![\"A](\"https:\/\/platform.theverge.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2026\/01\/257883_Fire_resilient_CA_JPeters_0042.jpg?quality=90&strip=all&crop=0,0,100,100\")
<\/a><\/p>\nDave McQuead, chief of the Rancho Santa Fe Fire Protection District, Rancho Santa Fe, California, August 6th, 2025. Photo by John Francis Peters \/ The Verge<\/p>\n
We\u2019re looking down at a valley where the hills dip and slope into flatlands just before the ocean. The topography becomes a natural tunnel for coastal gales. If there happened to be a vehicle on fire below that transferred to vegetation, for example, the wind could easily blow heat and flames from that blaze straight to us. As one side of the valley burns, it would transfer heat to the other side of the slope \u2014 drying out the vegetation and priming it to also burn. It creates a convection column of gas, smoke, and ash. We\u2019re standing on top of a natural chimney in the landscape.<\/p>\n
\u201cDangerous spot,\u201d McQuead says.<\/p>\n
Megafires start small, often with an ember. Homes that face the most risk often sit where forest or brush meets suburbia, along what\u2019s technically called the wildland-urban interface (WUI \u2014 pronounced \u201cwoo-ee\u201d in much more innocuous-sounding jargon). Here, a gale might easily fling embers from a forest fire into a neighborhood. An ember might land on a rosebush in a planter or drift into a home through a vent.<\/p>\n
Once that first home starts to burn, it can make the situation more explosive for the rest of the community. There are more embers, and now direct flames threatening neighbors. Sheer radiant heat can cause nearby fire-prone materials to combust.<\/p>\n
Those three elements combined \u2014 embers, direct flame contact, and radiant heat \u2014 are what burn communities to the ground, says Kimiko Barrett, lead research and policy analyst at the nonprofit Headwaters Economics.<\/p>\n
Conversely, the best way to protect any single home is to harden the entire community against those threats. The goal is to limit weak points where embers might gain a foothold from which to spread into an inferno.<\/p>\n
A view of old wildfire burn scars and hilltop homes, Rancho Santa Fe, CA, August 6th 2025 Photo by John Francis Peters \/ The Verge<\/p>\n Chief Dave McQuead of the Rancho Santa Fe Fire Protection District shows a map detailing the path of the 2007 Witch Fire, Rancho Santa Fe, California, August 6th, 2025. Photo by John Francis Peters \/ The Verge<\/p>\n \u201cWhat we do know about wildfire risk reduction to homes is that it has to occur at that neighborhood scale because of the nature of how homes burn down,\u201d Barrett says. \u201cIt\u2019s not a wildfire problem, it\u2019s a structural ignition problem, and that requires a big shift in our paradigm and expectations of what it means to live with wildfires.\u201d<\/p>\n Fire has always been a part of the ecology in some parts of the world, including much of California. Wildfires naturally clear debris, fertilize the soil, and help some seeds germinate. But in the future, living in harmony with those fires is going to take a more concerted effort.<\/p>\n European settlers threw the natural balance out of whack in California. They outlawed Indigenous practices of controlled burns to manage the land, wisdom that policymakers more recently started to heed by reintroducing prescribed burns. The timber industry also stomped out fires that would have been healthy for the forest and nearby communities. Years of all-out fire suppression have allowed dead vegetation to build up into loads of tinder that then fuel much larger conflagrations. Hotter, drier conditions with climate change also supercharge blazes. Human-caused climate change has extended California\u2019s fire season<\/a> and increased the number of acres burned<\/a>.<\/p>\n At the same time, unaffordable housing in urban centers has pushed many residents farther into the wildland-urban interface, where they\u2019re more vulnerable to fire. Nearly a third of housing across the US, more than 44 million homes, was located in WUI in 2020, according to federal data<\/a>. Much of that development has taken place since the 1990s.<\/p>\n Avoiding high-risk areas might be one way to adapt to a warming, more fire-prone world. There\u2019s also talk of \u201cmanaged retreat<\/a>,\u201d coordinated efforts to abandon areas that are just too difficult to defend against escalating climate disasters like fires and floods. But that\u2019s often not a feasible or fair option<\/a> for people, especially when skyrocketing housing prices and rising temperatures that suck the landscape dry mean there\u2019s nowhere safer to go.<\/p>\n McQuead brought me to that Cielo hilltop because the neighborhood is actually<\/a> known for having survived an inferno<\/a>, the Witch Creek Fire of 2007, thanks in large part to the proactive measures taken by its former fire chief, Erwin Willis. A decade earlier, the fire district became one of the first to establish new building codes to protect against fire<\/a>, including residential fire sprinklers and defensible space surrounding homes<\/a>.<\/p>\n The Witch Creek Fire forced some 21,000 residents within the fire district to evacuate. After the firestorm, the damage was one-sided. No structures were lost in Cielo or other newly-constructed communities in Rancho Santa Fe. More than 60 homes and outbuildings were destroyed by the blaze, but only in areas built before the new building code applied. It was stunning evidence that helped California adopt statewide building codes for fire-resistant construction the following year.<\/p>\n An ominous orange glow hangs over a neighborhood where numerous homes were destroyed by the Witch fires in several rural communities in 2007 in Rancho Bernardo, California, located North of San Diego, about 12 miles from Rancho Santa Fe. Photo by Bob Riha Jr. \/ Getty Images<\/p>\n Homes are shown ravaged by fire in Northern Rancho Santa Fe, California, October 24th, 2007. Photo by Sandy Huffaker \/ Getty Images<\/p>\n A home is shown in ruins after fire ravaged Northern Rancho Santa Fe, California, October 24th, 2007. Photo by Sandy Huffaker \/ Getty Images<\/p>\n Back at the IBHS burn demonstration in Anaheim, I meet State Fire Marshal Daniel Berlant, who tells me about a pilot program that aims to provide financial assistance to Californians who can\u2019t afford, or can\u2019t physically do the tasks required, to harden a home against fire. After all, he says 90 percent of homes at risk of wildfire in California were built before the building code was updated in 2008.<\/p>\n \u201cA home is significantly more likely to survive a wildfire when it has home-hardening retrofits built to today\u2019s code paired with defensible space. But we continue to see those homes still burn as well,\u201d Berlant says. \u201cHardening\u201d is the technical term for making a home more resistant to embers, flames, and radiant heat. \u201cAnd so what we continue to really gain out of our research is that it has to be done at neighborhood scale. If I do everything right, but based on density, my neighbor next to me doesn\u2019t, we\u2019re still both at risk.\u201d<\/p>\n How to harden a home against fire<\/p>\n About 11 miles from Rancho Santa Fe, Escondido, California, has a higher risk of wildfire than 98 percent of communities in the US, according to the USDA Forest Service<\/a>. Nevertheless, it\u2019s still one of the most populous cities in San Diego County, with nearly 150,000 residents and more moving into newly built communities like Dixon Trail.<\/p>\n Dixon Trail is on the edge of town in Escondido, nestled at the foot of shrubby hills. When I ask Steve Ruffner why KB Home would build here despite the risk, he\u2019s unfazed.<\/p>\n Dixon Trail is the first community built in the US to meet home- and neighborhood-level wildfire resilience standards developed by the Insurance Institute for Business & Home Safety (IBHS). Photo by Adam Amengual \/ The Verge<\/p>\n \u201cYou\u2019re not going to be able to put a community like this in the middle of a city,\u201d he says. Construction in an urban center would avoid the \u2018wildland-urban interface\u2019 \u2014 but there isn\u2019t enough space to build rows of detached, single-family homes like we see here, and that\u2019s what a lot of buyers want.<\/p>\n What he says next surprises me. By becoming the first neighborhood built in the US to meet IBHS\u2019 home- and neighborhood-level wildfire resilience standards, what I thought would be a vulnerability in the location is now expected to be another firefighting tool. \u201cWe will be a backstop to prevent fire going to all those older homes surrounding us,\u201d Ruffner says.<\/p>\n There are no real boundaries between Dixon Trail and the community next door, Eureka (which was not built by KB Home). But it\u2019s easy to see where one ends and the next begins. The older neighborhood is noticeably greener, with manicured lawns, roses, hibiscus, and other bushes climbing up against the walls of homes.<\/p>\n Dixon Trail is purposefully more austere because these homes have been \u201chardened<\/a>.\u201d One of the clearest differences is the 5-foot moat of gravel and concrete surrounding the perimeter of each home, a buffer free of any potentially flammable plants or materials that\u2019s called \u201cdefensible space<\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n Other details are less obvious. Vents in many homes are meant to let outside air in under the floor or roof of a home; good airflow can prevent the moisture that leads to mold or rot. But that flow of air into the home can also let embers inside, potentially igniting a structure fire. With home hardening, vents are designed to block embers, covered with metal mesh to keep embers from sneaking into the house. The garage doors are all metal, with no plastic windows that might melt and let embers inside. Windows are often weak points, so those are all double-pane (instead of single-pane) with tempered glass that\u2019s stronger and more heat-resistant.<\/p>\n Garage doors are all metal, with no plastic windows that might melt and let inside embers from a fire.<\/p>\n Many of the measures are already required in newly built homes by California law, including covered vents and double-pane windows. KB Home followed even more extensive standards set by IBHS. It has since broken ground on another community in the Sacramento area similarly being built to meet IBHS standards at the home and neighborhood level. Here at Dixon Trail, what appears to be wood fencing is actually made of steel, and so are retaining walls. All the upgrades were cost neutral, according to Ruffner. Using recycled metal for fencing, for example, didn\u2019t wind up costing more than heavy timber would have.<\/p>\n What appears to be wood fencing is actually made of steel.<\/p>\n Eaves are built with non-combustible stucco soffits to block embers. <\/p>\n Nevertheless, these homes aren\u2019t cheap. Houses in Dixon Trail start at around $1 million, which is close to the median price for the county. But in an already unaffordable housing market, the fire resilience measures are also meant to cut down on soaring insurance costs. I met Kifah Samara and his wife as they were moving into their new home in Dixon Trail in June. Samara coached a soccer team that occasionally played inside of the neighboring community of Eureka, and after spotting the construction, stopped into the Dixon Trail visitor center on a Saturday.<\/p>\n He\u2019d been looking to buy a new home for four or five years already, but got an extra push this year. He says home insurance for his previous condo had jumped from roughly $750 a year to nearly $4,000 after the devastating fires nearby in the greater Los Angeles area in January 2025. Before then, his rate had typically only risen about 20 percent per year. \u201cThis year it was crazy,\u201d he says. After moving into Dixon Trail, built to meet insurance industry-developed standards, he says he\u2019s paying closer to $1,400 a year. \u201cI think it was a good decision,\u201d he tells me of the move.<\/p>\n Kifah Samara in front of his new home. Photo by Adam Amengual \/ The Verge<\/p>\n The megafires that laid waste to the communities of Altadena and Pacific Palisades outside of LA weigh heavily on the minds of many of the people I met while reporting this story. \u201cNow that we\u2019ve seen entire cities burn down, if you\u2019re going to start fresh, do it right,\u201d Samara\u2019s next-door neighbor Kevin Walton tells me. He and his wife moved in a couple weeks before we met to be closer to their daughter, who was about to give birth to their grandson. The fire-resilient measures, particularly the indoor sprinkler system, he says, were a plus. \u201cIt just gives some peace of mind.\u201d<\/p>\n When I ask Len Gregory, who moved to Rancho Santa Fe about 10 years ago, what brought him here, he tells me emphatically, \u201cThe trees! The trees!\u201d<\/p>\n The community\u2019s eucalyptus trees are iconic; they\u2019re even depicted on the Rancho Santa Fe Fire District\u2019s emblem and a patch on Chief McQuead\u2019s uniform. They\u2019re not native to the region. Local lore says that a railroad company planted the trees in the early 1900s as a source of timber for the rail lines, and they\u2019ve taken a foothold ever since. Their fragrant oil also happens to make these trees extremely flammable.<\/p>\n We\u2019re surrounded by them at the Ewing Preserve, a nearly 25-acre parcel of protected land managed by Gregory\u2019s HOA, also called Rancho Santa Fe. Before retiring, Gregory was a distributor of landscape equipment and irrigation products, which gives him a little expertise in leading the HOA\u2019s forest health and preservation work. As much as he loves the trees, part of that work is to remove some of them \u2014 replacing the most fire-prone vegetation with less combustible, native species and thinning undergrowth.<\/p>\n It sounds like a hard sell, particularly when the trees are beloved to residents, including Gregory himself. But when it comes to fire mitigation, Gregory says, they\u2019ll do whatever it takes.<\/p>\n A trail at the Ewing Preserve, Rancho Santa Fe, California, August 6th, 2025. Photo by John Francis Peters \/ The Verge<\/p>\n \u201cQuite frankly, we live in terror,\u201d Gregory tells me before rattling off a history of infernos from the Witch Fire to the devastating January 2025 blazes surrounding Los Angeles. \u201cI mean, you can\u2019t live in Southern California \u2014 actually, anywhere in the West \u2014 without being terrified.\u201d<\/p>\n A year after the fires that devastated Altadena and Pacific Palisades, many residents are still coping with the aftermath. After the public outpouring of support and solidarity from politicians, Hollywood celebrities, and philanthropists both near and far, survivors are still left reeling. Reality TV veteran Spencer Pratt, who was among those who lost their homes, announced a mayoral campaign<\/a> for Los Angeles this month that\u2019s largely fueled by his fury at officials for failing to stop the blazes.<\/p>\n Other people are navigating construction and insurance nightmares with far fewer resources and clout. Few homes have been rebuilt<\/a>, while others are still standing but uninhabitable from the damage. And each time the region\u2019s Santa Ana winds \u2014 which fanned the flames in January 2025 \u2014 kick up, it\u2019s a reminder that another terrible fire could break out. It\u2019s all the more reason for many Southern Californians to want to take action.<\/p>\n An invasive insect trap for palm weevils at the Ewing Preserve, Rancho Santa Fe, California, August 6th, 2025. Photo by John Francis Peters \/ The Verge<\/p>\n Here in the Ewing Preserve, much of the work is focused on removing any dead trees, and preventing beetle infestations from killing more. They want to remove any debris that can become \u201cladder fuel,\u201d which could help flames climb to the tree canopy \u2014 a point at which blazes move faster and become harder to control. An even more ambitious project is underway nearby at another preserve called Arroyo along the San Dieguito River.<\/p>\n \u201cWithout this work, [firefighters] would be racing a speeding train,\u201d says Jonathan Appelbaum, a biologist working with the nonprofit San Dieguito River Valley Conservancy.<\/p>\n With the blessing of Gregory\u2019s HOA, the Rancho Santa Fe Association that owns the land, the conservancy got a $1.5 million grant in 2024 from the California Wildlife Conservation Board to remove invasive trees \u2014 restoring the river corridor habitat into a natural firebreak<\/a>. Firefighters use these breaks to try to stop an inferno from advancing; the idea is to create or rely on an existing barrier that flames can\u2019t cross. A river and damp vegetation surrounding it is a great option, but less so if it\u2019s choked off and overrun with more fire-prone trees that can fling embers across.<\/p>\n When I visit Arroyo with Applebaum, the river is little more than a trickle. It\u2019s the dry season, but invasive trees aren\u2019t helping. \u201cEucalyptus is like sticking a straw into the ground and sucking as hard as possible to drink all the water up,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n Eucalyptus and palm trees are Applebaum\u2019s biggest targets. It\u2019s grueling work, particularly in the most dense and remote parts of the preserve, where they\u2019ve had to resort to airlifting trees out by helicopter. Native willows, sycamores, and cottonwood trees are taking their place. Species that evolved to take advantage of the river\u2019s hydrology here are more efficient with how they use water and manage to stay perennially hydrated, Appelbaum tells me. Their higher moisture content makes them less flammable than oil-filled eucalyptus and palms with dead fronds that light up like Roman candles<\/a>. A year into the grant program, they had removed close to 80 percent of eucalyptus within the target 12-acre area.<\/p>\n Restoration work is being done to clear highly flammable trees and plants and replace them with more fire-resistant and native species at the Arroyo Preserve, Rancho Santa Fe, California, August 6th, 2025. Photo by John Francis Peters \/ The Verge<\/p>\n Restoration work at Arroyo Preserve involved removing invasive species including eucalyptus and palm trees, airlifting them out by helicopter. Rancho Santa Fe, CA, August 6th 2025 Photo by John Francis Peters \/ The Verge<\/p>\n Taking a community-wide approach to wildfire prevention is especially crucial for managing shared spaces like this preserve, which can help or hurt neighboring properties when fires approach. But the Rancho Santa Fe Association is also being proactive when it comes to helping its residents maintain their individual properties. It has also partnered with the startup FireWatch to provide residents with aerial maps of their property that can show risks they might otherwise miss on the ground. By plane, FireWatch can actually use a multispectral camera system to map the health of trees and plants below. The cameras can read near-infrared wavelengths invisible to the naked eye. What looks like a green canopy in a regular image appears in shades of red and pink \u2014 with stressed or dying plants, perhaps infested by those pesky beetles, appearing more brown or gray.<\/p>\n \u201cThis is a tree in decline. I can tell that this is going to need treatment or it\u2019s going to need to be removed,\u201d Caitlin Kreutz, a biologist at SWCA Environmental Consultants who has worked with FireWatch and the Rancho Santa Fe Association, says as we flip between looking at the green and pink images of a property from FireWatch\u2019s home base at a small airport in Carlsbad. To the naked eye, she says, it\u2019s just a green tree. But in infrared, it\u2019s much duller in color than its neighbors. Besides, as a homeowner, you\u2019re not going to be able to look down on your tree\u2019s foliage to spot any subtle changes because you\u2019re underneath it. \u201cThis just gives a whole other perspective,\u201d Kreutz says.<\/p>\n In 2025, the Rancho Santa Fe Association was officially designated as a Firewise<\/a> community, which recognizes adherence to another set of nationally recognized guidance for reducing wildfire risk that was developed by the National Fire Protection Association. The designation saves residents up to 5 percent on their insurance premiums, according to the HOA.<\/p>\n \u201cCommunities tend to stand or fall together,\u201d says John Bailey, a professor in the College of Forestry at Oregon State University who studies fire management. \u201cI see a key solution being taking the information that we have [on home-hardening and] expanding it to a critical number if not all neighbors.\u201d<\/p>\n If each home is also relying on their neighbors to do their part, that also means that every convert reached can have an outsize impact with the actions they take. That\u2019s ultimately what the burn demo I attended in Anaheim was all about. After KB Home\u2019s Steve Ruffner attended a similar IBHS demo in 2024 on a whim, his company became a sponsor of the event in 2025.<\/p>\n \u201cI was here just like you last year getting sunburned and wondering what the heck this was about,\u201d Ruffner says to the crowd gathered at the opening of the event. \u201cI can tell you I\u2019ve lived through a lot of red flag days just like you \u2026 and I just want to thank you for coming to watch this because it changed my life.\u201d<\/p>\n Update, January 16th: This story has been updated with the full name of the HOA, Rancho Santa Fe Association.<\/p>\n Follow topics and authors from this story to see more like this in your personalized homepage feed and to receive email updates.Justine CalmaClose Justine Calma<\/p>\n Posts from this author will be added to your daily email digest and your homepage feed.<\/p>\n FollowFollow<\/p>\n See All by Justine Calma<\/a><\/p>\n ClimateClose<\/p>\n Climate<\/p>\n Posts from this topic will be added to your daily email digest and your homepage feed.<\/p>\n FollowFollow<\/p>\n See All Climate<\/a><\/p>\n EnvironmentClose<\/p>\n Environment<\/p>\n Posts from this topic will be added to your daily email digest and your homepage feed.<\/p>\n FollowFollow<\/p>\n See All Environment<\/a><\/p>\n FeaturesClose<\/p>\n Features<\/p>\n Posts from this topic will be added to your daily email digest and your homepage feed.<\/p>\n FollowFollow<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/p>\n