Holocaust survivors, politicians and regular people commemorated International Holocaust Remembrance Day on Tuesday, gathering at events held across Europe to reflect on Nazi Germany’s killing of millions of people.
International Holocaust Remembrance Day is observed across the world on Jan. 27, the anniversary of the liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the most notorious of the Nazi German death camps. The U.N. General Assembly adopted a resolution in 2005 establishing the day as an annual commemoration.
At the memorial site of Auschwitz, located in an area of southern Poland which was under German occupation during World War II, former prisoners laid flowers and wreaths at a wall where German forces executed thousands of prisoners. Poland’s President Karol Nawrocki was scheduled to join survivors for a remembrance ceremony at Birkenau, the vast site nearby where Jews from across Europe were exterminated in gas chambers.
Candles burned and white roses were placed at the Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe, a field of 2,700 gray concrete slabs near the Brandenburg Gate in the heart of Berlin, which honors the 6 million victims and stands as a powerful symbol of Germany’s remorse.
In the Czech Republic, a candlelight march is planned for the evening in Terezin at the site of the former Nazi concentration camp Theresienstadt. Thousands of Jews died there or were sent from there to Auschwitz and other death camps.
Nazi German forces killed some 1.1 million people at Auschwitz, most of them Jews, but also Poles, Roma and others. The camp was liberated by the Soviet army on Jan. 27, 1945. In all, some 6 million Jews were killed in the Holocaust — in ghettos, concentration camps and often shot at close range in the fields and forests of Eastern Europe.
Israel — home to more Holocaust survivors than any other country — marks its remembrance day, Yom HaShoah, on the anniversary of the April 1943 Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, emphasizing the heroism of the Jewish insurgents who resisted the Nazi terror.
Dr. Edith Eger speaks about “The Gift,” her book that mentions grief as a force for positive change, inspired by her story surviving the Auschwitz concentration camp, and her healing process from the trauma.
Warnings about the world today
As they look back, many leaders also reflected on the hatred in today’s world.
The European Union’s top diplomat, Kaja Kallas, warned that the world is seeing the highest levels of anti-Semitism since the Holocaust and that some of the threats are now “taking new and disturbing forms.”
Kallas, the EU foreign policy chief, underlined the misuse “of AI-generated content to blur the line between fact and fiction, distort historical truth, and undermine our collective memory.”
Czech President Petr Pavel said the day is “a call to reflect on the past and the responsibility we have as a society, but especially as individuals, in the contemporary world. Unfortunately, even today there are people who trivialize the hateful Nazi ideology, or even sympathize with it.”
A shrinking community of Holocaust survivors
There are an estimated 196,600 Jewish Holocaust survivors still alive globally, down from the 220,000 survivors estimated to be alive a year earlier, according to information published last week by the New York-based Conference on Jewish Material Claims Against Germany. Nearly all of them — some 97% — are “child survivors” who were born 1928 and later, the group said.
Though the world’s community of survivors shrinks with time, some are still telling their stories for the first time after all these years.
An annual gathering took place at the upper house of Czech Parliament with Holocaust survivors. Pavel Jelinek, a 90-year-old survivor from the city of Liberec — a Czech city with a prewar Jewish population of 1,350 — said he was now the last living of the 37 Jews who returned to the city after the war.
Jelinek told those gathered that his motto has been: “The whole world is one narrow bridge, and what matters is not to be afraid at all.”
In London, a Holocaust survivor addressed the British Cabinet in what Prime Minister Keir Starmer described as a first. Government members wiped away tears as 95-year-old Mala Tribich described how Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939 destroyed her childhood.
She recalled being forced into hard labor at the age of 12 as the first Nazi ghetto was established in her hometown of Piotrkow Trybunalski, and spoke of the hunger, disease and suffering there. The Nazis killed her mother, father and sister. She was sent to Ravensbrück and then to Bergen-Belsen, where she was liberated by the British Army in April 1945.
She urged the Cabinet members to fight antisemitism — and to remember.
“Soon, there will be no eyewitnesses left,” she told them. “That is why I ask you today not just to listen, but to become my witness.”
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Associated Press writers Karel Janicek in Prague, Lorne Cook in Brussels and Mike Corder in Amsterdam contributed to this report.