Lombard Street in San Francisco (Photo by Lewis Liu on Shutterstock)
Small Cities Are Outrunning Major Metros in New Government Efficiency Ranking
In a Nutshell
A new WalletHub ranking of 148 U.S. cities placed San Francisco last for turning tax dollars into results, even though it has the nation’s top-ranked health system.
Provo, Utah landed in first place by combining a small government budget with strong scores in education, safety, and infrastructure.
Researchers built the ranking by dividing each city’s overall quality of services score by how much it spends per resident, so bigger budgets do not automatically mean higher marks.
San Francisco spends more per resident than nearly every other major U.S. city, yet a 2026 ranking places it last out of 148 cities for turning that spending into results. Provo, Utah, a city roughly a tenth its size, takes the opposite prize: the top spot.
Personal-finance site WalletHub set out to answer a question many taxpayers have wondered about at some point: does a bigger city budget actually buy better government? The resulting “Best- & Worst-Run Cities” ranking measures spending efficiency specifically, not overall quality of life or governance style. Researchers compared 148 of the most populated U.S. cities on measures like school quality, crime rates, health outcomes and road conditions, then weighed those results against how much each city spends per resident.
Analysts built a “Quality of City Services” score for each city from 36 metrics split evenly across six categories, financial stability, education, health, safety, economy, and infrastructure and pollution, and then divided that score by each city’s per-capita budget to produce a final “Score per Dollar Spent” rank. Data were collected as of May 19, 2026, drawing on public records, credit ratings and federal statistics rather than resident surveys. That formula is what separates San Francisco and Provo by more than 100 spots, and it shapes the rest of the list too.
Despite high marks in health and infrastructure rankings, WalletHub found San Francisco to be the worst-run city. (Photo by Arnaud Mariat on Unsplash+)
Why San Francisco Ranks as America’s Worst-Run City
San Francisco’s trouble is not the quality of its services alone. Its Quality of City Services score ranks 41st out of 148, in the upper third of the field, and its health outcomes, covering measures like life expectancy and hospital access, rank first in the entire country. By several individual measures, San Francisco performs better than most cities on this list.
Spending is where the picture falls apart. San Francisco’s per-capita budget ranks 148th, the highest of any city studied, meaning no other city in the ranking spends more per resident. Its education score ranks 137th and its economy score ranks 130th, both among the weakest in the country, while its infrastructure and pollution score ranks third-best nationally. One of the metrics pulling the education score down was San Francisco’s high school graduation rate, the lowest of any city WalletHub studied. High spending paired with that kind of split record, some of the strongest category scores in the study alongside some of the weakest, is what produces a last-place finish under WalletHub’s formula.
Provo, Utah. (Photo by Don LaVange Jr. on Unsplash)
Why Provo Ranks as America’s Best-Run City
Provo’s budget runs in the opposite direction. Its per-capita spending ranks second-lowest of any city in the study, yet its Quality of City Services score still lands in the top third nationally, at 15th overall. Unlike San Francisco, which leans heavily on one standout category, Provo’s strength comes from consistency.
Its high school graduation rate sits near 91%, business growth measures around 3.1%, and its violent and property crime rates rank seventh- and eighth-lowest in the country, respectively. Road quality ranks 24th nationally, and short commute times paired with light traffic congestion round out a city that delivers steady results in nearly every category without a correspondingly large budget. In the report, WalletHub analyst Chip Lupo describes that pattern in general terms, saying, “The best-run cities in America use their budgets most effectively to provide high-quality financial security, education, health, safety and transportation to their residents.” Low debt shows up repeatedly among cities built this way, a detail Lupo tied to long-term financial stability.
The Rest of the Best
Nampa, Idaho, took second place behind Provo on the strength of remarkably low debt: just $902 in long-term debt per resident, compared to a range of $33,000 to $36,000 per capita elsewhere in the report. Nampa also posted the second-lowest property crime rate in the country and the 21st-lowest poverty rate.
Manchester, New Hampshire, ranked third, helped by the sixth-lowest air pollution levels in the study and a low share of residents living in poverty, along with the 19th-lowest property crime rate and 25th-lowest violent crime rate nationally. Boise, Idaho, took fourth place, carrying the fifth-best safety score of any city studied, and Nashua, New Hampshire, rounded out the top five with the fourth-best economy score in the country. None of these cities carry the name recognition of a major metro, yet each turned a modest budget into results that rival or beat much larger, better-funded cities.
The Worst of the Worst
Detroit, ranked 147th, arrived at the bottom by a different route than San Francisco. Its Quality of City Services score is the lowest of any city in the study, meaning its underlying public services scored poorly before spending even entered the equation. New York, at 146th, resembles San Francisco’s pattern more closely: a respectable services score, ranked 29th nationally, undone by the second-highest per-capita budget in the study.
Oakland (145th) and Chicago (144th) each combine below-average service scores with high spending, a tougher combination to climb out of than either problem on its own. Chad R. Miller, a professor of economic development at the University of Southern Mississippi who consulted on the report, made a broader point in his commentary, stating, “Attracting and retaining talent is the most important issue facing US cities.” Cities that let both costs and service quality slip risk losing the residents and businesses that keep a local economy growing.
San Francisco is not doomed to stay at the bottom, and Provo is not guaranteed a permanent hold on first place. Budgets shift, and so do local economies. In a separate answer, Miller pointed to residents themselves as part of local accountability, noting, “Citizen engagement is crucial for local government transparency and accountability.” What this ranking captures, in the end, is a wide and consistent gap between two approaches to running a city: one built around heavy spending with an uneven payoff, the other built around spending less and still covering the basics well.
Full List: Best-Run Cities in America
Overall Rank* CityQuality of City Services Rank Total Budget per Capita Rank 1Provo, UT1522Nampa, ID6613Manchester, NH3334Boise, ID1055Nashua, NH5156Sioux Falls, SD12177Fort Wayne, IN37128Virginia Beach, VA2409Lincoln, NE311910Mesa, AZ621011Las Cruces, NM85612Oklahoma City, OK76913Mobile, AL571414Dover, DE126415Chesapeake, VA183516Warwick, RI303017Durham, NC263318Jacksonville, FL97819Lexington-Fayette, KY382820Missoula, MT432621Raleigh, NC115122Cedar Rapids, IA174523Columbus, GA100724Madison, WI36325Bismarck, ND85326Wichita, KS961327Grand Rapids, MI343728Topeka, KS891629Tallahassee, FL831830Rapid City, SD812331Portland, ME97032Billings, MT912233Knoxville, TN454934Greensboro, NC653935Warren, MI992536Lubbock, TX982937Eugene, OR535238Huntington Beach, CA18939Arlington, TX684740Phoenix, AZ605041Worcester, MA237242Lewiston, ME1122443Omaha, NE525544Louisville, KY944145Gulfport, MS1093246El Paso, TX556047St. Petersburg, FL357348Indianapolis, IN954649Huntington, WV1083850Garland, TX586451Montgomery, AL1272152Anchorage, AK646153Charlotte, NC427454Fargo, ND447655Casper, WY596756Tulsa, OK1014457Albuquerque, NM1252758Aurora, IL258359Austin, TX198460Fort Worth, TX885461Tucson, AZ1074362San Antonio, TX726663Salem, OR776564Burlington, VT79965Colorado Springs, CO826266Corpus Christi, TX1243667Baton Rouge, LA1342068Fort Smith, AR1144869Rutland, VT737170Reno, NV567971Providence, RI846972Bridgeport, CT1115773Fairbanks, AK1055874Miami, FL2210175Hialeah, FL479476Charleston, SC411477Minneapolis, MN409678Little Rock, AR1324279Spokane, WA639280Columbus, OH699181Cheyenne, WY938282Norfolk, VA1068083Orlando, FL3210484Syracuse, NY878585Akron, OH1187886Richmond, VA909087St. Paul, MN3910688Fremont, CA612589Des Moines, IA709890Memphis, TN1413491Columbia, SC1048692Toledo, OH1355993Aurora, CO7810294Las Vegas, NV3611395Frederick, MD2012096Dallas, TX1108797Gary, IN1433198Kansas City, KS1385699Kansas City, MO11688100Tampa, FL27122101Milwaukee, WI13375102New Haven, CT13081103Nashville, TN11993104Buffalo, NY79107105Salt Lake City, UT49115106Boston, MA16130107Dayton, OH11597108Fort Lauderdale, FL71111109Atlanta, GA50117110San Diego, CA13135111Cincinnati, OH80110112Jackson, MS14711113Yonkers, NY28127114Modesto, CA103103115Santa Ana, CA46123116Portland, OR24134117Houston, TX117105118Anaheim, CA67124119Springfield, MA113108120Pittsburgh, PA48131121Charleston, WV131100122St. Louis, MO14468123Rochester, NY54128124Wilmington, DE75129125Bakersfield, CA120119126Birmingham, AL123116127San Jose, CA14142128Sacramento, CA86133129Hartford, CT139109130Seattle, WA21145131Riverside, CA92137132Shreveport, LA14677133Flint, MI14595134Cleveland, OH136118135Denver, CO74141136Los Angeles, CA51143137Stockton, CA140121138New Orleans, LA142112139Tacoma, WA121136140Long Beach, CA61144141Fresno, CA122139142Baltimore, MD137132143Philadelphia, PA129138144Chicago, IL128140145Oakland, CA102146146New York, NY29147147Detroit, MI148126148San Francisco, CA41148
Notes: *No. 1 = Best-Run
The columns in the table above depict the relative rank of that city, where a rank of 1 represents the highest quality of city services, and the smallest budget per capita, respectively.
Detailed Breakdown by City
Quality of City Services*
(Score) CityFinancial Stability Rank Education Rank Health Rank Safety Rank Economy Rank Infrastructure & Pollution Rank 1
(68.31)Huntington Beach, CA802102145512
(67.81)Virginia Beach, VA8475681213
(67.50)Madison, WI13257966754
(67.42)Charleston, SC17343336805
(67.42)Nashua, NH21502574596
(65.90)Fremont, CA127193047867
(65.34)Burlington, VT7664359788
(64.85)Bismarck, ND2444322518559
(64.75)Portland, ME14578413221310
(64.69)Boise, ID4441125459511
(64.60)Raleigh, NC111722402110012
(63.71)Sioux Falls, SD23511837296213
(63.69)San Diego, CA9591332343114
(63.48)San Jose, CA54112455211315
(63.42)Provo, UT357026101182316
(63.36)Boston, MA41301520125917
(63.03)Cedar Rapids, IA34813812157818
(62.38)Chesapeake, VA72196192412919
(61.97)Austin, TX66102164574620
(61.78)Frederick, MD361372181341521
(61.70)Seattle, WA26711981294722
(61.48)Miami, FL8681780511723
(61.37)Worcester, MA96110331747424
(61.11)Portland, OR205361171211625
(60.83)Aurora, IL993027114010826
(60.52)Durham, NC32424773714427
(60.47)Tampa, FL32455460643228
(60.44)Yonkers, NY1346733964829
(60.30)New York, NY1012716231273430
(60.00)Warwick, RI108926721211731
(59.97)Lincoln, NE294113142311032
(59.32)Orlando, FL373237104872433
(59.25)Manchester, NH93136202673934
(59.12)Grand Rapids, MI5875445860735
(59.10)St. Petersburg, FL64333972555836
(58.91)Las Vegas, NV75747649361137
(58.68)Fort Wayne, IN2255116221112638
(58.59)Lexington-Fayette, KY563965383511939
(58.48)St. Paul, MN301336842133140
(58.47)Minneapolis, MN1013423108132241
(58.36)San Francisco, CA90137165130342
(58.35)Charlotte, NC154855991312243
(58.27)Missoula, MT121145354145344
(58.21)Fargo, ND102225839703845
(57.93)Knoxville, TN33299912014346
(57.90)Santa Ana, CA104478443012747
(57.76)Hialeah, FL1301234175314348
(57.15)Pittsburgh, PA126346328882549
(56.92)Salt Lake City, UT495940110891850
(56.51)Atlanta, GA836261103252651
(56.39)Los Angeles, CA1222628501146952
(56.28)Omaha, NE826371533310253
(56.16)Eugene, OR2982102581094954
(56.05)Rochester, NY109893055100655
(56.01)El Paso, TX1231580246311456
(55.97)Reno, NV983156564812057
(55.91)Mobile, AL531913481202758
(55.86)Garland, TX1163874161914759
(55.67)Casper, WY19011415417260
(55.60)Phoenix, AZ398570112386361
(55.59)Long Beach, CA1181819797311562
(55.40)Mesa, AZ687873463213763
(55.29)Spokane, WA69688110159764
(55.13)Anchorage, AK5143698937965
(55.11)Greensboro, NC5161151234213166
(55.05)Nampa, ID841428348611267
(54.99)Anaheim, CA140406345612568
(54.98)Arlington, TX526182478113969
(54.88)Columbus, OH4511211036758870
(54.53)Des Moines, IA671277867625671
(54.36)Fort Lauderdale, FL436635132835472
(54.34)San Antonio, TX3169921051037673
(54.23)Rutland, VT9646096261974
(54.19)Denver, CO499845113916575
(54.16)Wilmington, DE722397119981476
(54.14)Oklahoma City, OK696108914313377
(54.12)Salem, OR7711649696710678
(54.11)Aurora, CO40111311027814079
(54.01)Buffalo, NY1111154857804580
(53.43)Cincinnati, OH738498901242881
(53.35)Rapid City, SD591291207629682
(53.27)Colorado Springs, CO787285757612483
(53.16)Tallahassee, FL7152105881352984
(52.97)Providence, RI1371354181074185
(52.94)Las Cruces, NM55106798511110586
(52.67)Sacramento, CA117735771829887
(52.66)Syracuse, NY1131255192501288
(52.39)Fort Worth, TX1037650615414589
(52.37)Topeka, KS971081129417490
(52.28)Richmond, VA4114512343937091
(52.18)Billings, MT4797122952810992
(52.17)Riverside, CA1314664513114193
(52.16)Cheyenne, WY16718973726894
(52.02)Louisville, KY27103106121688595
(51.99)Indianapolis, IN1812313610799196
(51.85)Wichita, KS62113128525911197
(51.79)Jacksonville, FL70771211061023698
(51.49)Lubbock, TX81201178310613699
(51.47)Warren, MI63100952913140100
(50.75)Columbus, GA4654148668566101
(50.75)Tulsa, OK259511912465104102
(50.41)Oakland, CA11256513812394103
(50.26)Modesto, CA12483906311292104
(50.19)Columbia, SC421049412611990105
(50.13)Fairbanks, AK1988521145877106
(50.13)Norfolk, VA851211276279107107
(50.00)Tucson, AZ911015912592103108
(49.94)Huntington, WV12871336810421109
(49.90)Gulfport, MS120371298716118110
(49.81)Dallas, TX135354711584101111
(49.79)Bridgeport, CT139126143114371112
(49.46)Lewiston, ME94140141279464113
(49.34)Springfield, MA129124864114150114
(49.33)Fort Smith, AR6058126864966115
(49.24)Dayton, OH4811410412812633116
(49.16)Kansas City, MO8753931422793117
(49.09)Houston, TX107426613311799118
(48.94)Akron, OH891021307413660119
(48.86)Nashville, TN1001091071291089120
(48.54)Bakersfield, CA110791017077146121
(48.07)Tacoma, WA74994613513887122
(47.66)Fresno, CA119809110099138123
(47.13)Birmingham, AL1063610313910561124
(46.83)Corpus Christi, TX1282813511161135125
(46.71)Albuquerque, NM92931001446981126
(46.42)Dover, DE886514513011535127
(46.22)Montgomery, AL114119139939542128
(46.13)Chicago, IL14860624811630129
(45.93)Philadelphia, PA12514711110910852130
(45.17)New Haven, CT142128428414022131
(45.12)Charleston, WV13649147823937132
(44.54)Little Rock, AR281171321477182133
(44.19)Milwaukee, WI1381188712211073134
(43.55)Baton Rouge, LA61120124143101134135
(43.10)Toledo, OH10514113778142128136
(42.61)Cleveland, OH1151381091469083137
(42.25)Baltimore, MD7914314613113784138
(42.05)Kansas City, KS1321441251184457139
(41.89)Hartford, CT147132299714410140
(41.38)Stockton, CA14110777116122148141
(39.15)Memphis, TN57122144148120130142
(38.47)New Orleans, LA1441051181411395143
(37.77)Gary, IN6513988134146142144
(37.50)St. Louis, MO13314814314512820145
(36.41)Flint, MI3814613112714844146
(32.66)Shreveport, LA14686142136113116147
(30.86)Jackson, MS14591138137145132148
(30.20)Detroit, MI143131140140147123
Notes: *No. 1 = Best-Run
With the exception of “Quality of City Services” score, all of the columns in the table above depict the relative rank of that city, where a rank of 1 represents the best conditions for that metric category.
Paper Notes
Limitations
This is a secondary data analysis of 148 of the most populated U.S. cities, not a survey of residents or a controlled study. Rankings depend on the availability and consistency of third-party data sources, including the Census Bureau, Moody’s, GreatSchools.org, the CDC, the FBI and Zillow, which are collected at different times and through different methodologies, introducing some inconsistency across metrics. The “Quality of City Services” score reflects a weighting scheme chosen by WalletHub’s research team across six categories (financial stability, education, health, safety, economy, and infrastructure and pollution); a different weighting could shift individual rankings. The overall “Score per Dollar Spent” rank measures spending efficiency, not raw service quality alone, so a city with a strong service score, such as San Francisco’s health ranking, can still land far from the top once per-capita spending is factored in. Data reflect a single snapshot collected as of May 19, 2026.
Survey Methodology
The analysis was conducted and published by WalletHub, a personal-finance website owned by Evolution Finance, Inc. It was not commissioned by an outside sponsor. WalletHub’s research team, led by analyst Chip Lupo, designed and conducted the study independently, comparing 148 of the most populated U.S. cities across 36 metrics in six equally weighted categories, each worth 16.67 points toward a 100-point “Quality of City Services” score. Data were drawn from public and institutional sources, including the U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Moody’s Investors Service, GreatSchools.org, the FBI, the CDC, Zillow and Numbeo, and were collected as of May 19, 2026. WalletHub sells financial products and comparison tools elsewhere on its site, but the city rankings are separate editorial content and do not involve a commercial stake in how individual cities are ranked.