Around the world, competition for land and finite resources is leading to a new era of manifest destiny as political and industrial leaders look to the stars as the final frontier for resource extraction. From the Trump administration to the bigwigs of Silicon Valley, a new space race is on. Billionaire-backed ventures like Elon Musk’s SpaceX and Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin are making a far more diverse, competitive, and innovative playing field.
At the end of last year, Trump issued an Executive Order entitled “Ensuring American Space Superiority,” which laid out a series of goals, including returning Americans to the moon by 2028, establishing the initial elements of a permanent lunar outpost by 2030, and laying the foundations for lunar economic development,” as described by Power Magazine.
But while some of the world’s most deep-pocketed investors – including the United States government and billionaire-backed ventures like Elon Musk’s SpaceX and Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin – are intent on developing ambitious new space programs, some major bottlenecks are standing in the way. One of the most critical of these is how those space programs, especially long-term ones, will be powered.
“With great power competition rising, the ocean floor, Arctic, and lunar surface are becoming the front lines of global security and economic progress — but they remain energy deserts,” says Tyler Bernstein, Chief Executive Officer of a venture-backed nuclear battery startup called Zeno Power.
Last year, Zeno Power just received $50 million in Series B funding to continue its work to develop nuclear batteries for extreme environments. “With this round of funding, we’re on track to demonstrate full-scale systems in 2026 and deliver the first commercially built nuclear batteries to power frontier environments by 2027,” Bernstein continued.
Zeno is not alone. Over the last decade, nuclear energy has emerged as the most promising approach for powering high-intensity propulsion systems and enabling lasting power generation once in orbit. ??Plus, nuclear energy systems create tons of heat. On Earth, this is a liability, requiring costly and water-intensive cooling systems. But in space, any consistent heat source is a major benefit.
“Radioisotopes can safely produce heat that will enable deep space exploration and survival of the frigid lunar night,” explains Space News, “while fission reactors are capable of producing kilowatts of electricity on the moon or in orbit.”
As the promise and viability of nuclear-powered space programs has become evident, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has become increasingly invested in piloting the technology. The organization aims to do a test run of a nuclear propulsion system by the end of 2028, and the Trump administration is pushing for installing a fission reactor on the surface of the moon by 2030.
“Ambitious goals,” writes Space News, “but absolutely within reach.
But there is still a major kink in the works – it’s just not the development of the space-capable nuclear reactors themselves. The technology is already there, and supply chains are not a major constraint. Rather, the problem is one of adequate infrastructure. “The U.S. currently lacks the testing, demonstration and integration facilities necessary to turn advanced reactor concepts into flight-ready systems.”
In order to fulfil its nuclear ambitions under the Trump administration, the United States will need to first develop massive facilities with complex and costly specifications, like vacuum capabilities. Such a facility would have to “blend space system engineering with the rigor associated with nuclear safety, essentially creating a new class of hybrid test complex,” writes Space News. “Without it, performance in space remains an assumption rather than validation.”
By Haley Zaremba for Oilprice.com