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<\/a><\/p>\nDr. Bethany Bolling points out different mosquito species submitted to the state arbovirus entomology lab for analysis. Umair Irfan\/Vox<\/p>\n
The US has proved successful in driving away some of the most common mosquito-borne diseases, like malaria and yellow fever, during the 20th century. With less worries about insect-borne illnesses, there are few local and state health agencies in the US investing in active efforts to find and eliminate dangerous insects. Now, these old diseases are starting to creep back in, and new ones are lurking in stagnant puddles, garbage dumps, and culverts. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<\/a> report that the rates of infections spread by animals has more than doubled over the past 20 years. Yet, the picture of these illnesses across the US is spotty at best, and they are likely far more prevalent than we may realize.<\/p>\n However, Texas has been looking out for mosquitoes since 1954, and it\u2019s still a priority. \u201cTexas and Florida are the most vulnerable. \u2026 A lot of times, we\u2019re the ones that see the first human cases of emerging diseases because of our climate, the vectors that we have, and the population levels,\u201d said Bethany Bolling, who manages the zoonotic virology group at the Texas state health office. \u201cWe have active programs throughout Texas that are weekly collecting mosquitoes. We\u2019re monitoring the population levels. We monitor the species, where they are. And then we\u2019re also looking for pathogens.\u201d The state of Texas spends $755,000 per year on its arbovirus surveillance program and employs seven molecular biologists on the team.<\/p>\n But the US as a whole is not investing enough to contain the threat, and even Texas is scrambling to keep up. This year, West Nile virus, which is mainly spread by mosquitoes from the Culex genus, has been detected in 37 states \u2014 including Texas<\/a>, Massachusetts<\/a> and Utah<\/a> \u2014 causing at least one death. The CDC has tallied at least 500 cases<\/a> across the country this year so far.<\/p>\n Dr. Bolling holds up a container of mosquito specimens. Umair Irfan\/Vox<\/p>\n The US is also contending with a dengue outbreak<\/a> in Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands that began last year. The disease is spread by Aedes mosquitoes, and since 2024, health officials have detected locally acquired cases<\/a> in Texas, California, and Florida.<\/p>\n There have been at least 60 cases of Chikungunya<\/a> found in travelers returning to the US this year but no local spread so far. The disease, also transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, arrived in the Americas<\/a> in 2013.<\/p>\n The US typically sees about 2,000 malaria cases<\/a> per year in travelers coming into the country, but in 2023, health officials identified the first locally acquired malaria cases<\/a> in 20 years in Florida and Texas.<\/p>\n Many of these infections don\u2019t have cures, so preventing them in the first place remains the most effective tactic. Yet, at a time when the US public health system needs more money, staff, and research to stay ahead of these diseases, the Trump administration is pulling it apart, with across-the-board job cuts<\/a> at the CDC and more targeted cuts aimed at global vector-borne disease monitoring<\/a> and research into the role of climate change<\/a>. Federal health officials are also undermining confidence in vaccines<\/a>, a critical tool that could help limit the damage from vector-borne disease.<\/p>\n And as the researchers in Austin have learned, there\u2019s only so much they can do from the lab.<\/p>\n Containing disease-spreading mosquitoes demands a holistic strategy that includes maintaining natural ecosystems that house natural mosquito predators, improving the housing stock to prevent indoor bites, and training a new generation of insect-borne pathogen specialists to carry on this work.<\/p>\n A tube containing Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes being prepared virus screening. Umair Irfan\/Vox<\/p>\n Texas is an underrated hotspot for vector-borne disease<\/p>\n The words \u201cvector-borne disease\u201d might evoke images of humid, tropical jungles and scenes of poverty. So, Texas might not be the first place that comes to mind. But the state has a long history with these illnesses, and many of the factors that worsen them intersect in the Lone Star State: year-round mosquito weather, rising average temperatures, more severe rainfall<\/a>, a growing population<\/a>, plenty of travelers and migrants, and expanding urban and suburban sprawl.<\/p>\n That\u2019s why I was so interested in seeing how Texas is managing these threats and what lessons the rest of the country can learn.<\/p>\n In Austin, the Texas Department of State Health Services operates a laboratory at the northwest corner of town to keep an eye on diseases spread by animals \u2014 not just mosquitoes, but ticks, midges, and kissing bugs<\/a>. (Lyme disease, spread by ticks, is actually the most common vector-borne disease<\/a> in the US, and the State of Texas tests and tracks ticks, as well<\/a>). They also monitor diseases, like rabies, that are spread by mammals. Local health departments across the state send suspected insects, bats, and dogs to Austin to see if they\u2019re carrying anything dangerous. \u201cWe get animal heads from all over the state for rabies testing,\u201d Bolling said.<\/p>\n Anatomy of a mosquito chart on the back of a door. Umair Irfan\/Vox<\/p>\n A coffee filter that has been used to collect Aedes aegypti eggs from a colony at the Texas arbovirus laboratory. The colony serves as susceptible control mosquitoes for insecticide resistance testing. Umair Irfan\/Vox<\/p>\n Often, the initial outbreaks of vector-borne disease occur in rural or remote areas, and the origins are discovered long after an outbreak is underway. Some cities like Brownsville, right on the US-Mexico border, have built their own in-house system for trapping, tracking, and spraying for mosquitoes.<\/p>\n But most of the Lone Star State\u2019s 254 counties aren\u2019t looking at all. \u201cOnly about 20 percent of Texas counties do active surveillance,\u201d said Bolling. \u201cWe wish we had eyes on more parts of Texas and knew what mosquitoes were there and what pathogens were circulating.\u201d That means, most often, local officials start collecting vectors after people are already getting sick, and since they don\u2019t have the tools to see what\u2019s being spread, they send their mosquitoes to Austin.<\/p>\n On a map, Bolling pointed out that most of the mosquitoes sent to the lab come from major metro areas like Dallas and San Antonio. \u201cIt\u2019s kind of centered around where there\u2019s more people, more money, more resources to participate in our program,\u201d Bolling said. \u201cWe offer our test services free of charge, but the [local] programs have to have their own mosquito traps. They have to have people to put them out, and they have to pay to ship us the mosquitoes.\u201d That means some of the more remote and lower-income parts of the state, where outbreaks often start, may not realize what they\u2019re dealing with right away when people start falling ill.<\/p>\n Bolling walked me through two sets of double doors into a series of air-pressure controlled laboratories kitted out with fume hoods, microscopes, and PCR machines. Scientists in lab coats, goggles, and gloves carefully took mosquitoes out of minus 80 degree Fahrenheit freezers and sorted them, getting a close look at the species buzzing around from far-flung corners of the state. \u201cWe do have beautiful mosquitoes,\u201d said Bolling, who said one of her favorites is Culex tarsalis, which looks like it has racing stripes.<\/p>\n A row of automated extraction instruments used to extract and purify viral RNA from homogenized mosquito pools. Umair Irfan\/Vox<\/p>\n The goal is to put together a picture of which diseases are circulating, which bugs are spreading them, and which tactics could break the cycle.<\/p>\n Why go through all this trouble? Why not just saturate a city in insecticide when an outbreak starts?<\/p>\n For one thing, spraying is expensive, and it\u2019s not always effective. Local governments facing a mosquito outbreak want to make sure they\u2019re spending their limited dollars wisely. Also, mosquitoes can develop a resistance to repeated exposures, kind of like how bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics. These chemicals can also be detrimental to other insects that are critical pollinators, like bees, or important food for other animals, like bats, so it\u2019s important to tailor the right chemicals to specific mosquitoes in the proper quantities.<\/p>\n There are even some mosquitoes that are \u201cgood,\u201d like the Toxorhynchites mosquito, also known as the elephant mosquito. \u201cWhat\u2019s nice about it, it\u2019s a really large mosquito and it doesn\u2019t feed on humans, so it\u2019s not a concern as far as vector-borne diseases,\u201d Bolling said. Plus, \u201cthey\u2019re predacious on other mosquito larvae, so they can be used as a biocontrol.\u201d<\/p>\n Containing mosquitoes requires sophisticated tools \u2014 and a new cadre of experts<\/p>\n The mosquito surveillance work in states like Texas, Florida, and California can raise the alarm for the rest of the country during a vector-borne disease outbreak. And by filling in the blanks, scientists hope to find patterns in mosquito disease outbreaks that they can use to predict the next ones.<\/p>\n \u201cWe still don\u2019t have good forecasting tools for that, but there do seem to be triggers like shorter winters, earlier springs, and more rainfall, particularly,\u201d said Ben Beard, deputy director of CDC\u2019s Division of Vector-Borne Diseases.<\/p>\n The results of a PCR test can determine whether a specific pathogen is present in a mosquito sample, but only if scientists know what to look for. Umair Irfan\/Vox<\/p>\n The challenge is acting on warnings, particularly when it comes to a danger that a city or state hasn\u2019t seen before. The public health system tends to be reactive and based on finding already known threats. It\u2019s especially hard for local and state governments to muster the resources to deal with intermittent problems like vector-borne disease outbreaks, where years can go by without big spikes in infection rates. That makes it difficult to secure funding for surveillance, research, and personnel to stay ahead of established perils, let alone deal with invasive mosquito species bringing never-before-seen diseases into new areas.<\/p>\n For instance, PCR tests can amplify the genetic material of a virus in a mosquito sample, but the technique requires knowing a part of the genome of the target. You have to already know what\u2019s in the realm of possibility before you can see if it\u2019s there or not.<\/p>\n To find new, previously unknown diseases spread by mosquitoes, scientists have to do something much more complex: a cell culture assay. That means growing a population of cells and trying to see if there are any germs inside a mosquito that can infect them. It\u2019s an involved and expensive process, and few labs in the US are set up to do it.<\/p>\n But this work is currently paused in Texas. \u201cWe\u2019re short-staffed a couple of people right now, so we had to put that on hold,\u201d Bolling said. \u201cIt\u2019s unfortunate because that\u2019s an important part of our program.\u201d<\/p>\n The problems for vector-borne disease surveillance aren\u2019t limited by the technology and funding; it\u2019s the expertise. It\u2019s hard to get more people into this career since the job prospects can be spotty. \u201cWe need more public health insect researchers,\u201d said Beard, from the CDC.<\/p>\n Molecular biologist Jeffrey Moore transfers extracted mosquito RNA to a plate for arbovirus PCR testing. Umair Irfan\/Vox<\/p>\n Erika Machtinger, an associate professor of entomology at Pennsylvania State University, recently helped organize a crash course workshop<\/a> to train health workers to spot dangerous bugs. In a hotel conference room in Baltimore, Maryland, she and her colleagues invited local health officials from around the country to rotate between stations to identify mosquitoes, ticks, and parasites. They practiced collection methods, like setting up mosquito traps, and went over safety precautions, like tucking pants into socks.<\/p>\n The goal is to help health departments build more connections with their natural environment and understand how changes in forests, wetlands, and deserts can alter the landscape of health risks. \u201cVector biology surveillance and management training is more necessary now for public health,\u201d Machtinger said.<\/p>\n This is encapsulated in the idea of \u201cone health<\/a>,\u201d a philosophy that links the integrity of the natural world to human health. In the case of vector-borne disease, the goal is not necessarily to eradicate mosquitoes or disease but to anticipate them and reduce their harm to people. That means spotting dangerous mosquitoes as well as rethinking how we plan neighborhoods, to creating habitats for mosquito predators, to using porous materials to prevent standing water.<\/p>\n Molecular biologist Kim McNair identifies and sorts mosquito trap collections on a chill table, separating species and collecting vectors for further testing. Umair Irfan\/Vox<\/p>\n It also requires building a more sophisticated operation to proactively look for disease. The CDC set up ArboNET<\/a>, which it describes as a \u201cpassive surveillance system.\u201d \u201cIt is dependent on clinicians considering the diagnosis of an arboviral disease and obtaining the appropriate diagnostic test, and reporting of laboratory-confirmed cases to public health authorities,\u201d according to the CDC\u2019s website. \u201cDiagnosis and reporting are incomplete, and the incidence of arboviral diseases is underestimated.\u201d In 2023, the CDC also set up regional training and evaluation centers<\/a> to build up capacity to anticipate, prevent, and manage vector-borne disease outbreaks.<\/p>\n But, as the need for more mosquito control tactics is growing, resources are drying up. Many state and local governments are facing a cash crunch<\/a> \u2014 not just for public health, but for all government services.<\/p>\n The Trump administration is undermining this work, too, with deep cuts to staffing and budgets<\/a> across the board in public health, including 2,400 personnel at the CDC<\/a>, about one-fifth of the agency\u2019s workforce.<\/p>\n The administration has directed much of its ire to research on climate change and public health<\/a>, drawing down research dollars at the National Institutes of Health<\/a> for things like developing models for mosquito-borne disease transmission. Officials like US Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr.<\/a> are also undermining confidence in vaccines<\/a>. There are few vector-borne disease vaccines available for US residents, but there are several under development that health officials were hoping could be a key way to contain the danger. Now, those efforts are stalled.<\/p>\n For many local and state health departments, it means they\u2019re on their own when it comes to facing the specter of vector-borne disease. It\u2019s all the more frustrating knowing that many of these problems are manageable with simple interventions like dumping standing water, wearing repellents, and carefully applying insecticides.<\/p>\n Tiny as they may be, mosquitoes are a danger that we can see coming, and the infections they carry can be stopped. Turning a deadly menace into merely an itchy annoyance demands foresight, planning, money, and people dedicated to containing these pretty little biters.<\/p>\n You\u2019ve read 1 article in the last month<\/p>\n Here at Vox, we’re unwavering in our commitment to covering the issues that matter most to you \u2014 threats to democracy, immigration, reproductive rights, the environment, and the rising polarization across this country.<\/p>\n Our mission is to provide clear, accessible journalism that empowers you to stay informed and engaged in shaping our world. By becoming a Vox Member, you directly strengthen our ability to deliver in-depth, independent reporting that drives meaningful change.<\/p>\n We rely on readers like you \u2014 join us.<\/p>\n Swati Sharma<\/p>\n Vox Editor-in-Chief<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Austin, Texas \u2014 Under a microscope, a mosquito can look stunning. Their blue-green iridescent scales, purple bands, and…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":13118,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6],"tags":[1768,10928,27,29,28],"class_list":{"0":"post-13117","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-texas","8":"tag-climate","9":"tag-future-perfect","10":"tag-texas","11":"tag-texas-headlines","12":"tag-texas-news"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-tx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13117","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-tx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-tx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-tx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-tx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13117"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-tx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13117\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-tx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13118"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-tx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13117"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-tx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13117"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us-tx\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13117"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n