{"id":259695,"date":"2025-10-30T00:06:14","date_gmt":"2025-10-30T00:06:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/259695\/"},"modified":"2025-10-30T00:06:14","modified_gmt":"2025-10-30T00:06:14","slug":"sensory-expectations-shape-neural-population-dynamics-in-motor-circuits","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/259695\/","title":{"rendered":"Sensory expectations shape neural population dynamics in motor circuits"},"content":{"rendered":"

Churchland, M. M. & Shenoy, K. V. Preparatory activity and the expansive null-space. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 213\u2013236 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Shenoy, K. V., Sahani, M. & Churchland, M. M. Cortical control of arm movements: a dynamical systems perspective. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 36, 337\u2013359 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Codol, O., Michaels, J. A., Kashefi, M., Pruszynski, J. A. & Gribble, P. L. MotorNet, a Python toolbox for controlling differentiable biomechanical effectors with artificial neural networks. eLife 12, RP88591 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Tanji, J. & Evarts, E. V. Anticipatory activity of motor cortex neurons in relation to direction of an intended movement. J. Neurophysiol. 39, 1062\u20131068 (1976).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Churchland, M. M., Santhanam, G. & Shenoy, K. V. Preparatory activity in premotor and motor cortex reflects the speed of the upcoming reach. J. Neurophysiol. 96, 3130\u20133146 (2006).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Messier, J. & Kalaska, J. F. Covariation of primate dorsal premotor cell activity with direction and amplitude during a memorized-delay reaching task. J. Neurophysiol. 84, 152\u2013165 (2000).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Weinrich, M., Wise, S. P. & Mauritz, K. H. A neurophysiological study of the premotor cortex in the rhesus monkey. Brain 107, 385\u2013414 (1984).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kaufman, M. T., Churchland, M. M., Ryu, S. I. & Shenoy, K. V. Cortical activity in the null space: permitting preparation without movement. Nat. Neurosci. 17, 440\u2013448 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Li, N., Chen, T.-W., Guo, Z. V., Gerfen, C. R. & Svoboda, K. A motor cortex circuit for motor planning and movement. Nature 519, 51\u201356 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Riehle, A. & Requin, J. Monkey primary motor and premotor cortex: single-cell activity related to prior information about direction and extent of an intended movement. J. Neurophysiol. 61, 534\u2013549 (1989).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cisek, P. & Kalaska, J. F. Neural correlates of reaching decisions in dorsal premotor cortex: specification of multiple direction choices and final selection of action. Neuron 45, 801\u2013814 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Churchland, M. M., Afshar, A. & Shenoy, K. V. A central source of movement variability. Neuron 52, 1085\u20131096 (2006).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Riehle, A. & Requin, J. The predictive value for performance speed of preparatory changes in neuronal activity of the monkey motor and premotor cortex. Behav. Brain Res. 53, 35\u201349 (1993).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Churchland, M. M., Yu, B. M., Ryu, S. I., Santhanam, G. & Shenoy, K. V. Neural variability in premotor cortex provides a signature of motor preparation. J. Neurosci. 26, 3697\u20133712 (2006).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Afshar, A. et al. Single-trial neural correlates of arm movement preparation. Neuron 71, 555\u2013564 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Michaels, J. A., Dann, B., Intveld, R. W. & Scherberger, H. Predicting reaction time from the neural state space of the premotor and parietal grasping network. J. Neurosci. 35, 11415\u201311432 (2015).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Churchland, M. M. & Shenoy, K. V. Delay of movement caused by disruption of cortical preparatory activity. J. Neurophysiol. 97, 348\u2013359 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Li, N., Daie, K., Svoboda, K. & Druckmann, S. Robust neuronal dynamics in premotor cortex during motor planning. Nature 532, 459\u2013464 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Churchland, M. M. et al. Neural population dynamics during reaching. Nature 487, 51\u201356 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Logiaco, L., Abbott, L. F. & Escola, S. Thalamic control of cortical dynamics in a model of flexible motor sequencing. Cell Rep. 35, 109090 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Michaels, J. A., Schaffelhofer, S., Agudelo-Toro, A. & Scherberger, H. A goal-driven modular neural network predicts parietofrontal neural dynamics during grasping. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 32124\u201332135 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Todorov, E. & Jordan, M. I. Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 1226\u20131235 (2002).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Crevecoeur, F. & Scott, S. H. Priors engaged in long-latency responses to mechanical perturbations suggest a rapid update in state estimation. PLoS Comput. Biol. 9, e1003177 (2013).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Pruszynski, J. A. & Scott, S. H. Optimal feedback control and the long-latency stretch response. Exp. Brain Res. 218, 341\u2013359 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hatsopoulos, N. G. & Suminski, A. J. Sensing with the motor cortex. Neuron 72, 477\u2013487 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Pruszynski, J. A. et al. Primary motor cortex underlies multi-joint integration for fast feedback control. Nature 478, 387\u2013390 (2011).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Evarts, E. V. & Tanji, J. Gating of motor cortex reflexes by prior instruction. Brain Res. 71, 479\u2013494 (1974).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Pruszynski, J. A., Omrani, M. & Scott, S. H. Goal-dependent modulation of fast feedback responses in primary motor cortex. J. Neurosci. 34, 4608\u20134617 (2014).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Omrani, M., Murnaghan, C. D., Pruszynski, J. A. & Scott, S. H. Distributed task-specific processing of somatosensory feedback for voluntary motor control. eLife 5, e13141 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Picard, N. & Smith, A. M. Primary motor cortical responses to perturbations of prehension in the monkey. J. Neurophysiol. 68, 1882\u20131894 (1992).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Evarts, E. V. & Fromm, C. Sensory responses in motor cortex neurons during precise motor control. Neurosci. Lett. 5, 267\u2013272 (1977).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wolpaw, J. R. Amplitude of responses to perturbation in primate sensorimotor cortex as a function of task. J. Neurophysiol. 44, 1139\u20131147 (1980).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Reschechtko, S. & Pruszynski, J. A. Stretch reflexes. Curr. Biol. 30, R1025\u2013R1030 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Cheney, P. D. & Fetz, E. E. Corticomotoneuronal cells contribute to long-latency stretch reflexes in the rhesus monkey. J. Physiol. 349, 249\u2013272 (1984).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Pruszynski, J. A., Kurtzer, I., Lillicrap, T. P. & Scott, S. H. Temporal evolution of automatic gain-scaling. J. Neurophysiol. 102, 992\u20131003 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Lara, A. H., Elsayed, G. F., Zimnik, A. J., Cunningham, J. P. & Churchland, M. M. Conservation of preparatory neural events in monkey motor cortex regardless of how movement is initiated. eLife 7, e31826 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kaufman, M. T. et al. The largest response component in the motor cortex reflects movement timing but not movement type. eNeuro 3, ENEURO.0085-16.2016 (2016).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Trautmann, E. M. et al. Large-scale high-density brain-wide neural recording in nonhuman primates. Nat. Neurosci. 28, 1562\u20131575 (2025).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Darian-Smith, C., Tan, A. & Edwards, S. Comparing thalamocortical and corticothalamic microstructure and spatial reciprocity in the macaque ventral posterolateral nucleus (VPLc) and medial pulvinar. J. Comp. Neurol. 410, 211\u2013234 (1999).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Horne, M. K. & Tracey, D. J. The afferents and projections of the ventroposterolateral thalamus in the monkey. Exp. Brain Res. 36, 129\u2013141 (1979).<\/p>\n

ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Morel, A., Liu, J., Wannier, T., Jeanmonod, D. & Rouiller, E. M. Divergence and convergence of thalamocortical projections to premotor and supplementary motor cortex: a multiple tracing study in the macaque monkey: Thalamocortical connections of premotor cortex. Eur. J. Neurosci. 21, 1007\u20131029 (2005).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rouiller, E. M., Liang, F., Babalian, A., Moret, V. & Wiesendanger, M. Cerebellothalamocortical and pallidothalamocortical projections to the primary and supplementary motor cortical areas: a multiple tracing study in macaque monkeys. J. Comp. Neurol. 345, 185\u2013213 (1994).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Vyas, S., Golub, M. D., Sussillo, D. & Shenoy, K. V. Computation through neural population dynamics. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 43, 249\u2013275 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mauritz, K. H. & Wise, S. P. Premotor cortex of the rhesus monkey: neuronal activity in anticipation of predictable environmental events. Exp. Brain Res. 61, 229\u2013244 (1986).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Glaser, J. I., Perich, M. G., Ramkumar, P., Miller, L. E. & Kording, K. P. Population coding of conditional probability distributions in dorsal premotor cortex. Nat. Commun. 9, 1788 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rickert, J., Riehle, A., Aertsen, A., Rotter, S. & Nawrot, M. P. Dynamic encoding of movement direction in motor cortical neurons. J. Neurosci. 29, 13870\u201313882 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Bastian, A., Sch\u00f6ner, G. & Riehle, A. Preshaping and continuous evolution of motor cortical representations during movement preparation. Eur. J. Neurosci. 18, 2047\u20132058 (2003).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Smoulder, A. L. et al. A neural basis of choking under pressure. Neuron 112, 3424\u20133433.e8 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Selen, L. P. J., Shadlen, M. N. & Wolpert, D. M. Deliberation in the motor system: reflex gains track evolving evidence leading to a decision. J. Neurosci. 32, 2276\u20132286 (2012).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Johansson, R. S. & Flanagan, J. R. Coding and use of tactile signals from the fingertips in object manipulation tasks. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 10, 345\u2013359 (2009).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Turecek, J. & Ginty, D. D. Coding of self and environment by Pacinian neurons in freely moving animals. Neuron 112, 3267\u20133277.e6 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Dimitriou, M. & Edin, B. B. Human muscle spindles act as forward sensory models. Curr. Biol. 20, 1763\u20131767 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Jiang, L. P. & Rao, R. P. N. Predictive coding theories of cortical function. in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Neuroscience https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190264086.013.328<\/a> (2022).<\/p>\n

Richter, D., Kietzmann, T. C. & de Lange, F. P. High-level visual prediction errors in early visual cortex. PLoS Biol. 22, e3002829 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Rouhani, N. & Niv, Y. Signed and unsigned reward prediction errors dynamically enhance learning and memory. eLife 10, e61077 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Li, J. S., Sarma, A. A., Sejnowski, T. J. & Doyle, J. C. Internal feedback in the cortical perception-action loop enables fast and accurate behavior. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 120, e2300445120 (2023).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n MathSciNet<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Wolpert, D. M., Miall, R. C. & Kawato, M. Internal models in the cerebellum. Trends Cogn. Sci. 2, 338\u2013347 (1998).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Miall, R. C., Christensen, L. O. D., Cain, O. & Stanley, J. Disruption of state estimation in the human lateral cerebellum. PLoS Biol. 5, e316 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Diedrichsen, J., Criscimagna-Hemminger, S. E. & Shadmehr, R. Dissociating timing and coordination as functions of the cerebellum. J. Neurosci. 27, 6291\u20136301 (2007).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hore, J. & Vilis, T. Loss of set in muscle responses to limb perturbations during cerebellar dysfunction. J. Neurophysiol. 51, 1137\u20131148 (1984).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Scott, S. H. Apparatus for measuring and perturbing shoulder and elbow joint positions and torques during reaching. J. Neurosci. Methods 89, 119\u2013127 (1999).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Matthews, P. B. Observations on the automatic compensation of reflex gain on varying the pre-existing level of motor discharge in man. J. Physiol. 374, 73\u201390 (1986).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Pruszynski, J. A., Kurtzer, I. & Scott, S. H. Rapid motor responses are appropriately tuned to the metrics of a visuospatial task. J. Neurophysiol. 100, 224\u2013238 (2008).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Jung, B. et al. A comprehensive macaque fMRI pipeline and hierarchical atlas. Neuroimage 235, 117997 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Seidlitz, J. et al. A population MRI brain template and analysis tools for the macaque. Neuroimage 170, 121\u2013131 (2018).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Reveley, C. et al. Three-dimensional digital template atlas of the macaque brain. Cereb. Cortex 27, 4463\u20134477 (2017).<\/p>\n

PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hartig, R. et al. The Subcortical Atlas of the Rhesus Macaque (SARM) for neuroimaging. Neuroimage 235, 117996 (2021).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Hirai, T. & Jones, E. G. A new parcellation of the human thalamus on the basis of histochemical staining. Brain Res. Rev. 14, 1\u201334 (1989).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Boussard, J., Varol, E., Lee, H. D., Dethe, N. & Paninski, L. Three-dimensional spike localization and improved motion correction for Neuropixels recordings. Preprint at bioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2021.11.05.467503<\/a> (2021).<\/p>\n

Varol, E. et al. in ICASSP 2021\u20132021 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing 1085\u20131089 (IEEE, 2021).<\/p>\n

Buccino, A. P. et al. SpikeInterface, a unified framework for spike sorting. eLife 9, e61834 (2020).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Pachitariu, M., Sridhar, S., Pennington, J. & Stringer, C. Spike sorting with Kilosort4. Nat. Methods 21, 914\u2013921 (2024).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Trautmann, E. M. et al. Accurate estimation of neural population dynamics without spike sorting. Neuron 103, 292\u2013308.e4 (2019).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Mussa-Ivaldi, F. A., Hogan, N. & Bizzi, E. Neural, mechanical, and geometric factors subserving arm posture in humans. J. Neurosci. 5, 2732\u20132743 (1985).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Thelen, D. G. Adjustment of muscle mechanics model parameters to simulate dynamic contractions in older adults. J. Biomech. Eng. 125, 70\u201377 (2003).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Kistemaker, D. A., Wong, J. D. & Gribble, P. L. The central nervous system does not minimize energy cost in arm movements. J. Neurophysiol. 104, 2985\u20132994 (2010).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Glorot, X. & Bengio, Y. Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks. In Proc. 13th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Statistics 249\u2013256 (JMLR, 2010).<\/p>\n

Hu, W., Xiao, L. & Pennington, J. Provable benefit of orthogonal initialization in optimizing deep linear networks. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.2001.05992<\/a> (2020).<\/p>\n

Kingma, D. P. & Ba, J. Adam: A method for stochastic optimization. Preprint at https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1412.6980<\/a> (2014).<\/p>\n

Scott, M. & Su-In, L. A unified approach to interpreting model predictions. Adv. Neural Inf. Process. Syst. 30, 4765\u20134774 (2017).<\/p>\n


\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Shapley, L. S. in Contribution to the Theory of Games (eds Kuhn, H. & Tucker, A.) 307\u2013317 (Princeton Univ. Press, 1953).<\/p>\n

Diedrichsen, J. & Kriegeskorte, N. Representational models: a common framework for understanding encoding, pattern-component, and representational-similarity analysis. PLoS Comput. Biol. 13, e1005508 (2017).<\/p>\n

Article<\/a>\u00a0
\n ADS<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed<\/a>\u00a0
\n PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0
\n
\n Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n <\/p>\n

Michaels, J. A. & Pruszynski, J. A. Data from: Sensory expectations shape neural population dynamics in motor circuits [Dataset]. Dryad https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5061\/dryad.0vt4b8hbr<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Churchland, M. M. & Shenoy, K. V. Preparatory activity and the expansive null-space. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 25, 213\u2013236…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":259696,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[34],"tags":[97,1159,42839,1160,140223,140224,79],"class_list":{"0":"post-259695","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-health","8":"tag-health","9":"tag-humanities-and-social-sciences","10":"tag-motor-cortex","11":"tag-multidisciplinary","12":"tag-premotor-cortex","13":"tag-reflexes","14":"tag-science"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/259695","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=259695"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/259695\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/259696"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=259695"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=259695"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=259695"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}