Rainò, G. et al. Superfluorescence from lead halide perovskite quantum dot superlattices. Nature 563, 671–675 (2018).

Article 
ADS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Shevchenko, E. V., Talapin, D. V., Kotov, N. A., O’Brien, S. & Murray, C. B. Structural diversity in binary nanoparticle superlattices. Nature 439, 55–59 (2006).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Redl, F. X., Cho, K. S., Murray, C. B. & O’Brien, S. Three-dimensional binary superlattices of magnetic nanocrystals and semiconductor quantum dots. Nature 423, 968–971 (2003).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Dong, A., Chen, J., Vora, P. M., Kikkawa, J. M. & Murray, C. B. Binary nanocrystal superlattice membranes self-assembled at the liquid-air interface. Nature 466, 474–477 (2010).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Geuchies, J. J. et al. In situ study of the formation mechanism of two-dimensional superlattices from PbSe nanocrystals. Nat. Mater. 15, 1248–1254 (2016).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Sekh, T. V. et al. All-perovskite multicomponent nanocrystal superlattices. ACS Nano 18, 8423–8436 (2024).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Kobiyama, E. et al. Perovskite nanocrystal self-assemblies in 3D hollow templates. ACS Nano 19, 6748–6757 (2025).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Kagan, C. R. & Murray, C. B. Charge transport in strongly coupled quantum dot solids. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 1013–1026 (2015).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Lan, X. et al. Quantum dot solids showing state-resolved band-like transport. Nat. Mater. 19, 323–329 (2020).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Tahara, H., Sakamoto, M., Teranishi, T. & Kanemitsu, Y. Coherent electronic coupling in quantum dot solids induces cooperative enhancement of nonlinear optoelectronic responses. Nat. Nanotechnol. 19, 744–750 (2024).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Lee, J.-S., Kovalenko, M. V., Huang, J., Chung, D. S. & Talapin, D. V. Band-like transport, high electron mobility and high photoconductivity in all-inorganic nanocrystal arrays. Nat. Nanotechnol. 6, 348–352 (2011).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Cherniukh, I. et al. Perovskite-type superlattices from lead halide perovskite nanocubes. Nature 593, 535–542 (2021).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Chen, L. et al. Stable and ultrafast blue cavity-enhanced superfluorescence in mixed halide perovskites. Adv. Sci. 10, 2301589 (2023).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Tong, Y. et al. Spontaneous self-assembly of perovskite nanocrystals into electronically coupled supercrystals: toward filling the green gap. Adv. Mater. 30, 1801117 (2018).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Zeng, Q. et al. A hierarchical shell locks and stabilizes perovskite nanocrystals with near-unity quantum yield. Science 391, eady1370 (2026).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Zhu, C. et al. Single-photon superradiance in individual caesium lead halide quantum dots. Nature 626, 535–541 (2024).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Ye, J. et al. Direct linearly polarized electroluminescence from perovskite nanoplatelet superlattices. Nat. Photon. 18, 586–594 (2024).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Bera, S., Behera, R. K. & Pradhan, N. α-Halo ketone for polyhedral perovskite nanocrystals: evolutions, shape conversions, ligand chemistry, and self-assembly. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 142, 20865–20874 (2020).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kim, Y.-H. et al. Exploiting the full advantages of colloidal perovskite nanocrystals for large-area efficient light-emitting diodes. Nat. Nanotechnol. 17, 590–597 (2022).

Article 
ADS 
MathSciNet 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Liu, M. et al. Suppression of temperature quenching in perovskite nanocrystals for efficient and thermally stable light-emitting diodes. Nat. Photon. 15, 379–385 (2021).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Kumar, S. et al. Anisotropic nanocrystal superlattices overcoming intrinsic light outcoupling efficiency limit in perovskite quantum dot light-emitting diodes. Nat. Commun. 13, 2106 (2022).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Blach, D. D. et al. Superradiance and exciton delocalization in perovskite quantum dot superlattices. Nano Lett. 22, 7811–7818 (2022).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, P., Yang, G., Li, F., Shi, J. & Zhong, H. Direct in situ photolithography of perovskite quantum dots based on photocatalysis of lead bromide complexes. Nat. Commun. 13, 6713 (2022).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Kwon, J. I. et al. Ultrahigh-resolution full-color perovskite nanocrystal patterning for ultrathin skin-attachable displays. Sci. Adv. 8, eadd0697 (2022).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Krieg, F. et al. Stable ultraconcentrated and ultradilute colloids of CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br) nanocrystals using natural lecithin as a capping ligand. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 141, 19839–19849 (2019).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Bodnarchuk, M. I. et al. Rationalizing and controlling the surface structure and electronic passivation of cesium lead halide nanocrystals. ACS Energy Lett. 4, 63–74 (2019).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

T.-W. Lee, Y.-H. K. & H.-C. Cho. Wavelength conversion substance, manufacturing method of the same and light-emitting device comprising the same. Patent application, no. KR20160054735 (2014).

Kim, J. I. et al. Strategies to extend the lifetime of perovskite downconversion films for display applications. Adv. Mater. 35, 2209784 (2023).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Sun, S. et al. Perovskite nanocrystal superlattices and their application in light-emitting devices. Mater. Sci. Eng. R Rep. 164, 100984 (2025).

Article 

Google Scholar
 

Protesescu, L. et al. Nanocrystals of cesium lead halide perovskites (CsPbX3, X = Cl, Br, and I): novel optoelectronic materials showing bright emission with wide color gamut. Nano Lett. 15, 3692–3696 (2015).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Kapuscinski, M. et al. Temporal evolution of superlattice contraction and defect-induced strain anisotropy in mesocrystals during nanocube self-assembly. ACS Nano 14, 5337–5347 (2020).

Article 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Zhao, Y. et al. Deterministic assembly of colloidal quantum dots for multifunctional integrated photonics. Adv. Mater. 34, 2110695 (2022).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Feng, J. et al. Single-crystalline layered metal-halide perovskite nanowires for ultrasensitive photodetectors. Nat. Electron. 1, 404–410 (2018).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Liu, M. et al. Hybrid organic-inorganic inks flatten the energy landscape in colloidal quantum dot solids. Nat. Mater. 16, 258–263 (2017).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

John, S., Soukoulis, C., Cohen, M. H. & Economou, E. N. Theory of electron band tails and the urbach optical-absorption edge. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 1777–1780 (1986).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Sa-Yakanit, V. & Glyde, H. R. Urbach tails and disorder. Comments Cond. Matter Phys. 31, 35–48 (1987).


Google Scholar
 

Wang, Y.-K. et al. Long-range order enabled stability in quantum dot light-emitting diodes. Nature 629, 586–591 (2024).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Septianto, R. D. et al. Enabling metallic behaviour in two-dimensional superlattice of semiconductor colloidal quantum dots. Nat. Commun. 14, 2670 (2023).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 
PubMed Central 

Google Scholar
 

Han, T.-H. et al. A roadmap for the commercialization of perovskite light emitters. Nat. Rev. Mater. 7, 757–777 (2022).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Lian, Y. et al. Downscaling micro- and nano-perovskite LEDs. Nature 640, 62–68 (2025).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Li, Z. et al. Mass transfer printing of metal-halide perovskite films and nanostructures. Adv. Mater. 34, e2203529 (2022).

Article 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Yuan, M. et al. Remote epitaxial crystalline perovskites for ultrahigh-resolution micro-LED displays. Nat. Nanotechnol. 20, 381–387 (2025).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Ma, D. et al. Distribution control enables efficient reduced-dimensional perovskite LEDs. Nature 599, 594–598 (2021).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Dai, X. et al. Solution-processed, high-performance light-emitting diodes based on quantum dots. Nature 515, 96–99 (2014).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Kim, J. S. et al. Ultra-bright, efficient and stable perovskite light-emitting diodes. Nature 611, 688–694 (2022).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Woo, S.-J., Kim, J. S. & Lee, T.-W. Characterization of stability and challenges to improve lifetime in perovskite LEDs. Nat. Photon. 15, 630–634 (2021).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Pan, Y. et al. An insight into the role of side chains in the microstructure and carrier mobility of high-performance conjugated polymers. Polym. Chem. 12, 2471–2480 (2021).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Kresse, G. & Furthmüller, J. Efficiency of ab-initio total energy calculations for metals and semiconductors using a plane-wave basis set. Comput. Mater. Sci. 6, 15–50 (1996).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Kresse, G. & Hafner, J. Ab initio molecular dynamics for open-shell transition metals. Phys. Rev. B 48, 13115–13118 (1993).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Xiong, W. et al. Controllable p- and n-type behaviours in emissive perovskite semiconductors. Nature 633, 344–350 (2024).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Blöchl, P. E. Projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 50, 17953–17979 (1994).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Kresse, G. & Joubert, D. From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 59, 1758–1775 (1999).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. & Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865–3868 (1996).

Article 
ADS 
CAS 
PubMed 

Google Scholar
 

Choudhary, K. & Tavazza, F. Convergence and machine learning predictions of Monkhorst-Pack k-points and plane-wave cut-off in high-throughput DFT calculations. Comput. Mater. Sci. 161, 300–308 (2019).

Article 
CAS 

Google Scholar
 

Gowthaman, S. A review on mechanical and material characterisation through molecular dynamics using large-scale atomic/molecular massively parallel simulator (LAMMPS). Funct. Compos. Struct. 5, 012005 (2023).

Article 
ADS 

Google Scholar
 

Zhang, C. et al. Datasets for “Pixelated perovskite-quantum-dot superlattice LEDs”. Figshare https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.31385845 (2026).