Novoselov, K. S. et al. Two-dimensional gas of massless Dirac fermions in graphene. Nature 438, 197–200 (2005).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, Y., Tan, Y.-W., Stormer, H. L. & Kim, P. Experimental observation of the quantum Hall effect and Berry’s phase in graphene. Nature 438, 201–204 (2005).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Castro Neto, A. H., Guinea, F., Peres, N. M. R., Novoselov, K. S. & Geim, A. K. The electronic properties of graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 81, 109–162 (2009).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Nambu, Y. & Jona-Lasinio, G. Dynamical model of elementary particles based on an analogy with superconductivity. I. Phys. Rev. 122, 345–358 (1961).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Nambu, Y. & Jona-Lasinio, G. Dynamical model of elementary particles based on an analogy with superconductivity. II. Phys. Rev. 124, 246–254 (1961).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Herbut, I. F. Interactions and phase transitions on graphene’s honeycomb lattice. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 146401 (2006).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Herbut, I. F., Juričić, V. & Roy, B. Theory of interacting electrons on the honeycomb lattice. Phys. Rev. B 79, 085116 (2009).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Herbut, I. F., Juričić, V. & Vafek, O. Relativistic Mott criticality in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 80, 075432 (2009).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Juričić, V., Herbut, I. F. & Semenoff, G. W. Coulomb interaction at the metal–insulator critical point in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 80, 081405 (2009).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Ryu, S., Mudry, C., Hou, C.-Y. & Chamon, C. Masses in graphenelike two-dimensional electronic systems: topological defects in order parameters and their fractional exchange statistics. Phys. Rev. B 80, 205319 (2009).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Weeks, C. & Franz, M. Interaction-driven instabilities of a Dirac semimetal. Phys. Rev. B 81, 085105 (2010).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Semenoff, G. W. Chiral symmetry breaking in graphene. Phys. Scr. 2012, 014016 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

González, J. Electron self-energy effects on chiral symmetry breaking in graphene. Phys. Rev. B 85, 085420 (2012).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Assaad, F. F. & Herbut, I. F. Pinning the order: the nature of quantum criticality in the Hubbard model on honeycomb lattice. Phys. Rev. 3, 031010 (2013).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

García-Martínez, N. A., Grushin, A. G., Neupert, T., Valenzuela, B. & Castro, E. V. Interaction-driven phases in the half-filled spinless honeycomb lattice from exact diagonalization. Phys. Rev. B 88, 245123 (2013).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Beenakker, C. W. J. Colloquium: Andreev reflection and Klein tunneling in graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 80, 1337–1354 (2008).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Berdyugin, A. I. et al. Out-of-equilibrium criticalities in graphene superlattices. Science 375, 430–433 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Gutiérrez, C. et al. Imaging chiral symmetry breaking from Kekulé bond order in graphene. Nat. Phys. 12, 950–958 (2016).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Bao, C. et al. Experimental evidence of chiral symmetry breaking in Kekulé-ordered graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 206804 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Das Sarma, S., Adam, S., Hwang, E. H. & Rossi, E. Electronic transport in two-dimensional graphene. Rev. Mod. Phys. 83, 407–470 (2011).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Gomes, K. K., Mar, W., Ko, W., Guinea, F. & Manoharan, H. C. Designer Dirac fermions and topological phases in molecular graphene. Nature 483, 306–310 (2012).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Angeli, M. & MacDonald, A. H.Γ valley transition metal dichalcogenide moiré bands. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2021826118 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Andrei, E. Y. & MacDonald, A. H. Graphene bilayers with a twist. Nat. Mater. 19, 1265–1275 (2020).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Balents, L., Dean, C. R., Efetov, D. K. & Young, A. F. Superconductivity and strong correlations in moiré flat bands. Nat. Phys. 16, 725–733 (2020).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Andrei, E. Y. et al. The marvels of moiré materials. Nat. Rev. Mater. 6, 201–206 (2021).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Kennes, D. M. et al. Moiré heterostructures as a condensed-matter quantum simulator. Nat. Phys. 17, 155–163 (2021).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Mak, K. F. & Shan, J. Semiconductor moiré materials. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 686–695 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Pan, H., Kim, E.-A. & Jian, C.-M. Realizing a tunable honeycomb lattice in ABBA-stacked twisted double bilayer WSe2. Phys. Rev. Res. 5, 043173 (2023).

Wilson, N. R. et al. Determination of band offsets, hybridization, and exciton binding in 2D semiconductor heterostructures. Sci. Adv. 3, e1601832 (2017).

Article 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Foutty, B. A. et al. Tunable spin and valley excitations of correlated insulators in Γ-valley moiré bands. Nat. Mater. 22, 731–736 (2023).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Liu, G.-B., Xiao, D., Yao, Y., Xu, X. & Yao, W. Electronic structures and theoretical modelling of two-dimensional group-VIB transition metal dichalcogenides. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 2643–2663 (2015).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, L. et al. Correlated electronic phases in twisted bilayer transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Mater. 19, 861–866 (2020).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Ghiotto, A. et al. Quantum criticality in twisted transition metal dichalcogenides. Nature 597, 345–349 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Xu, Y. et al. A tunable bilayer Hubbard model in twisted WSe2. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 934–939 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Foutty, B. A. et al. Mapping twist-tuned multiband topology in bilayer WSe2. Science 384, 343–347 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kang, K. et al. Double quantum spin Hall phase in Moiré WSe2. Nano Lett. 24, 14901–14907 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Xia, Y. et al. Superconductivity in twisted bilayer WSe2. Nature 637, 833–838 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Guo, Y. et al. Superconductivity in 5.0° twisted bilayer WSe2. Nature 637, 839–845 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wu, F., Lovorn, T., Tutuc, E. & MacDonald, A. H. Hubbard model physics in transition metal dichalcogenide moiré bands. Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 026402 (2018).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wu, F., Lovorn, T., Tutuc, E., Martin, I. & MacDonald, A. Topological insulators in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide homobilayers. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 086402 (2019).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Devakul, T., Crépel, V., Zhang, Y. & Fu, L. Magic in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers. Nat. Commun. 12, 6730 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Xiao, D., Liu, G.-B., Feng, W., Xu, X. & Yao, W. Coupled spin and valley physics in monolayers of MoS2 and other group-VI dichalcogenides. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 196802 (2012).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Young, A. F. et al. Spin and valley quantum Hall ferromagnetism in graphene. Nat. Phys. 8, 550–556 (2012).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Checkelsky, J. G., Li, L. & Ong, N. P. Zero-energy state in graphene in a high magnetic field. Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 206801 (2008).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Choi, Y. et al. Interaction-driven band flattening and correlated phases in twisted bilayer graphene. Nat. Phys. 17, 1375–1381 (2021).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Kang, J., Bernevig, B. A. & Vafek, O. Cascades between light and heavy fermions in the normal state of magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 266402 (2021).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Lifshitz, L. M. & Kosevich, A. M. Theory of magnetic susceptibility in metals at low temperatures. Sov. Phys. JETP 2, 636 (1956).


Google Scholar
 

Martin, J. et al. Observation of electron–hole puddles in graphene using a scanning single-electron transistor. Nat. Phys. 4, 144–148 (2008).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Xu, Y. et al. Correlated insulating states at fractional fillings of moiré superlattices. Nature 587, 214–218 (2020).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Cao, Y. et al. Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices. Nature 556, 43–50 (2018).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Wang, L. et al. One-dimensional electrical contact to a two-dimensional material. Science 342, 614–617 (2013).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Gustafsson, M. V. et al. Ambipolar Landau levels and strong band-selective carrier interactions in monolayer WSe2. Nat. Mater. 17, 411–415 (2018).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar