{"id":101898,"date":"2026-01-16T02:57:31","date_gmt":"2026-01-16T02:57:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/101898\/"},"modified":"2026-01-16T02:57:31","modified_gmt":"2026-01-16T02:57:31","slug":"the-city-where-free-buses-changed-everything","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/101898\/","title":{"rendered":"The City Where Free Buses Changed Everything"},"content":{"rendered":"

The open-air central bus station in Dunkirk feels like a Formula 1 pit lane. In the space of a few minutes, a dozen pink, green and blue buses speed in and out, with passengers descending and mounting through all available doors. The arrivals board, displaying destinations such as Grande-Synthe, Cappelle-la-Grande and Malo-les-Bains, ticks over so quickly it\u2019s as if drivers are vying for a podium spot.<\/p>\n

As the C4 bus pulls in, a teenage girl with chunky headphones and a mother with a baby in a stroller are among those to board. But there are no beeps registering cards, nor the clink of coins used to pay for tickets. Because in this northern French city, no passenger pays.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt\u2019s not bad, really not bad,\u201d says Theo, a 23-year-old gardener in the city and a daily user of the service, in typical French understatement. \u201cYou never have to wait long. There\u2019s less car traffic and less pollution because of it. And it\u2019s free.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"bus\"busBus passenger numbers have increased by 165 percent since free bus travel was introduced, according to Dunkirk city hall. Credit: Peter Yeung<\/p>\n

In 2014, Dunkirk made the decision to get on board with free public transit. Mayor Patrice Vergriete, who has a doctorate in urban planning, pledged during his election campaign that the city would become the largest in France to drop fares on local networks. Today about 150 vehicles \u2014 labeled \u201c100% free bus, 7 days a week\u201d \u2014 crisscross the city and its surroundings, giving 200,000 residents free access to 18 routes.<\/p>\n

\u201cWe made this decision to prioritize freedom [for residents] and really create a shock to improve mobility in Dunkirk,\u201d says Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Montagne, the deputy mayor of Dunkirk and head of the region\u2019s ecological transition efforts.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Proponents like Montagne say that making public transit free reduces carbon emissions, air pollution and traffic, and supports low-income households. They also argue that a funding model that relies on government subsidy rather than passenger fares is more resilient in the face of shocks like pandemics. But critics say that there are high costs linked to these policies \u2014 and that scaling them up to sprawling metropolitan hubs, just as New York City\u2019s new mayor Zohran Mamdani<\/a> has pledged to do, is unlikely to be a smooth ride.<\/p>\n

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In Dunkirk, it took four years \u2014 from 2014 to 2018 \u2014 for efforts to hit the road. First, authorities publicized the program in the media and on the streets, carried out surveys with residents, simplified and reworked timetables, improved the quality of vehicles, repositioned bus stops and increased the size of the fleet. In 2015, they launched free travel on weekends as a testing period, before rolling out the service seven days a week in September 2018.<\/p>\n

\u201cYou can\u2019t just make buses free from one day to the next,\u201d says Montagne. \u201cIf the service is underused, timetables not well understood, if buses are always late, and you don\u2019t change people\u2019s views of public transit, then it won\u2019t work.\u201d<\/p>\n

Central to Dunkirk\u2019s strategy was reinventing the image of public buses, which were typically seen as overloaded, unclean and not particularly safe. Authorities now clean buses every day, and if a seat is broken then it is replaced within a day. Each route, they decided, should have a scheduled arrival every 10 minutes. Smartphone applications also allow passengers to track where and how full their bus is.<\/p>\n

\"Dunkirk\"DunkirkMore than 45 local authorities in France have made some form of public transport free for all passengers. Credit: Peter Yeung<\/p>\n

\u201cThese might seem like small details, but we worked a lot on this,\u201d says Montagne.<\/p>\n

And just over a decade since Dunkirk kickstarted its free bus program, the policy has hit top gear. According to Dunkirk city hall, the number of bus passengers has increased by 165 percent since the initiative was introduced.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn Dunkirk, it\u2019s led to a huge rise in users, it\u2019s revitalized the city and it works as a kind of social redistribution,\u201d says Maxime Hur\u00e9, a lecturer in political sciences at France\u2019s University of Perpignan Via Domitia who has studied<\/a> the program.<\/p>\n

A 2019 study<\/a> by the Observatory of Free Transport Cities, an independent body, found that the policy has led to residents making more trips to the city center, that about half of the new bus riders were taking bus journeys they previously made by car, and that the attractiveness and image of the city has improved.\u00a0<\/p>\n

Separate research<\/a> in 2021 found that free buses are helping young people in Dunkirk shift away from the \u201cidealized\u201d image of private car ownership. Indeed, according to Montagne, city hall figures show that 10 percent of Dunkirk bus users have abandoned their cars since 2018, cutting use of city parking lots by 30 percent.<\/p>\n

Monique, a 75-year-old retiree, stopped driving two years ago with her weakening eyesight and the ease of the free bus transport as an alternative. She\u2019s pleased that there\u2019s even a standalone night service akin to a city-run Uber service that can be ordered on demand at 10pm, taking her directly home for just \u20ac2 when she goes to the theater.<\/p>\n

\u201cI think it\u2019s really super, it\u2019s very well serviced,\u201d she says.\u00a0<\/p>\n

In France, where the transportation sector accounts for 34 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, a growing number of authorities are getting on board with free public transit. Today more than 45<\/a> local authorities have made some form of public transport free for all passengers, including Aubagne, Compi\u00e8gne and Montpellier. In the latter, where the policy applies only to permanent residents, bus ridership increased by 27 percent<\/a> in just one year and the number of people being overexposed to nitrogen dioxide, a pollutant linked to road traffic, fell by 90 percent.\u00a0<\/p>\n

And while Dunkirk has introduced completely free transit, others have adopted other models, such as age-based criteria \u2014 in Lille and Strasbourg, for example, bus travel is free for those under 18. Free weekend travel, meanwhile, is offered for everyone in Nantes, Rouen and Nancy.<\/p>\n

But France is far from the only nation to have introduced free public transit.<\/p>\n

According to a 2025 report<\/a> by Italian researchers, fare-free public transit has been rolled out in 100 places across the world, notably in the U.S., Brazil and European countries such as Poland. Estonia\u2019s capital Tallinn introduced free transit to its 450,000 residents<\/a> in 2013, and Luxembourg became the first nation in the world<\/a> where all public transportation is free (except for first class on trains) in 2020.\u00a0<\/p>\n

\"New\"NewZohran Mamdani has proposed an array of policies for making life in New York City more affordable, including fare-free buses. Credit: Kara McCurdy<\/p>\n

Some of the oldest examples of fare elimination trace back to the U.S. The California city of Commerce pioneered free buses in 1962<\/a>. A 1974 federal law provided $40 million for pilots in Denver and Trenton, New Jersey<\/a>. More recently, Iowa City eliminated bus fares in August 2023 \u2014 paid for with a one percent increase in utility taxes and doubling most public parking rates. The two-year pilot led to ridership exceeding pre-pandemic levels by 18 percent<\/a>, with emissions dropping by 778 metric tons of carbon dioxide a year.<\/p>\n

Yet opinions are divided on whether a major city like Paris, London or indeed New York City could successfully implement a fare-free model.<\/p>\n

Some critics say that free transport systems lead to loss of public income and divert money away from infrastructure upgrades.\u00a0<\/p>\n

A report<\/a> published in September 2025 by France\u2019s Court of Auditors found that free public transport in smaller cities led to ridership increases at a limited cost, but in larger, already well-used networks, the introduction of free transit is \u201cvery costly\u201d because it is accompanied by significant losses in fare revenue and additional costs related to the necessary reinforcement of the existing network, which is under greater strain.\u00a0<\/p>\n

The report found that, in Montpellier, free public transport has primarily led to a surge in short trips more at the expense of walking and cycling than driving. In Lyon, in contrast, where public transit fares have increased \u2014 \u20ac90 ($105) for a monthly subscription \u2014 the additional funds have made it possible to finance a wider range of transport services and reduce car traffic.<\/p>\n

But Dunkirk authorities defend the scheme. Montagne says the \u20ac17 million ($19.9 million) annual cost \u2014 out of the city\u2019s \u20ac500 million annual budget \u2014 for running the free buses is an important social investment. \u201cThe money serves the population, it helps workers, but also families, for leisure, to attend healthcare.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201c[The Court of Auditors] claim that it devalues the service, but it\u2019s totally the opposite \u2014 we have fewer crimes and issues than before.\u201d<\/p>\n

Surveys during Dunkirk\u2019s 2020 municipal elections even found that 99 percent<\/a> of respondents ranked the free bus service as the most important public policy.<\/p>\n

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Hur\u00e9 argues that, given the percentage of transit network income that passenger fares represent is broadly falling, making buses free is far less radical than it seems: Fare revenue has been declining almost universally. \u201cBut politically, it\u2019s presented as a rupture,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

But whether free buses can work elsewhere depends on other factors such as the capacity of networks to deal with an increase in passengers and funding sources, according to Hur\u00e9. In France, public transit systems are already partly funded by the versement mobilit\u00e9<\/a>, or mobility levy, which relies on a percentage of social security contributions paid by French employers.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt could work in large cities, but it depends on the context,\u201d he says.<\/p>\n

The road ahead appears to show even more places treating buses and mobility as a public good and not a paid privilege. On January 1 of this year, buses and regional trains became free across France\u2019s Lens-Li\u00e9vin, H\u00e9nin-Carvin and B\u00e9thune-Bruay metropolitan areas, making it the largest fare-free public transport network in France. Perhaps New York Mayor Mamdani, whose city already sees 1.4 million bus journeys a day<\/a>, could take the trend to the next level.<\/p>\n

\u201cThere is strong demand for free transit,\u201d says Hur\u00e9, \u201cand I believe it will continue.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"The open-air central bus station in Dunkirk feels like a Formula 1 pit lane. In the space of…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":101899,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[13497,7465,46638,9,24,55,54,56,23948,26476],"class_list":["post-101898","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-new-york-city","tag-bus","tag-france","tag-free-public-transportation","tag-new-york","tag-new-york-city","tag-new-york-city-headlines","tag-new-york-city-news","tag-ny","tag-public-transportation","tag-urbanism"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101898","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=101898"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/101898\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/101899"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=101898"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=101898"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=101898"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}