If you grew up with a parent rubbing something cool and menthol-scented on your chest when you had a cold, you’re far from alone.
For more than a century, VapoRub has been a household staple, earning a permanent place in medicine cabinets as generations have turned to it when breathing feels heavy, sleep feels elusive or coughs and congestion make winter illness especially miserable.
But despite its familiarity, VapoRub is often misunderstood. Knowing what VapoRub actually does (and doesn’t) can help you use it safely and more effectively.
Here’s what to know about how it can provide relief, who should use caution and who should avoid it altogether.
What is VapoRub?
VapoRub, explains Dr. Alison Mitzner, a board-certified pediatrician in New York City, is a topical mentholated ointment that was originally developed in the late 1800s by a North Carolina pharmacist seeking relief from respiratory symptoms. The product later became widely known under the Vicks brand, which is now owned by Procter & Gamble.
The ointment contains three primary active ingredients that each do different things: camphor, menthol and eucalyptus oil,“ and petrolatum (or petroleum jelly) holds them all together,” says Dr. David Hill, a North Carolina–based pediatrician and spokesperson for the American Academy of Pediatrics.
These compounds are known as counterirritants, meaning they stimulate nerve endings in the skin to create sensations such as cooling or warmth that can also temporarily distract from discomfort.
“The ointment can be applied on the chest, neck or back,” says Mitzner. From there, the aromatic vapors are meant to rise toward the nose and airways.
Noted: Yes, petroleum jelly has many proven benefits. Here’s what it’s for.
What does VapoRub do?
VapoRub is designed for people experiencing symptoms related to upper respiratory irritation and is “most effective for cough and nasal congestion,” says Mitzner. “It can also help with mild chest discomfort.”
At the same time, it’s important to note that the product is not a cure for infections such as the common cold or flu, nor does it kill viruses or bacteria.
Instead, its value lies in symptom relief. It accomplishes this because, when the ointment is applied to the chest, neck or back, the menthol therein activates cold-sensitive receptors in the nasal passages, creating a sensation of improved airflow.
Camphor helps as well, Hill explains, because “it has different effects on nerve channels that can produce a sensation of coolness as well as block some local pain perception.” He adds that camphor can also increase local blood flow in the skin and muscles. And the third ingredient of Eucalyptus oils, he adds, “act on some of the same pathways to reduce cough, pain and airway irritation.”
Together, these ingredients create the familiar smell and sensation many people associate with cold relief. What’s more, the sensation of cooler, freer breathing can also reduce the anxiety that sometimes accompanies congestion. Another potential benefit Mitzner points to is that “using VapoRub at night may also improve sleep, especially in children.”
“And adults and older children over age 12 might also find that it relieves minor muscle aches,” adds Hill.
Muscle cramps are a pain. These expert-approved tips can help you find fast relief.
Who cannot use VapoRub?
Despite such benefits, VapoRub is not suitable for everyone, and certain groups need to be especially cautious.
For instance, “it should never be used on infants and children less than 2,” cautions Mitzner. That’s because, in young children, camphor can be dangerous if absorbed or inhaled in excessive amounts, and applying it near the nose can increase mucus production and airway swelling in the very young.
Also, “those with asthma or sensitive airways should use caution, as the strong vapor can sometimes trigger coughing or bronchospasm,” warns Mitzner. Ditto for those with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or other reactive airway conditions.
The product should also never be applied to open wounds or irritated or burned skin, says Mitzner, as this increases absorption and the risk of side effects. It should also never be placed inside the nostrils or ingested, as camphor is toxic if swallowed, even in relatively small amounts. “VapoRub is never meant to be ingested,” cautions Hill, “and doing so can cause serious complications.”
Pregnant or breastfeeding women should also consult a healthcare professional before use, as essential oils and camphor can raise safety questions in these populations. “And be sure to stop using VapoRub if you develop skin irritation or a rash,” adds Mitzner.
For everyone else, the product can be used safely by following label directions closely, applying only a thin layer and by “washing your hands after application to avoid accidental contact with eyes,” says Mitzner. “Also note that covering the area that’s been applied with clothing can help maximize the vapor effect.
This article originally appeared on USA TODAY: What does VapoRub do? Everything to know this cold, flu season