Inbar, A. et al. The quantum twisting microscope. Nature 614, 682–687 (2023).
Yankowitz, M. et al. Emergence of superlattice Dirac points in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Nat. Phys. 8, 382–386 (2012).
Hunt, B. et al. Massive Dirac fermions and Hofstadter butterfly in a van der Waals heterostructure. Science 340, 1427–1430 (2013).
Dean, C. R. et al. Hofstadter’s butterfly and the fractal quantum Hall effect in moiré superlattices. Nature 497, 598–602 (2013).
Ponomarenko, L. A. et al. Cloning of Dirac fermions in graphene superlattices. Nature 497, 594–597 (2013).
Wallbank, J. R., Patel, A. A., Mucha-Kruczyński, M., Geim, A. K. & Fal’ko, V. I. Generic miniband structure of graphene on a hexagonal substrate. Phys. Rev. B 87, 245408 (2013).
Woods, C. R. et al. Commensurate–incommensurate transition in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Nat. Phys. 10, 451–456 (2014).
Jung, J., Raoux, A., Qiao, Z. & MacDonald, A. H. Ab initio theory of moiré superlattice bands in layered two-dimensional materials. Phys. Rev. B 89, 205414 (2014).
San-Jose, P., Gutiérrez-Rubio, A., Sturla, M. & Guinea, F. Electronic structure of spontaneously strained graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Phys. Rev. B 90, 115152 (2014).
Jung, J. et al. Moiré band model and band gaps of graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Phys. Rev. B 96, 085442 (2017).
Kumar, R. K. et al. High-temperature quantum oscillations caused by recurring Bloch states in graphene superlattices. Science 357, 181–184 (2017).
Sharpe, A. L. et al. Emergent ferromagnetism near three-quarters filling in twisted bilayer graphene. Science 365, 605–608 (2019).
Serlin, M. et al. Intrinsic quantized anomalous Hall effect in a moiré heterostructure. Science 367, 900–903 (2020).
Zheng, Z. et al. Unconventional ferroelectricity in moiré heterostructures. Nature 588, 71–76 (2020).
Klein, D. R. et al. Electrical switching of a bistable moiré superconductor. Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 331–335 (2023).
Lu, Z. et al. Fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect in multilayer graphene. Nature 626, 759–764 (2024).
Lee, M. et al. Ballistic miniband conduction in a graphene superlattice. Science 353, 1526–1529 (2016).
Yankowitz, M. et al. Dynamic band-structure tuning of graphene moiré superlattices with pressure. Nature 557, 404–408 (2018).
Shi, Z. et al. Gate-dependent pseudospin mixing in graphene/boron nitride moiré superlattices. Nat. Phys. 10, 743–747 (2014).
Ni, G. X. et al. Plasmons in graphene moiré superlattices. Nat. Mater. 14, 1217–1222 (2015).
Shabani, S. et al. Deep moiré potentials in twisted transition metal dichalcogenide bilayers. Nat. Phys. 17, 720–725 (2021).
Yoo, M. J. et al. Scanning single-electron transistor microscopy: imaging individual charges. Science 276, 579–582 (1997).
Honig, M. et al. Local electrostatic imaging of striped domain order in LaAlO3/SrTiO3. Nat. Mater. 12, 1112–1118 (2013).
Xie, Y. et al. Fractional Chern insulators in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. Nature 600, 439–443 (2021).
Yu, J. et al. Correlated Hofstadter spectrum and flavour phase diagram in magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene. Nat. Phys. 18, 825–831 (2022).
Li, H. et al. Imaging two-dimensional generalized Wigner crystals. Nature 597, 650–654 (2021).
Chiu, C.-L. et al. High spatial resolution charge sensing of quantum Hall states. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 122, e2424781122 (2025).
Wagner, C. et al. Scanning quantum dot microscopy. Phys. Rev. Lett. 115, 026101 (2015).
Hapala, P. et al. Mapping the electrostatic force field of single molecules from high-resolution scanning probe images. Nat. Commun. 7, 11560 (2016).
Bolat, R. et al. Electrostatic potentials of atomic nanostructures at metal surfaces quantified by scanning quantum dot microscopy. Nat. Commun. 15, 2259 (2024).
Chandni, U., Watanabe, K., Taniguchi, T. & Eisenstein, J. P. Evidence for defect-mediated tunneling in hexagonal boron nitride-based junctions. Nano Lett. 15, 7329–7333 (2015).
Wong, D. et al. Characterization and manipulation of individual defects in insulating hexagonal boron nitride using scanning tunnelling microscopy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 949–953 (2015).
Greenaway, M. T. et al. Tunnel spectroscopy of localised electronic states in hexagonal boron nitride. Commun. Phys. 1, 94 (2018).
Edelberg, D. et al. Approaching the intrinsic limit in transition metal diselenides via point defect control. Nano Lett. 19, 4371–4379 (2019).
Keren, I. et al. Quantum-dot assisted spectroscopy of degeneracy-lifted Landau levels in graphene. Nat. Commun. 11, 3408 (2020).
Roelcke, C. et al. Ultrafast atomic-scale scanning tunnelling spectroscopy of a single vacancy in a monolayer crystal. Nat. Photon. 18, 595–602 (2024).
Birkbeck, J. et al. Quantum twisting microscopy of phonons in twisted bilayer graphene. Nature 641, 345–351 (2025).
Cosma, D. A., Wallbank, J. R., Cheianov, V. & Fal’ko, V. I. Moiré pattern as a magnifying glass for strain and dislocations in van der Waals heterostructures. Faraday Discuss. 173, 137–43 (2014).
Kim, K. et al. Band alignment in WSe2–graphene heterostructures. ACS Nano 9, 4527–4532 (2015).
Devidas, T. R., Keren, I. & Steinberg, H. Spectroscopy of NbSe2 using energy-tunable defect-embedded quantum dots. Nano Lett. 21, 6931–6937 (2021).
Zheng, S. et al. Robust quantum oscillation of Dirac fermions in a single-defect resonant transistor. ACS Nano 15, 20013–20019 (2021).
Seo, Y. et al. Defect-assisted tunneling spectroscopy of electronic band structure in twisted bilayer graphene/hexagonal boron nitride moiré superlattices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 120, 203103 (2022).
Vdovin, E. E. et al. A magnetically-induced Coulomb gap in graphene due to electron-electron interactions. Commun. Phys. 6, 159 (2023).
Bardeen, J. & Shockley, W. Deformation potentials and mobilities in non-polar crystals. Phys. Rev. 80, 72–80 (1950).
Bokdam, M., Amlaki, T., Brocks, G. & Kelly, P. J. Band gaps in incommensurable graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Phys. Rev. B 89, 201404 (2014).
Wang, H. et al. Ferroelectric polarization of graphene/h-BN bilayer of different stacking orders. Surf. Interfaces 46, 103999 (2024).
Hwang, E. H. & Sarma, S. D. Dielectric function, screening, and plasmons in two-dimensional graphene. Phys. Rev. B 75, 205418 (2007).
Zondiner, U. et al. Cascade of phase transitions and Dirac revivals in magic-angle graphene. Nature 582, 203–208 (2020).
Rozen, A. et al. Entropic evidence for a Pomeranchuk effect in magic-angle graphene. Nature 592, 214–219 (2021).