Mars exploration missions<\/a>, understanding time on our planetary neighbor will help synchronize navigation and communication across our solar system.<\/p>\n\u201cThe time is just right for the Moon and Mars,\u201d Patla said. \u201cThis is the closest we have been to realizing the science fiction vision of expanding across the solar system.\u201d<\/p>\n
Mars Time Zone<\/p>\n
Martian days and years are longer than those on Earth. The planet\u2019s day, or full rotation on its axis, is 40 minutes longer than Earth\u2019s, and it takes 687 days to complete its orbit around the Sun, compared with Earth\u2019s 365 days. But scientists needed to know how fast or slow each second passes on Mars compared with Earth.<\/p>\n
If you were to land on the surface of Mars with an atomic clock, it would still tick the same way it would on Earth. But if you compare the Mars clock with one on Earth, they will be out of sync. The challenge is to determine how much Mars\u2019 time is offset from Earth\u2019s, almost like calculating a time-zone difference.<\/p>\n
That was much trickier than NIST physicists had expected. Einstein\u2019s theory of relativity states that the strength of gravity affects the passage of time. Clocks tick slower where gravity is stronger, and faster where gravity is weaker. The velocity of a planet\u2019s orbit will also cause clocks to tick slower or faster.<\/p>\n
NIST chose a point on the Martian surface to act as a reference, sort of like sea level at the equator on Earth. Thanks to years of data collected from Mars missions, Patla and fellow NIST physicist Neil Ashby could estimate gravity on the surface of the planet, which is five times weaker than Earth\u2019s.<\/p>\n
But they needed to figure in more than just Mars\u2019 gravity. Our solar system has other massive bodies that pull on each other. The Sun alone accounts for more than 99% of the mass in our solar system. Mars\u2019 position in the solar system \u2014 its distance from the Sun, its neighbors like Earth, the Moon, Jupiter and Saturn \u2014 pulls it into a more eccentric, elongated orbit. The Earth\u2019s and Moon\u2019s orbits are relatively constant; time on the Moon is consistently 56 microseconds faster than time on Earth.<\/p>\n
\u201cBut for Mars, that\u2019s not the case. Its distance from the Sun and its eccentric orbit make the variations in time larger. A three-body problem is extremely complicated. Now we\u2019re dealing with four: the Sun, Earth, the Moon and Mars,\u201d Patla explained. \u201cThe heavy lifting was more challenging than I initially thought.\u201d<\/p>\n
After taking all these effects into consideration \u2014 Martian surface gravity, Mars\u2019 eccentric orbit, the effect of the Sun, the Earth and the Moon on Mars \u2014 Patla and Ashby arrived at their answer.<\/p>\n
Paving the Way for Solar System Internet<\/p>\n
Maybe 477 millionths of a second doesn\u2019t sound like a lot \u2014 it\u2019s about a thousandth of the time it takes to blink. But accounting for tiny time differences is key to developing communications networks. 5G networks, for example, need to be accurate to within a tenth of a microsecond.<\/p>\n
Right now, communications between Earth and Mars are delayed anywhere from four to 24 minutes (sometimes more). It\u2019s almost like pre-telegram communications, Patla explained: People delivered handwritten letters to a ship, which crossed the ocean, and then waited weeks or months for another ship to deliver the reply.<\/p>\n
Having a framework for timing between planets paves the way toward creating synchronized networks across vast distances.<\/p>\n
\u201cThe time is just right for the Moon and Mars. This is the closest we have been to realizing the science fiction vision of expanding across the solar system.\u201d \u2014 Bijunath Patla, NIST physicist\u00a0<\/p>\n
\u201cIf you get synchronization, it will be almost like real-time communication without any loss of information. You don\u2019t have to wait to see what happens,\u201d Patla said.<\/p>\n
Those networks are a long way from reality; so are long-term human and robotic Mars missions, Ashby pointed out. Studying these issues helps scientists prepare for all the variables they will encounter.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt may be decades before the surface of Mars is covered by the tracks of wandering rovers, but it is useful now to study the issues involved in establishing navigation systems on other planets and moons,\u201d Ashby said. \u201cLike current global navigation systems like GPS, these systems will depend on accurate clocks, and the effects on clock rates can be analyzed with the help of Einstein\u2019s general theory of relativity.\u201d<\/p>\n
There is also scientific value to this knowledge, Patla added. Understanding how clocks will tick on far-flung planets is new information and builds on Einstein\u2019s theories of special and general relativity.<\/p>\n
\u201cIt’s good to know for the first time what is happening on Mars timewise. Nobody knew that before. It improves our knowledge of the theory itself, the theory of how clocks tick and relativity,\u201d he said. \u201cThe passage of time is fundamental to the theory of relativity: how you realize it, how you calculate it, and what influences it. These may seem like simple concepts, but they can be quite complicated to calculate.\u201d<\/p>\n
Paper: Neil Ashby and Bijunath R. Patla. A Comparative Study of Time on Mars with Lunar and Terrestrial Clocks. The Astronomical Journal. Published online Dec. 1, 2025. DOI: 10.3847\/1538-3881\/ae0c16<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"This image from the Mars Global Surveyor Mars Orbiter Camera shows the region Ares Vallis and the Chryse…\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":324722,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[49],"tags":[199,79],"class_list":{"0":"post-324721","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-physics","8":"tag-physics","9":"tag-science"},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324721","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=324721"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/324721\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/324722"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=324721"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=324721"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=324721"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
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