Making housing out of high-rises was supposed to be common sense, a lemons-into-lemonade fix for a nation with a massive glut of underused office towers and a dire shortage of homes. In the six years since the pandemic instigated a major pivot to remote work, tens of thousands of such office-to-residential conversions<\/a> have sprouted up across the country, including the 1,600-unit project planned for the former Pfizer headquarters, the largest project of its kind in New York City<\/a> history, which involves retrofitting the existing structures and adding multiple new floors<\/a> and expansions above them.<\/p>\n It\u2019s not yet known precisely why a chunk of it nearly came tumbling down this week, or why inspectors and project managers failed to note that the original 1960s columns would buckle<\/a> under the weight of the added floors. One union worker blamed the developer\u2019s reliance on mostly non-union labor<\/a>. Others have pointed to the site\u2019s history of safety violations<\/a>. Still others, including many experts, say that it could well have been an engineering failure<\/a> or a miscalculation baked into the renovation\u2019s blueprints. (Neither the building\u2019s developer nor the architectural firm behind the redevelopment responded to Vox\u2019s request for comment.) Regardless, the near collapse is not an indictment of all such projects, but a reminder that they are often exceptionally hard to pull off<\/a>.<\/p>\n They are also worth it. Over the past few years, cities have gotten much better at turning empty offices into housing by offering generous incentives for wary developers<\/a> and peeling off layers and layers of red tape<\/a>. Meanwhile, architects have gotten much cleverer with the design hacks<\/a> that can affordably and safely retrofit a vast, sterile office space into a place you could call home. As a result, over 90,000 apartments are now being built out of empty office buildings across the US, according to RentCafe<\/a>, up from just over 23,000 in progress in 2022.<\/p>\n If momentum continues to grow, these new apartments could help put a serious dent in America\u2019s housing shortage \u2014 experts agree that we need a few million<\/a> more homes<\/a> to lower rent and mortgages \u2014 with the bonus of being located in some of the most desirable and well-connected neighborhoods in the nation. Converting empty office spaces into housing is also significantly faster<\/a>, often cheaper<\/a>, and much less carbon-intensive<\/a> than building from scratch.<\/p>\n But teaching an old building new tricks is still difficult, delicate work. And as New York City learned the hard way this week, if something goes wrong, it can go very wrong very fast. \u201cEvery building is different,\u201d said Anita Kramer, senior vice president at the Urban Land Institute. \u201cYou don\u2019t know what you\u2019re getting until you take it down to the bare bones,\u201d until you \u201crip out the guts and get down to the cement slabs and the beams.\u201d<\/p>\n What it actually takes to turn an office building into an apartment<\/p>\n You\u2019d be forgiven for assuming that turning offices into apartments is more or less as simple as plucking out the water coolers, swapping cubicles for kitchenettes, and erecting a few extra walls here and there.<\/p>\n Not so. In many cases, such conversions involve gutting the original building to comply with housing codes requiring dwellings to have amenities like operable windows or a running shower. When you build from the ground up, you can incorporate those requirements from the get-go, but it can be pricier and more complex to make them work after the fact.<\/p>\n \u201cIf someone gets a piece of fabric and sews it [to the contours of] your body,\u201d explained Tracy Hadden Loh, a fellow at Brookings Metro, who studies office-to-residential conversions, \u201cit\u2019s going to fit way better than if you turn a bag inside out and cut a hole for your head.\u201d Likewise, you can\u2019t tweak a building made for corporate offices into one built for living without getting quite crafty.<\/p>\n Workers in the lobby of the former Pfizer HQ last year. Heather Khalifa\/Bloomberg<\/p>\n Workers at the former Pfizer HQ last year. Heather Khalifa\/Bloomberg<\/p>\n Some buildings are naturally easier to change than others. New York City legitimized thousands of once illicit artist lofts<\/a> \u2014 located inside abandoned warehouses, mills, and factories \u2014 by bringing them up to city housing codes in the 1980s. This was relatively straightforward because such factories were built over a century ago, when the sort of narrow floor plans, high ceilings, and wide windows well-suited for apartments were still the norm for most new construction.<\/p>\n![\"Workers](\"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-ny\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/07\/gettyimages-2284527213.jpg\"\/)
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