The industry\u2019s enthusiasm has collapsed as higher interest rates and supply chain strains stretch the business case for projects to breaking point and political support sours in the US, where President Donald Trump has sought to block developments and suspend permits.\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u201cOffshore wind<\/a> has been going through a challenging time,\u201d said Sven Uterm\u00f6hlen, head of offshore wind at German energy company RWE, which has frozen its US offshore wind investment plans as it seeks to move away from coal. <\/p>\n \u201cThis has been predominately driven by rising costs, but also an overarching political climate where the fight against climate change<\/a> and the drive for decarbonisation and energy transition has somewhat slowed down and has made space for other priorities.\u201d<\/p>\n Since 2023, 24.1 gigawatts of offshore wind capacity and offtake agreements have been cancelled, according to figures from energy consultancy Wood Mackenzie. One gigawatt can power the equivalent of 1mn UK homes. <\/p>\n Ambitious government targets for the technology appear out of reach, raising questions over the pace of efforts to shift away from fossil fuels and reduce the world\u2019s carbon dioxide emissions. <\/p>\n Wood Mackenzie estimates that outside of China, roughly 100GW of installed capacity could be up and running by 2030 \u2014 140GW short of global targets for total installed capacity that year.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n The industry\u2019s struggles come after rapid growth in the rock-bottom interest rate environment of the 2010s and early 2020s, with installed capacity growing from about 3GW in 2010 to 78.5GW by the end of last year, about half of which is in China. Meanwhile, developers competing for new seabed projects and government contracts squeezed supply chains to push down costs.<\/p>\n Those dynamics have shifted since the coronavirus pandemic, as interest rates surged and companies in an overstretched supply chain pushed back. Analysts at TGS 4C say the industry\u2019s capital expenditure has climbed to \u20ac3mn per megawatt, up from \u20ac2.5mn in 2022.<\/p>\n Projects have been cancelled or their valuations have dropped, while developers have shunned government offshore wind auctions from the Netherlands and Denmark to India. At the same time, oil companies have doubled down on fossil fuels.<\/p>\n Denmark\u2019s \u00d8rsted, the world\u2019s largest offshore wind developer, has had to raise an extra $9bn from investors and this month said it would cut a quarter of its 8,000-strong workforce. London-headquartered Corio Generation, backed by Macquarie, has cut jobs, while Spanish developer BlueFloat Energy has quit the market.<\/p>\n The industry\u2019s troubles contrast with the breakneck growth of solar power, which the International Energy Agency expects to account for 80 per cent of the projected addition of 4,600GW in global renewables capacity this decade, fuelled by falling costs and relatively straightforward permitting.<\/p>\n The offshore wind industry\u2019s future hinges on the extent to which governments, utilities and corporate customers support the higher costs, helping to provide the industry and supply chain with the certainty it needs to invest. <\/p>\n \u201cThe central sticking point is how to distribute costs and risks between developers and taxpayers,\u201d analysts at TGS 4C said in a recent report.<\/p>\n Denmark and Germany have both decided to offer support in the form of government-backed contracts-for-difference, to try to avoid repeats of failed auctions. <\/p>\n Under the contracts, pioneered in the UK, developers are guaranteed a fixed price for electricity but have to pay back the difference if the wholesale price they can sell electricity for is higher.<\/p>\n Many developers see such contracts as the best way to develop offshore wind given the stability they provide. S\u00f8ren Lassen, head of wind at Wood Mackenzie said: \u201cYou\u2019re really looking at the CFD as the option if you want to deliver renewables at the scale that the governments are still projecting.\u201d<\/p>\n Vietnam is also introducing the contracts as it tries to get its offshore wind industry off the ground. It is part of a push in Asia, including in the Philippines and South Korea, which along with some tempering of interest rates and other costs has boosted optimism in the sector.<\/p>\n \u201cI am encouraged,\u201d said Ben Backwell, chief executive of the Global Wind Energy Council trade group. \u201cWe have got over a lot of the humps we were facing.\u201d <\/p>\n Rasmus Errboe, the chief executive of \u00d8rsted, who has warned of the risk of a \u201cdownward spiral\u201d in the industry, this month said he remained \u201cbullish\u201d about its future. <\/p>\n The IEA also this month downgraded its growth outlook for offshore wind from 212GW to 140GW by 2030. But the reduced pace would still be more than double that of the previous five years.<\/p>\n Industry advisers and executives are hopeful the shakeout of projects and failed auctions has put the industry on a more sustainable footing, by weeding out bad market mechanisms and undisciplined players. <\/p>\n \u201cBad auction designs are disappearing because there\u2019s no optimism that would make people tolerate them,\u201d said J\u00e9r\u00f4me Guillet, director at boutique advisory firm Snow. \u201cPeople that actually want to do offshore wind will do offshore wind now and it makes sense in some countries with the new stabilised current project economics.\u201d<\/p>\n Political support, however, is increasingly fragile. <\/p>\n In Britain, the world\u2019s second-largest offshore wind market, the decision to raise the maximum prices in an upcoming CfD auction to fend off a repeat of a failed auction in 2023 has prompted criticism from the government\u2019s opponents. Insurgent rightwing party Reform, which is leading in the polls, has warned that it could \u201cstrike down\u201d the contracts. The speed of obtaining permits and grid connections also remains a challenge. <\/p>\n Meanwhile, the prospects for the industry in the US have taken a nosedive under Trump, who has described wind as the \u201cworst form\u201d of energy and frozen seabed leasing for offshore developments. <\/p>\n His government in April ordered Norway\u2019s Equinor to stop work on its Empire Wind project off the coast of New York, before allowing it to go ahead in May. In August, it ordered \u00d8rsted to stop work on its Revolution Wind project, although \u00d8rsted has persuaded a judge to lift the order<\/a> for now.<\/p>\n Recommended<\/p>\n Leading turbine manufacturers such as Spain-based Siemens Gamesa and Denmark\u2019s Vestas are investing in new capacity. But TGS warns that there is still likely to be a shortfall unless Chinese manufacturers expand further into global markets.<\/p>\n Trade disputes and geopolitical concerns could get in the way of that. Europe is investigating whether China\u2019s wind turbine makers are receiving unfair subsidies, while Chris Wright, the US energy secretary, has urged countries to buy less technology from China, telling reporters recently that \u201cthe goal of the US and our allies is to reduce our dependence on imports from China\u201d.<\/p>\n Nonetheless, RWE\u2019s Uterm\u00f6hlen argues that factors in the sector\u2019s favour, such as its ability to supply homegrown power during more hours of the day than solar, and from further away from people\u2019s homes, will continue to propel the industry. <\/p>\n \u201cThe fundamentals are intact,\u201d he said, but the industry needed \u201cto get to a sustainable growth path\u201d where supply and demand were balanced. \u201cThat will mean the growth trajectory is less steep than it was envisaged but that would be sustainable.\u201d<\/p>\n Climate Capital Where climate change meets business, markets and politics.\u00a0Explore the FT\u2019s coverage here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/a><\/p>\n
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