Wunderlich, R. C., & Shipp, E. M. Perspectives on road safety through the lens of traffic crashes in the United States. In Advances in Transportation and Health (pp. 35–58). Elsevier (2012).
Peden, M. M. & Puvanachandra, P. Looking back on 10 years of global road safety. Int. Health 11(5), 327–330 (2019).
Oh, J., Lyon, C., Washington, S., Persaud, B. & Bared, J. Validation of FHWA crash models for rural intersections: Lessons learned. Transp. Res. Rec. 1840(1), 41–49 (2003).
Xing, F. et al. Hourly associations between weather factors and traffic crashes: Non-linear and lag effects. Anal. Methods Accident Res. 24, 100109 (2019).
Tobin, D. M., Kumjian, M. R. & Black, A. W. Effects of precipitation type on crash relative risk estimates in Kansas. Accid. Anal. Prev. 151, 105946 (2021).
Ashifur Rahman, M., Das, S. & Sun, X. Using cluster correspondence analysis to explore rainy weather crashes in Louisiana. Transp. Res. Rec. 2676(8), 159–173 (2022).
Eck, M. A., Konrad, C. E., Rayne, S. & Black, A. W. Understanding the role of rainfall intensity on relative car crash risk in the Carolinas. Weather Climate Soc. 14(3), 965–978 (2022).
Islam, N., Iqra, S. A., Huq, A. S. & Tasnim, A. An econometric analysis of weather effects on roadway crash severity in Bangladesh: Evidence from the Dhaka metropolitan area. Sustainability 15(17), 12797 (2023).
Hou, Q., Huo, X., Leng, J. & Cheng, Y. Examination of driver injury severity in freeway single-vehicle crashes using a mixed logit model with heterogeneity-in-means. Physica A 531, 121760 (2019).
Zeng, Q., Hao, W., Lee, J. & Chen, F. Investigating the impacts of real-time weather conditions on freeway crash severity: a Bayesian spatial analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(8), 2768 (2020).
Zhang, X., Wen, H., Yamamoto, T. & Zeng, Q. Investigating hazardous factors affecting freeway crash injury severity incorporating real-time weather data: Using a Bayesian multinomial logit model with conditional autoregressive priors. J. Safety Res. 76, 248–255 (2021).
Abdel-Aty, M., Ekram, A.-A., Huang, H. & Choi, K. A study on crashes related to visibility obstruction due to fog and smoke. Accid. Anal. Prev. 43(5), 1730–1737 (2011).
Adomah, E., Khoda Bakhshi, A. & Ahmed, M. M. Safety impact of connected vehicles on driver behavior in rural work zones under foggy weather conditions. Transp. Res. Rec. 2676(3), 88–107 (2022).
Phanse, S., Chaturvedi, M., & Srivastava, S. Modelling and Simulation of Road Traffic Under Rainy Conditions. 2022 14th International Conference on COMmunication Systems & NETworkS (COMSNETS) (pp. 830–835). IEEE (2022).
Salvi, K. A. & Kumar, M. Rainfall-induced hydroplaning risk over road infrastructure of the continental USA. PLoS ONE 17(8), e0272993 (2022).
Black, A. W., Villarini, G. & Mote, T. L. Effects of rainfall on vehicle crashes in six US states. Weather Climate Soc. 9(1), 53–70 (2017).
Retallack, A. E. & Ostendorf, B. Relationship between traffic volume and accident frequency at intersections. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17(4), 1393 (2020).
Stevens, S. E., Schreck, C. J., Saha, S., Bell, J. E. & Kunkel, K. E. Precipitation and fatal motor vehicle crashes: continental analysis with high-resolution radar data. Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc. 100(8), 1453–1461 (2019).
Aguilar, C., Russo, B. J., Mohebbi, A. & Akbariyeh, S. Analysis of factors affecting the frequency of crashes on interstate freeways by vehicle type considering multiple weather variables. J. Transp. Saf. Secur. 14(6), 973–1001 (2022).
Becker, N., Rust, H. W. & Ulbrich, U. Weather impacts on various types of road crashes: A quantitative analysis using generalized additive models. Eur. Transp. Res. Rev. 14(1), 1–18 (2022).
Pathivada, B. K., Abshire, N., Hartmann, C., Bell, L., Jackson, D., & Haleem, K. Investigating the Impact of Real-Time Weather Variables on Crash Severity along Kentucky’s Interstates: Case Studies of I-64, I-65, and I-75. International Conference on Transportation and Development 2023 (pp. 134–147) (2023).
Tobin, D. M., Kumjian, M. R. & Black, A. W. Characteristics of recent vehicle-related fatalities during active precipitation in the United States. Weather Climate Soc. 11(4), 935–952 (2019).
Sawtelle, A., Shirazi, M., Garder, P. E. & Rubin, J. Driver, roadway, and weather factors on severity of lane departure crashes in Maine. J. Saf. Res. 84, 306–315 (2023).
Black, A. W. & Mote, T. L. Characteristics of winter-precipitation-related transportation fatalities in the United States. Weather Climate Soc. 7(2), 133–145 (2015).
Ye, F. & Lord, D. Comparing three commonly used crash severity models on sample size requirements: Multinomial logit, ordered probit and mixed logit models. Anal. Methods Accident Res. 1, 72–85 (2014).
Omranian, E., Sharif, H., Dessouky, S. & Weissmann, J. Exploring rainfall impacts on the crash risk on Texas roadways: A crash-based matched-pairs analysis approach. Accid. Anal. Prev. 117, 10–20 (2018).
Yu, R. & Abdel-Aty, M. Analyzing crash injury severity for a mountainous freeway incorporating real-time traffic and weather data. Saf. Sci. 63, 50–56 (2014).
Cheng, Z., Yuan, J., Yu, B., Lu, J. & Zhao, Y. Crash risks evaluation of urban expressways: A case study in Shanghai. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 23(9), 15329–15339 (2022).
Liang, M. et al. The relationship between ambient temperatures and road traffic injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 29(33), 50647–50660 (2022).
Wang, C. et al. Temporal stability of factors affecting injury severity in rear-end and non-rear-end crashes: A random parameter approach with heterogeneity in means and variances. Anal. Methods Accident Res. 35, 100219 (2022).
Naik, B., Tung, L.-W., Zhao, S. & Khattak, A. J. Weather impacts on single-vehicle truck crash injury severity. J. Safety Res. 58, 57–65 (2016).
Tamerius, J., Zhou, X., Mantilla, R. & Greenfield-Huitt, T. Precipitation effects on motor vehicle crashes vary by space, time, and environmental conditions. Weather Climate Soc. 8(4), 399–407 (2016).
Hambly, D., Andrey, J., Mills, B. & Fletcher, C. Projected implications of climate change for road safety in Greater Vancouver, Canada. Clim. Change 116, 613–629 (2013).
Jaroszweski, D. & McNamara, T. The influence of rainfall on road accidents in urban areas: A weather radar approach. Travel Behav. Soc. 1(1), 15–21 (2014).
Black, A. W. & Villarini, G. Effects of methodological decisions on rainfall-related crash relative risk estimates. Accid. Anal. Prev. 130, 22–29 (2019).
Texas Department of Transportation, T. X. D. O. T. TxDOT (Texas Department of Transportation). Crash Records Information System (CRIS). https://cris.dot.state.tx.us/ . Accessed 18 April, (2025).
Nelson, B. R., Prat, O. P., Seo, D.-J. & Habib, E. Assessment and implications of NCEP Stage IV quantitative precipitation estimates for product intercomparisons. Weather Forecast. 31(2), 371–394 (2016).
Prat, O. & Nelson, B. Evaluation of precipitation estimates over CONUS derived from satellite, radar, and rain gauge data sets at daily to annual scales (2002–2012). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 19(4), 2037–2056 (2015).
Slade, R. M., & Chow, T. E. Statistical relations of precipitation and stream runoff for El Niño and La Niña periods, Texas Water Journal, 1 (2011).
Zhu, L., Frauenfeld, O. W. & Quiring, S. M. Seasonal tropical cyclone precipitation in Texas: A statistical modeling approach based on a 60 year climatology. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 118(16), 8842–8856 (2013).
Yoon, S.-S., Ji, U. & Bae, I. Influence of radar and gauge rainfall data sources on the analysis of spatial distribution of traffic accidents and rainfall events. Appl. Sci. 10(20), 7327 (2020).
Mills, B. N., Andrey, J. & Hambly, D. Analysis of precipitation-related motor vehicle collision and injury risk using insurance and police record information for Winnipeg Canada. J. Saf. Res. 42(5), 383–390 (2011).
Sun, X., Hu, H., Habib, E. & Magri, D. Quantifying crash risk under inclement weather with radar rainfall data and matched-pair method. J. Transp. Saf. Secur. 3(1), 1–14 (2011).
Schlögl, M. & Stütz, R. Methodological considerations with data uncertainty in road safety analysis. Accid. Anal. Prev. 130, 136–150 (2019).
Han, Z. & Sharif, H. O. 2020: Investigation of the relationship between rainfall and fatal crashes in Texas, 1994–2018. Sustainability. 12, 7976. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197976 (2020).
Pisano, P., Goodwin, L., & Stern, A. Surface transportation safety and operations: the impacts of weather within the context of climate change. Proceedings from The Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Transportation Workshop, US Department of Transportation: Centre for Climate Change and Environmental Forecasting (2002).
Liu, J., Yang, X. & Ren, S. Research on the Impact of heavy rainfall flooding on urban traffic network based on road topology: A case study of Xi’an City China. Land 12(7), 1355 (2023).
Texas Demographic Center, T. D. C. Demographic Trends and Population Projections for Texas and the North Texas Region (2021). https://demographics.texas.gov/Resources/Presentations/OSD/2021/2021_01_15_LeadershipNorthTexas.pdf. Accessed July, 2024
Boua, M., Kouabenan, D. R. & Belhaj, A. Road safety behaviors: Role of control beliefs and risk perception. Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 91, 45–57 (2022).
Huang, Y., Yan, X., Li, X. & Rakotonirainy, A. Evaluating the safe and eco-driving performances of car-following behaviors in a vehicle platoon under foggy conditions. J. Transp. Saf. Secur. 16(2), 204–229 (2024).
Saha, S., Schramm, P., Nolan, A. & Hess, J. Adverse weather conditions and fatal motor vehicle crashes in the United States, 1994–2012. Environ. Health 15(1), 1–9 (2016).
Federal Highway Administration , F. H. W. A. How do weather events impact roads?. How Do Weather Events Impact Roads?—FHWA Road Weather Management (2025). https://ops.fhwa.dot.gov/weather/q1_roadimpact.htm
Mannering, F. Temporal instability and the analysis of highway accident data. Anal. Methods Accident Res. 17, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amar.2017.10.002 (2018).
Wang, C. et al. Evaluating gender differences in injury severities of non-helmet wearing motorcyclists: Accommodating temporal shifts and unobserved heterogeneity. Anal. Methods Accident Res. 36, 100249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amar.2022.100249 (2022).
Bakhshi, V., Aghabayk, K., Parishad, N. & Shiwakoti, N. Evaluating rainy weather effects on driving behaviour dimensions of driving behaviour questionnaire. J. Adv. Transp. 2022(1), 6000715 (2022).
Wachs, M. Men, women, and wheels: The historical basis of sex differences in travel patterns. Transportation research record, 1135(10) (1987).
Cullen, P. et al. Are there sex differences in crash and crash-related injury between men and women? A 13-year cohort study of young drivers in Australia. SSM-Population Health 14, 100816 (2021).
Barrett, A. E., Gumber, C. & Douglas, R. Explaining gender differences in self-regulated driving: What roles do health limitations and driving alternatives play?. Ageing Soc. 38(10), 2122–2145 (2018).
Levym, D. T. & Miller, T. Review: Risk compensation literature—The theory and evidence. J. Crash Prev. Inj. Control 2(1), 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286580008902554 (2000).
Essien, A., Petrounias, I., Sampaio, P., & Sampaio, S. The impact of rainfall and temperature on peak and off-peak urban traffic. Database and Expert Systems Applications: 29th International Conference, DEXA 2018, Regensburg, Germany, September 3–6, 2018, Proceedings, Part II 29 (2018).
Romanowska, A. & Budzyński, M. Investigating the impact of weather conditions and time of day on traffic flow characteristics. Weather Climate Soc. 14(3), 823–833 (2022).
Elyoussoufi, A., Walker, C. L., Black, A. W. & DeGirolamo, G. J. The Relationships between adverse weather, traffic mobility, and driver behavior. Meteorology 2(4), 489–508 (2023).
Peng, Y., Jiang, Y., Lu, J. & Zou, Y. Examining the effect of adverse weather on road transportation using weather and traffic sensors. PLoS ONE 13(10), e0205409 (2018).
Bergel-Hayat, R., Debbarh, M., Antoniou, C. & Yannis, G. Explaining the road accident risk: Weather effects. Accid. Anal. Prev. 60, 456–465 (2013).
Unrau, D. & Andrey, J. Driver response to rainfall on urban expressways. Transp. Res. Rec. 1980(1), 24–30 (2006).
Black, A. W. & Mote, T. L. Effects of winter precipitation on automobile collisions, injuries, and fatalities in the United States. J. Transp. Geogr. 48, 165–175 (2015).