect.a025262\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28062557\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 213\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5287057\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 213\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 213\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Fosfomycin%3A%20mechanism%20and%20resistance&amp;journal=Cold%20Spring%20Harb.%20Perspect.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a025262&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Silver%2CLL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR214\">Hawkins, B. K., Ding, H., Harriott, M. M. &amp; Wang, J. L. New perspectives on antimicrobial agents: pivmecillinam. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 69, e0182424 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aac.01824-24\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/aac.01824-24\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Faac.01824-24\" aria-label=\"Article reference 214\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/aac.01824-24\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40689785\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 214\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12326968\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 214\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 214\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=New%20perspectives%20on%20antimicrobial%20agents%3A%20pivmecillinam&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Faac.01824-24&amp;volume=69&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Hawkins%2CBK&amp;author=Ding%2CH&amp;author=Harriott%2CMM&amp;author=Wang%2CJL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR215\">Kemnic, T. R., Patel, P. &amp; Nicolas, S. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. StatPearls [Internet] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/sites\/books\/NBK513232\/\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/sites\/books\/NBK513232\/\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/sites\/books\/NBK513232\/<\/a> (updated 19 June 2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 215\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Kemnic%2CTR&amp;author=Patel%2CP&amp;author=Nicolas%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR216\">Khamari, B. &amp; Bulagonda, E. P. Unlocking nitrofurantoin: understanding molecular mechanisms of action and resistance in Enterobacterales. Med. Princ. Pract. 34, 121\u2013137 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39471786\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 216\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11936445\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 216\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 216\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Unlocking%20nitrofurantoin%3A%20understanding%20molecular%20mechanisms%20of%20action%20and%20resistance%20in%20Enterobacterales&amp;journal=Med.%20Princ.%20Pract.&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=121-137&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Khamari%2CB&amp;author=Bulagonda%2CEP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Ahmed, S. K. et al. Antimicrobial resistance: impacts, challenges, and future prospects. J. Med. Surg. Public Health 2,&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":802930,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[53883,545,59,3250,102,3249,56,54,55,252571],"class_list":["post-802929","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-health","tag-antimicrobial-resistance","tag-bacteria","tag-gb","tag-general","tag-health","tag-medicine-public-health","tag-uk","tag-united-kingdom","tag-unitedkingdom","tag-urology"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/802929","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=802929"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/802929\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/802930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=802929"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=802929"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/uk\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=802929"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}