Thousands of people gathered on the National Mall on Sunday for a daylong rally blending Christian prayer and political fervor, a gathering President Trump had touted as an opportunity to \u201crededicate America as one nation under God.\u201d<\/p>\n
The crowds came to the heart of Washington to hear from spiritual and elected leaders and members of Mr. Trump\u2019s cabinet. Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth appeared in a recorded video message early in the day, exhorting the crowd to \u201cpray without ceasing,\u201d a phrase that appears in the New Testament.<\/p>\n
He recounted an apocryphal account<\/a> of President George Washington praying at Valley Forge in the winter of 1777-1778, a moment that has become a touchstone for some Christians who argue that the founders envisioned America as an explicitly Christian nation.<\/p>\n \u201cLet us pray for our nation on bended knee and let us ask our Lord and savior Jesus Christ, as Washington did on that momentous day, so help us God,\u201d Mr. Hegseth said, to cheers from the crowd.<\/p>\n With speeches and Christian music performed against a symbolically potent backdrop at the heart of American government, the rally aimed to crystallize the narrative that the nation\u2019s founding was an intentionally Christian project, a framing disputed by many scholars. The separation of church and state has long been a bedrock principle of American democracy. The First Amendment states that \u201cCongress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.\u201d<\/p>\n Mr. Trump did not appear in person, as some attendees had hoped he would. His participation consisted of a prerecorded video in which he read a chapter from the Old Testament book of II Chronicles. The video appeared to be the same one that Mr. Trump recorded in the Oval Office last month for a marathon reading of the full Bible<\/a> organized by an activist in Texas. The passage is a favorite among many of his Christian supporters, who interpret it as a call to national repentance and subsequent blessing.<\/p>\n Vice President JD Vance appeared in a recorded video that played late in the day.<\/p>\n \u201cWe\u2019ve always been and still are a nation of prayer, and thank God for that,\u201d he said. In brief remarks that cited George Washington and Charlie Kirk, he celebrated reports<\/a> of \u201ca wave of young Americans returning to the pews,\u201d and asked for the crowd\u2019s prayers.<\/p>\n Attendees waited in an hourslong line along the Mall between the Washington Monument and the Capitol Building to enter as Christian worship music wafted from the stage. Inside the event space, many in the crowd raised their hands in praise, with some waving flags and banners in ecstatic expressions of worship. Some had laid out blankets on the lawn, where they picnicked, read from Bibles and prayed in small groups.<\/p>\n \u201cEvents like this let us see that we\u2019re not alone,\u201d said Teresa Johnson-Hernandez, who is running for the Texas House of Representatives as a Republican in the border district of Laredo. She said her priorities included \u201cbiblical beliefs and family values.\u201d <\/p>\n Onstage, evangelical pastors prayed and preached against a backdrop that included large lancet cutouts reminiscent of Gothic church windows.<\/p>\n \u201cWhen you look at American history, you can see God has been at the center of our nation since its founding in 1776,\u201d Gary Hamrick, a pastor from Virginia, told the crowd.<\/p>\n \u201cToday, friends, we are in a spiritual war,\u201d he continued. \u201cThis is a battle in our day between good and evil, between right and wrong, between truth and lies, between light and darkness.\u201d<\/p>\n Secretary of State Marco Rubio and the director of national intelligence, Tulsi Gabbard, both spoke by video. (Ms. Gabbard has a complicated religious history<\/a>, but quoted from the Lord\u2019s Prayer, a Christian text, in her address to the rally.) <\/p>\n House Speaker Mike Johnson appeared in person toward the end of the program, delivering a long prayer that surveyed decades of American history, describing events from the Civil War to the attacks of Sept. 11, 2001, as moments that showed God\u2019s hand in American history.<\/p>\n \u201cWe hereby rededicate the United States of America as one nation under God,\u201d he concluded, to rousing cheers from attendees who has been listening for hours under a hot, almost cloudless sky, with long lines for food and restrooms.<\/p>\n Mr. Johnson has argued<\/a> that separation of church and state is \u201cmisunderstood,\u201d and that \u201cthe Founders wanted to protect the church from an encroaching state, not the other way around.\u201d<\/p>\n The rally, the main religious event of the Trump administration\u2019s 250th anniversary plans, reflected the political success of a right-wing Christian movement that has intensified efforts to end the separation of church and state<\/a>.<\/p>\n Many of the country\u2019s founders were Christians, and references to religion are present in many of their writings. The role of Christianity in America\u2019s founding is complex, however, and partisans have used historical data points and texts to bolster their political positions for decades.<\/p>\n The idea that the founders saw America as an explicitly Christian nation is \u201cnonsensical\u201d and \u201cdead wrong,\u201d said Joseph Ellis, the Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and author of many books on America\u2019s founding.<\/p>\n Instead, the founders were explicitly pushing back against an assumption that persisted through the Middle Ages, that states needed common religious preference to unite people, he said.<\/p>\n \u201cIt is a falsification of the meaning of the American Revolution,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n Conservative Christians have long<\/a> used educational programs, political activism and reimagined iconography<\/a> to advance the view that America was founded as a Christian nation. Intensity around this narrative has grown as the share of Christian Americans has declined.<\/p>\n Mr. Trump rose to office promising to give Christianity power<\/a>, and his rallies increasingly fused evangelical worship and political grievance<\/a>, as right-wing political activity became a kind of holy act for many of his supporters.<\/p>\n In the second Trump administration, Christian worship has become routine inside the White House, and Republican power brokers have infused their public responsibilities with a sense of Christian mission. Mr. Hegseth has invoked divine purpose<\/a> to justify American military power, and prayed to \u201cKing Jesus<\/a>\u201d at a White House dinner.<\/p>\n The prayer event showed that the separation of church and state was \u201cunder extreme attack,\u201d said Rachel Laser, president of Americans United for Separation of Church and State, which has filed seven lawsuits against the administration related to its turn toward Christianity.<\/p>\n \u201cIf Trump really wanted to celebrate what is unique and foundational about America, he\u2019d be celebrating our promise of church-state separation and religious freedom for all,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n American adults largely do not want Christianity to be the country\u2019s official religion, but over the past two years, the portion who do want it to be has increased from 13 percent to 17 percent, according to a recent survey<\/a> from the Pew Research Center.<\/p>\n Republicans are far more likely than Democrats to want the federal government to make Christianity the country\u2019s official religion, the survey found.<\/p>\n Set against the iconic backdrop of the Washington Monument and the Capitol, the highly produced event on Sunday also offered a chance for outsize reach online through conservative Christianity\u2019s powerful social media presence. The Southern Baptist Convention, the nation\u2019s largest Protestant denomination, issued a message to its pastors encouraging them to lead their some 46,000 churches \u201cto join that same spirit of prayer this Sunday.\u201d<\/p>\n The long-planned rally was almost entirely evangelical in character. Multiple speakers, and many attendees, were charismatic Christians, an evangelical tradition that emphasizes the active movement of the Holy Spirit in contemporary life. <\/p>\n