In late April, Jason Baldes sat at a table at the Wind River Tribal Buffalo Initiative’s headquarters processing a setback to his vision of restoring free-roaming bison to the Wind River Indian Reservation. 

Baldes, the initiative’s executive director, is a member of the Eastern Shoshone Tribe, which had recently voted to reclassify buffalo as wildlife. They had been deemed livestock before. But he hit an impasse in persuading the Northern Arapaho Tribe, which shares the reservation, to do the same.

“It’s a bump in the road — it’s not anything in stone — but it’s a challenge,” Baldes said in the spring. 

Nevertheless, Baldes remained sanguine that he could bring the Northern Arapaho Business Council on board: “I think that the [tribal] people overwhelmingly support it,” he said. 

Jason Baldes, right, and his father Richard, left, check out newborn bison calves at the Wind River Tribal Buffalo Initiative’s pastureland near Morton in spring 2025. (Mike Koshmrl/WyoFile)

Winning over the Northern Arapaho’s leadership would be a necessary step to achieve the initiative’s goals: Amending the tribal game code so that the burgeoning buffalo herds along the eastern slope of the Wind River Range could be classified as wildlife — a key step in helping the herds roam free and thrive. 

“With two tribes making that distinction, we could get [bison ]in the game code,” Baldes said. “Once they’re in the game code, then we can protect that population, we can grow it, and designate more habitat.” 

Four months later, the National Geographic award-winner and son of a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service biologist saw his determination pay off. 

This week, the Wind River Tribal Buffalo Initiative shared a resolution, signed by the Northern Arapaho Business Council on July 15, that called for designating buffalo as wildlife. 

The large mammals shall be “managed in accordance with wildlife management principles to expand the herd and support the establishment of Buffalo within their traditional homelands,” the resolution reads. 

Jason Baldes’ efforts to restore bison as a free-roaming wildlife species has led to a couple hundred bison on the Wind River Indian Reservation. These animals are grazing outside of the Wind River Tribal Buffalo Initiative headquarters in Morton. (Mike Koshmrl/WyoFile)

For Baldes, the pieces are now in place to actually change how bison are classified and, in turn managed, on a Yellowstone-sized swath of west-central Wyoming. 

“The next step will be to go to the Inter-Tribal Council, show the two resolutions, and provide the language that could be inserted in the game code,” Baldes said Thursday. “I think that’ll be a pretty smooth step.” 

A change to managing bison as wildlife is important because it’ll mark the end of an era of treating the native species as a farmed, domestic animal — the standard today. After the reclassification occurs, the Wind River Indian Reservation could eventually be among the few places in Wyoming and the West where the United States’ national mammal is allowed to roam the landscape with the protections offered by the wildlife tag. In the 19th century, the American bison was hunted to near extinction as part of the genocide of Indigenous peoples, who depended on the migratory mammals. 

Although brought back from the brink primarily at Yellowstone National Park’s Lamar Buffalo Ranch, the overwhelming majority of bison alive today are farmed, and many states classify the species as livestock. According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature, only about 19,000 American Plains bison broken into 20 herds are large and free-ranging enough to be “subjected to the forces of natural selection.” It’s a tiny fraction of a percent of the tens of millions that existed before Anglo settlement of the West.

In Wyoming, buffalo roam free as wildlife in the roughly 5,000-animal Yellowstone bison herd — the largest such population in the country.

Some older cow bison led the herd departing pastureland for U.S. Highway 191 in Grand Teton National Park in early 2019. (Angus M. Thuermer Jr./WyoFile)

In the late 1980s, the Wyoming Game and Fish Commission also created regulations that classified bison as a wild big game species, so long as they dwelled in a designated area for the roughly 500-animal Jackson Herd that now encompasses Teton, Lincoln and Sublette counties. But elsewhere in the state, with the exception of the unoccupied Absaroka herd unit east of Yellowstone, bison aren’t considered wildlife but instead “privately owned or bison running at large.”

The former bison-are-livestock classification on the reservation was similar. Now, it’s likely soon to change on tribal land within the Wind River Indian Reservation, which encompasses about 2.2 million acres. 

Baldes is excited: “It’s a big deal,” he said. “It’s substantial that we’re able to reconnect, restore and bring that reciprocal relationship back to our people and communities.” 

Still, he cautioned that any on-the-ground changes would occur methodically and slowly — and bison wouldn’t roam free overnight.

“This will pertain to the buffalo in designated areas,” he said. “We’ll have to continue working with [grazing] permittees and the tribes and [the Bureau of Indian Affairs] to continue retiring cattle permits.”

Editor’s note: Jason Baldes is married to Patti Baldes, who’s a member of WyoFile’s board of directors. The volunteer positions have no say in WyoFile’s editorial process.