Total casualties in Vladimir Putin’s four-year war in Ukraine are nearing two million people.

It’s difficult to put precise numbers on those killed, wounded or reported missing, however, as both sides tend not to report their own casualties.

Here is what we know about the victims on the fourth anniversary of Russia’s full-scale invasion:

Russian troops: The Centre for Strategic and International Studies, a US thinktank, estimated last month that Russia had suffered 1.2 million casualties by the end of December, including troops wounded and missing and 325,000 who have been killed.

The General Staff of Ukraine’s Armed Forces gave an update on that figure yesterday, saying it had risen to 1,261,420 casualties.

Ukrainian troops: The CSIS estimates Ukraine has suffered between 500,000 and 600,000 casualties, including between 100,00 and 140,000 deaths.

Combined Russian-Ukrainian casualties could reach two million by this spring, the CSIS said.

Civilians: The United Nations’ Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU) verified 15,172 civilian deaths by mid-February.

They occurred in 26 of Ukraine’s 27 administrative regions and overwhelmingly in territory controlled by the Ukrainian government.

Some 41,378 civilians have been injured, it adds, bringing the number of casualties to 56,550.

Children: Among the dead civilians were notably 766 children, while 2,540 have been injured, according to the HRMMU. It says those figures are almost certainly undercounted. 

According to the Ukrainian government, Moscow also abducted at least 20,000 Ukrainian children and brought them to Russian-controlled territory, where they were forcibly adopted into Russian families. Only 2,000 have been returned to date, Kyiv says.