Iranian authorities have repeatedly publicised arrests and clashes with small armed cells inside the country, or skirmishes with armed groups along land borders, particularly in the lead-up to and during the war with Israel and the United States.<\/p>\n
They have endeavoured to frame the war as a national security struggle while sending a message of control and deterrence to audiences inside the country and abroad.<\/p>\n
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In one of the latest instances, state media said on Sunday that members of an eight-member network allegedly affiliated with \u201canti-revolutionary\u201d and \u201cpro-monarchy\u201d groups were arrested.<\/p>\n
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) in the southern province of Fars accused those arrested of using Molotov cocktails and burning tyres during nationwide protests in January.<\/p>\n
The leaders of Iran\u2019s Islamic Republic have in recent weeks also expressed concern<\/a> about more potential protests as public discontent rises amid deteriorating economic conditions.<\/p>\n Why the focus on \u2018monarchists\u2019?<\/p>\n During Iran\u2019s January protests and on social media, a number of Iranians have expressed support for the return of the country\u2019s monarchy, which was overthrown in the 1979 Islamic revolution.<\/p>\n Reza Pahlavi, the foreign-based son of Iran\u2019s last shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, has been a leading opponent of the country\u2019s government, and in January called on Iranians to join nationwide strikes and protests. Thousands are believed to have been killed<\/a> during the unrest.<\/p>\n But even though there are instances of chanting in support of Pahlavi in Iran, there are currently no major organised pro-monarchy armed groups operating inside the country.<\/p>\n And while multiple nationwide demonstrations have swept Iran in recent years, they have largely been rooted in protesting economic grievances and repression in the country, rather than support for the monarchy.<\/p>\n US President Donald Trump, as well as Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, did openly discuss the goal of overthrowing the Iranian state during the opening months of the war, which began in late February. Calls for the monarchy to replace the Islamic Republic have been particularly prominent in demonstrations outside of Iran.<\/p>\n The Iranian government has since then announced a large number of arrests of people it says are supporters of the monarchy.<\/p>\n That has included 111 so-called \u201cmonarchist cells\u201d arrested across 26 provinces<\/a>, as announced on March 18 by the Intelligence Ministry.<\/p>\n Iranian authorities consider the January protests a \u201ccoup\u201d orchestrated by armed agents of the US and Israel, including pro-monarchists.<\/p>\n The United Nations and international rights groups have\u00a0condemned state forces<\/a> for the \u201cbrutality\u201d shown during the crackdown on protesters.<\/p>\n The judiciary has executed dozens of prisoners since the start of the war, including some of those who protested in January. Numerous students, artists, businesspeople, journalists, healthcare workers and others have also been arrested over recent months for acts perceived by the authorities to be against national security.<\/p>\n What are the main armed groups in Iran?<\/p>\n Kurdish fighters active close to Iran\u2019s western borders with Iraq are the country\u2019s largest non-state armed threat.<\/p>\n Multiple groups, designated as \u201cterrorist\u201d outfits by Iranian authorities, have been based in the semiautonomous Kurdish region of northern Iraq for years.<\/p>\n Iran\u2019s military forces have attacked bases operated by these groups in Iraq in recent years, while also pursuing security deals with the Iraqi government<\/a> to contain them.<\/p>\n At the start of this year\u2019s war, the Kurdish armed groups were considered by the Trump administration to lead a limited ground operation in western Iran to complement extensive air strikes by US and Israeli fighter jets and warships.<\/p>\n The Reuters news agency reported in early March that roughly 5,000-8,000 Iranian Kurdish fighters from groups including the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan (PDKI), and Kurdistan Freedom Party (PAK) were preparing for a potential cross-border operation and had held discussions with US and Israeli representatives.<\/p>\n But the groups said they lacked sufficient weaponry and did not receive a clear signal from Washington to initiate the operation. The plan was not set into motion, and by April the IRGC had sent more troops to the border provinces.<\/p>\n