{"id":847695,"date":"2026-09-14T17:16:14","date_gmt":"2026-09-14T17:16:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/847695\/"},"modified":"2026-09-14T17:16:14","modified_gmt":"2026-09-14T17:16:14","slug":"the-shared-evolutionary-capacities-of-plasmids-and-extrachromosomal-dna","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/847695\/","title":{"rendered":"The shared evolutionary capacities of plasmids and extrachromosomal DNA"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR1\">Kuzminov, A. Bacterial nucleoid is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. J. Bacteriol. 206, e0021123 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/jb.00211-23\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/jb.00211-23\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fjb.00211-23\" aria-label=\"Article reference 1\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/jb.00211-23\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38358278\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10994824\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 1\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 1\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bacterial%20nucleoid%20is%20a%20riddle%20wrapped%20in%20a%20mystery%20inside%20an%20enigma&amp;journal=J.%20Bacteriol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fjb.00211-23&amp;volume=206&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Kuzminov%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR2\">Casta\u00f1eda-Barba, S., Top, E. M. &amp; Stalder, T. Plasmids, a molecular cornerstone of antimicrobial resistance in the One Health era. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 22, 18\u201332 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41579-023-00926-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41579-023-00926-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41579-023-00926-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 2\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41579-023-00926-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37430173\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 2\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 2\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Plasmids%2C%20a%20molecular%20cornerstone%20of%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20in%20the%20One%20Health%20era&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41579-023-00926-x&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=18-32&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Casta%C3%B1eda-Barba%2CS&amp;author=Top%2CEM&amp;author=Stalder%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR3\">Jaworski, J. J. et al. ecDNA replication is disorganized and vulnerable to replication stress. Nucleic Acids Res. 53, gkaf711 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf711\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf711\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkaf711\" aria-label=\"Article reference 3\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf711\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40744497\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12311790\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 3\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 3\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=ecDNA%20replication%20is%20disorganized%20and%20vulnerable%20to%20replication%20stress&amp;journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkaf711&amp;volume=53&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Jaworski%2CJJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR4\">Kang, X. et al. Extrachromosomal DNA replication and maintenance couple with DNA damage pathway in tumors. Cell 188, 3405\u20133421.e27 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.04.012\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.04.012\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2025.04.012\" aria-label=\"Article reference 4\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2025.04.012\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhtVWqt73L\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40300601\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 4\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 4\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20DNA%20replication%20and%20maintenance%20couple%20with%20DNA%20damage%20pathway%20in%20tumors&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2025.04.012&amp;volume=188&amp;pages=3405-3421.e27&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Kang%2CX\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR5\">Sankar, V. et al. Genetic elements promote retention of extrachromosomal DNA in cancer cells. Nature 649, 152\u2013160 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-09764-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-09764-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-025-09764-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 5\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-09764-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41261124\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12727538\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 5\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 5\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genetic%20elements%20promote%20retention%20of%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20in%20cancer%20cells&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-025-09764-8&amp;volume=649&amp;pages=152-160&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Sankar%2CV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR6\">Kraft, K. et al. Enhancer activation from transposable elements in extrachromosomal DNA. Nat. Cell Biol. 27, 1914\u20131924 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41556-025-01788-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41556-025-01788-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41556-025-01788-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 6\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41556-025-01788-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXivVSmsbjE\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41120733\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12611757\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 6\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 6\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Enhancer%20activation%20from%20transposable%20elements%20in%20extrachromosomal%20DNA&amp;journal=Nat.%20Cell%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41556-025-01788-6&amp;volume=27&amp;pages=1914-1924&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Kraft%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR7\">Pradella, D. et al. Engineered extrachromosomal oncogene amplifications promote tumorigenesis. Nature 637, 955\u2013964 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08318-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08318-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08318-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 7\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08318-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXisl2isL7M\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39695225\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 7\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 7\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Engineered%20extrachromosomal%20oncogene%20amplifications%20promote%20tumorigenesis&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08318-8&amp;volume=637&amp;pages=955-964&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Pradella%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR8\">Yi, E., Chamorro Gonz\u00e1lez, R., Henssen, A. G. &amp; Verhaak, R. G. W. Extrachromosomal DNA amplifications in cancer. Nat. Rev. Genet. 23, 760\u2013771 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41576-022-00521-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41576-022-00521-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41576-022-00521-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 8\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41576-022-00521-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XitFWlt7bM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35953594\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9671848\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 8\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 8\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20DNA%20amplifications%20in%20cancer&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41576-022-00521-5&amp;volume=23&amp;pages=760-771&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Yi%2CE&amp;author=Chamorro%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%2CR&amp;author=Henssen%2CAG&amp;author=Verhaak%2CRGW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR9\">Cox, D., Yuncken, C. &amp; Spriggs, A. I. Minute chromatin bodies in malignant tumours of childhood. Lancet 1, 55\u201358 (1965).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)90131-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)90131-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2865%2990131-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 9\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0140-6736(65)90131-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 9\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Minute%20chromatin%20bodies%20in%20malignant%20tumours%20of%20childhood&amp;journal=Lancet&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2865%2990131-5&amp;volume=1&amp;pages=55-58&amp;publication_year=1965&amp;author=Cox%2CD&amp;author=Yuncken%2CC&amp;author=Spriggs%2CAI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR10\">Lubs, H. A. Jr &amp; Salmon, J. H. The chromosomal complement of human solid tumors. II. Karyotypes of glial tumors. J. Neurosurg. 22, 160\u2013168 (1965).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3171\/jns.1965.22.2.0160\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3171\/jns.1965.22.2.0160\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3171%2Fjns.1965.22.2.0160\" aria-label=\"Article reference 10\" data-doi=\"10.3171\/jns.1965.22.2.0160\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=14291674\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 10\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 10\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20chromosomal%20complement%20of%20human%20solid%20tumors.%20II.%20Karyotypes%20of%20glial%20tumors&amp;journal=J.%20Neurosurg.&amp;doi=10.3171%2Fjns.1965.22.2.0160&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=160-168&amp;publication_year=1965&amp;author=Lubs%2CHA&amp;author=Salmon%2CJH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR11\">Kim, H. et al. Extrachromosomal DNA is associated with oncogene amplification and poor outcome across multiple cancers. Nat. Genet. 52, 891\u2013897 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41588-020-0678-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41588-020-0678-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41588-020-0678-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 11\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41588-020-0678-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhs1aiurjM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32807987\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7484012\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 11\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 11\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20DNA%20is%20associated%20with%20oncogene%20amplification%20and%20poor%20outcome%20across%20multiple%20cancers&amp;journal=Nat.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41588-020-0678-2&amp;volume=52&amp;pages=891-897&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Kim%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR12\">Bailey, C. et al. Origins and impact of extrachromosomal DNA. Nature 635, 193\u2013200 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08107-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08107-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08107-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 12\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-08107-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXisVehu7nJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39506150\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11540846\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 12\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 12\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Origins%20and%20impact%20of%20extrachromosomal%20DNA&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-08107-3&amp;volume=635&amp;pages=193-200&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Bailey%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR13\">Pecorino, L. T., Verhaak, R. G. W., Henssen, A. &amp; Mischel, P. S. Extrachromosomal DNA (ecDNA): an origin of tumor heterogeneity, genomic remodeling, and drug resistance. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 50, 1911\u20131920 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1042\/BST20221045\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1042\/BST20221045\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042%2FBST20221045\" aria-label=\"Article reference 13\" data-doi=\"10.1042\/BST20221045\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXit1elt7%2FI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36355400\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9788557\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 13\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 13\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20DNA%20%28ecDNA%29%3A%20an%20origin%20of%20tumor%20heterogeneity%2C%20genomic%20remodeling%2C%20and%20drug%20resistance&amp;journal=Biochem.%20Soc.%20Trans.&amp;doi=10.1042%2FBST20221045&amp;volume=50&amp;pages=1911-1920&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Pecorino%2CLT&amp;author=Verhaak%2CRGW&amp;author=Henssen%2CA&amp;author=Mischel%2CPS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR14\">Hernandez-Beltran, J. C. R. et al. Plasmid-mediated phenotypic noise leads to transient antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Nat. Commun. 15, 2610 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-45045-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-45045-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45045-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 14\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-45045-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXot1Wntr4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38521779\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10960800\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 14\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 14\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Plasmid-mediated%20phenotypic%20noise%20leads%20to%20transient%20antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20bacteria&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45045-0&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Hernandez-Beltran%2CJCR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR15\">Lange, J. T. et al. The evolutionary dynamics of extrachromosomal DNA in human cancers. Nat. Genet. 54, 1527\u20131533 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41588-022-01177-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41588-022-01177-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41588-022-01177-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 15\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41588-022-01177-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XisVemtr3K\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36123406\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9534767\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 15\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 15\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20evolutionary%20dynamics%20of%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20in%20human%20cancers&amp;journal=Nat.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41588-022-01177-x&amp;volume=54&amp;pages=1527-1533&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Lange%2CJT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR16\">Wang, Y. et al. Extrachromosomal DNA gives cancer a new evolutionary pathway. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.04.26.650733\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/2025.04.26.650733\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.04.26.650733<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR17\">Wu, S. et al. Circular ecDNA promotes accessible chromatin and high oncogene expression. Nature 575, 699\u2013703 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-019-1763-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-019-1763-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1763-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 17\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-019-1763-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXitF2qt7bL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31748743\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7094777\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 17\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 17\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Circular%20ecDNA%20promotes%20accessible%20chromatin%20and%20high%20oncogene%20expression&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-019-1763-5&amp;volume=575&amp;pages=699-703&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Wu%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR18\">Kado, C. I. Origin and evolution of plasmids. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 73, 117\u2013126 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1023\/A:1000652513822\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1023\/A:1000652513822\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023%2FA%3A1000652513822\" aria-label=\"Article reference 18\" data-doi=\"10.1023\/A:1000652513822\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK1cXjsVaqtbo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9602285\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 18\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 18\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Origin%20and%20evolution%20of%20plasmids&amp;journal=Antonie%20Van%20Leeuwenhoek&amp;doi=10.1023%2FA%3A1000652513822&amp;volume=73&amp;pages=117-126&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Kado%2CCI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR19\">Rodr\u00edguez-Beltr\u00e1n, J., DelaFuente, J., Le\u00f3n-Sampedro, R., MacLean, R. C. &amp; San Mill\u00e1n, \u00c1 Beyond horizontal gene transfer: the role of plasmids in bacterial evolution. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 19, 347\u2013359 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41579-020-00497-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41579-020-00497-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41579-020-00497-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 19\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41579-020-00497-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33469168\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 19\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 19\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Beyond%20horizontal%20gene%20transfer%3A%20the%20role%20of%20plasmids%20in%20bacterial%20evolution&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41579-020-00497-1&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=347-359&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Beltr%C3%A1n%2CJ&amp;author=DelaFuente%2CJ&amp;author=Le%C3%B3n-Sampedro%2CR&amp;author=MacLean%2CRC&amp;author=San%20Mill%C3%A1n%2C%C3%81\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR20\">Koonin, E. V. Temporal order of evolution of DNA replication systems inferred by comparison of cellular and viral DNA polymerases. Biol. Direct 1, 39 (2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/1745-6150-1-39\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/1745-6150-1-39\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/1745-6150-1-39\" aria-label=\"Article reference 20\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/1745-6150-1-39\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=17176463\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1766352\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 20\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 20\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Temporal%20order%20of%20evolution%20of%20DNA%20replication%20systems%20inferred%20by%20comparison%20of%20cellular%20and%20viral%20DNA%20polymerases&amp;journal=Biol.%20Direct&amp;doi=10.1186%2F1745-6150-1-39&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2006&amp;author=Koonin%2CEV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR21\">Smillie, C., Garcill\u00e1n-Barcia, M. P., Francia, M. V., Rocha, E. P. C. &amp; de la Cruz, F. Mobility of plasmids. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 74, 434\u2013452 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/MMBR.00020-10\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/MMBR.00020-10\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FMMBR.00020-10\" aria-label=\"Article reference 21\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/MMBR.00020-10\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXhsVSqurnP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20805406\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2937521\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 21\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 21\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mobility%20of%20plasmids&amp;journal=Microbiol.%20Mol.%20Biol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FMMBR.00020-10&amp;volume=74&amp;pages=434-452&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Smillie%2CC&amp;author=Garcill%C3%A1n-Barcia%2CMP&amp;author=Francia%2CMV&amp;author=Rocha%2CEPC&amp;author=Cruz%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR22\">Ares-Arroyo, M., Coluzzi, C. &amp; Rocha, E. P. C. Origins of transfer establish networks of functional dependencies for plasmid transfer by conjugation. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, 3001\u20133016 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1079\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1079\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkac1079\" aria-label=\"Article reference 22\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1079\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhs1ylsr%2FL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36442505\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10123127\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 22\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 22\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Origins%20of%20transfer%20establish%20networks%20of%20functional%20dependencies%20for%20plasmid%20transfer%20by%20conjugation&amp;journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkac1079&amp;volume=51&amp;pages=3001-3016&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Ares-Arroyo%2CM&amp;author=Coluzzi%2CC&amp;author=Rocha%2CEPC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR23\">Ares-Arroyo, M., Nucci, A. &amp; Rocha, E. P. C. Expanding the diversity of origin of transfer-containing sequences in mobilizable plasmids. Nat. Microbiol. 9, 3240\u20133253 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41564-024-01844-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41564-024-01844-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41564-024-01844-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 23\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41564-024-01844-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXisVKmtr7L\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39516559\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 23\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 23\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Expanding%20the%20diversity%20of%20origin%20of%20transfer-containing%20sequences%20in%20mobilizable%20plasmids&amp;journal=Nat.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41564-024-01844-1&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=3240-3253&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Ares-Arroyo%2CM&amp;author=Nucci%2CA&amp;author=Rocha%2CEPC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR24\">Tazzyman, S. J. &amp; Bonhoeffer, S. Why there are no essential genes on plasmids. Mol. Biol. Evol. 32, 3079\u20133088 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xhs12qurrO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25540453\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 24\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 24\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Why%20there%20are%20no%20essential%20genes%20on%20plasmids&amp;journal=Mol.%20Biol.%20Evol.&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=3079-3088&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Tazzyman%2CSJ&amp;author=Bonhoeffer%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR25\">Thomas, C. M. &amp; Summers, D. Bacterial plasmids. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470015902.a0000468.pub2\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/9780470015902.a0000468.pub2\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9780470015902.a0000468.pub2<\/a> (2008).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR26\">Jur\u0117nas, D., Fraikin, N., Goormaghtigh, F. &amp; Van Melderen, L. Biology and evolution of bacterial toxin\u2013antitoxin systems. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 20, 335\u2013350 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41579-021-00661-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41579-021-00661-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41579-021-00661-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 26\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41579-021-00661-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34975154\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 26\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 26\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Biology%20and%20evolution%20of%20bacterial%20toxin%E2%80%93antitoxin%20systems&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41579-021-00661-1&amp;volume=20&amp;pages=335-350&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Jur%C4%97nas%2CD&amp;author=Fraikin%2CN&amp;author=Goormaghtigh%2CF&amp;author=Melderen%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR27\">Shigenobu, S. &amp; Wilson, A. C. C. Genomic revelations of a mutualism: the pea aphid and its obligate bacterial symbiont. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 68, 1297\u20131309 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s00018-011-0645-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s00018-011-0645-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00018-011-0645-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 27\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s00018-011-0645-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXjvVSgsbw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21390549\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3064905\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 27\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 27\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genomic%20revelations%20of%20a%20mutualism%3A%20the%20pea%20aphid%20and%20its%20obligate%20bacterial%20symbiont&amp;journal=Cell.%20Mol.%20Life%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs00018-011-0645-2&amp;volume=68&amp;pages=1297-1309&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Shigenobu%2CS&amp;author=Wilson%2CACC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR28\">Kirkness, E. F. et al. Genome sequences of the human body louse and its primary endosymbiont provide insights into the permanent parasitic lifestyle. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 107, 12168\u201312173 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.1003379107\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.1003379107\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.1003379107\" aria-label=\"Article reference 28\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.1003379107\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXovFyit74%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20566863\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2901460\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 28\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 28\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genome%20sequences%20of%20the%20human%20body%20louse%20and%20its%20primary%20endosymbiont%20provide%20insights%20into%20the%20permanent%20parasitic%20lifestyle&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1003379107&amp;volume=107&amp;pages=12168-12173&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Kirkness%2CEF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR29\">K\u00f6stlbacher, S., Collingro, A., Halter, T., Domman, D. &amp; Horn, M. Coevolving plasmids drive gene flow and genome plasticity in host-associated intracellular bacteria. Curr. Biol. 31, 346\u2013357.e3 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.030\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.030\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2020.10.030\" aria-label=\"Article reference 29\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.030\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33157023\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 29\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 29\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Coevolving%20plasmids%20drive%20gene%20flow%20and%20genome%20plasticity%20in%20host-associated%20intracellular%20bacteria&amp;journal=Curr.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cub.2020.10.030&amp;volume=31&amp;pages=346-357.e3&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=K%C3%B6stlbacher%2CS&amp;author=Collingro%2CA&amp;author=Halter%2CT&amp;author=Domman%2CD&amp;author=Horn%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR30\">Shaw, L. P. et al. Niche and local geography shape the pangenome of wastewater- and livestock-associated Enterobacteriaceae. Sci. Adv. 7, eabe3868 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/sciadv.abe3868\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/sciadv.abe3868\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abe3868\" aria-label=\"Article reference 30\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/sciadv.abe3868\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhsVSkurfN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33837077\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8034854\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 30\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 30\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Niche%20and%20local%20geography%20shape%20the%20pangenome%20of%20wastewater-%20and%20livestock-associated%20Enterobacteriaceae&amp;journal=Sci.%20Adv.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fsciadv.abe3868&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Shaw%2CLP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR31\">Harrison, P. W., Lower, R. P. J., Kim, N. K. D. &amp; Young, J. P. W. Introducing the bacterial \u2018chromid\u2019: not a chromosome, not a plasmid. Trends Microbiol. 18, 141\u2013148 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.12.010\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.12.010\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2009.12.010\" aria-label=\"Article reference 31\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tim.2009.12.010\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXksVant7g%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20080407\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 31\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 31\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Introducing%20the%20bacterial%20%E2%80%98chromid%E2%80%99%3A%20not%20a%20chromosome%2C%20not%20a%20plasmid&amp;journal=Trends%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tim.2009.12.010&amp;volume=18&amp;pages=141-148&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Harrison%2CPW&amp;author=Lower%2CRPJ&amp;author=Kim%2CNKD&amp;author=Young%2CJPW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR32\">Guglielmini, J., Quintais, L., Garcill\u00e1n-Barcia, M. P., de la Cruz, F. &amp; Rocha, E. P. C. The repertoire of ICE in prokaryotes underscores the unity, diversity, and ubiquity of conjugation. PLoS Genet. 7, e1002222 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002222\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002222\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002222\" aria-label=\"Article reference 32\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002222\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtFyhsb%2FJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21876676\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3158045\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 32\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 32\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20repertoire%20of%20ICE%20in%20prokaryotes%20underscores%20the%20unity%2C%20diversity%2C%20and%20ubiquity%20of%20conjugation&amp;journal=PLoS%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1002222&amp;volume=7&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Guglielmini%2CJ&amp;author=Quintais%2CL&amp;author=Garcill%C3%A1n-Barcia%2CMP&amp;author=Cruz%2CF&amp;author=Rocha%2CEPC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR33\">Pfeifer, E., Moura de Sousa, J. A., Touchon, M. &amp; Rocha, E. P. C. Bacteria have numerous distinctive groups of phage-plasmids with conserved phage and variable plasmid gene repertoires. Nucleic Acids Res. 49, 2655\u20132673 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkab064\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkab064\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkab064\" aria-label=\"Article reference 33\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkab064\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhvVGrtLbL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33590101\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7969092\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 33\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 33\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bacteria%20have%20numerous%20distinctive%20groups%20of%20phage-plasmids%20with%20conserved%20phage%20and%20variable%20plasmid%20gene%20repertoires&amp;journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkab064&amp;volume=49&amp;pages=2655-2673&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Pfeifer%2CE&amp;author=Moura%20de%20Sousa%2CJA&amp;author=Touchon%2CM&amp;author=Rocha%2CEPC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR34\">Ravin, N. V., Svarchevsky, A. N. &amp; Deh\u00f2, G. The anti-immunity system of phage-plasmid N15: identification of the antirepressor gene and its control by a small processed RNA. Mol. Microbiol. 34, 980\u2013994 (1999).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01658.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01658.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1999.01658.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 34\" data-doi=\"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1999.01658.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3cXis1Kltg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10594823\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 34\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 34\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20anti-immunity%20system%20of%20phage-plasmid%20N15%3A%20identification%20of%20the%20antirepressor%20gene%20and%20its%20control%20by%20a%20small%20processed%20RNA&amp;journal=Mol.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1046%2Fj.1365-2958.1999.01658.x&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=980-994&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;author=Ravin%2CNV&amp;author=Svarchevsky%2CAN&amp;author=Deh%C3%B2%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR35\">Hall, J. P. J., Botelho, J., Cazares, A. &amp; Baltrus, D. A. What makes a megaplasmid? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 377, 20200472 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0472\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0472\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frstb.2020.0472\" aria-label=\"Article reference 35\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0472\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XitFKlurc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34839707\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 35\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 35\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=What%20makes%20a%20megaplasmid%3F&amp;journal=Philos.%20Trans.%20R.%20Soc.%20Lond.%20B%20Biol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frstb.2020.0472&amp;volume=377&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Hall%2CJPJ&amp;author=Botelho%2CJ&amp;author=Cazares%2CA&amp;author=Baltrus%2CDA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR36\">Clowes, R. C. Molecular structure of bacterial plasmids. Bacteriol. Rev. 36, 361\u2013405 (1972).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/br.36.3.361-405.1972\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/br.36.3.361-405.1972\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fbr.36.3.361-405.1972\" aria-label=\"Article reference 36\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/br.36.3.361-405.1972\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaE3sXktVanurk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=4345849\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC378457\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 36\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 36\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Molecular%20structure%20of%20bacterial%20plasmids&amp;journal=Bacteriol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fbr.36.3.361-405.1972&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=361-405&amp;publication_year=1972&amp;author=Clowes%2CRC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR37\">Fogarty, E. C. et al. A cryptic plasmid is among the most numerous genetic elements in the human gut. Cell 187, 1206\u20131222.e16 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.039\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.039\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2024.01.039\" aria-label=\"Article reference 37\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.039\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXkvValtLs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38428395\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10973873\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 37\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 37\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20cryptic%20plasmid%20is%20among%20the%20most%20numerous%20genetic%20elements%20in%20the%20human%20gut&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2024.01.039&amp;volume=187&amp;pages=1206-1222.e16&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Fogarty%2CEC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR38\">Cazares, A. et al. A megaplasmid family driving dissemination of multidrug resistance in Pseudomonas. Nat. Commun. 11, 1370 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-15081-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-15081-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-15081-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 38\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-15081-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXlt1Skur4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32170080\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7070040\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 38\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 38\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20megaplasmid%20family%20driving%20dissemination%20of%20multidrug%20resistance%20in%20Pseudomonas&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-020-15081-7&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Cazares%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR39\">Acman, M., van Dorp, L., Santini, J. M. &amp; Balloux, F. Large-scale network analysis captures biological features of bacterial plasmids. Nat. Commun. 11, 2452 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-16282-w\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-16282-w\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16282-w\" aria-label=\"Article reference 39\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-16282-w\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXpslyrs70%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32415210\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7229196\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 39\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 39\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Large-scale%20network%20analysis%20captures%20biological%20features%20of%20bacterial%20plasmids&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-020-16282-w&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Acman%2CM&amp;author=Dorp%2CL&amp;author=Santini%2CJM&amp;author=Balloux%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR40\">Redondo-Salvo, S. et al. Pathways for horizontal gene transfer in bacteria revealed by a global map of their plasmids. Nat. Commun. 11, 3602 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-17278-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-17278-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-17278-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 40\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-17278-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32681114\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7367871\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 40\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 40\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Pathways%20for%20horizontal%20gene%20transfer%20in%20bacteria%20revealed%20by%20a%20global%20map%20of%20their%20plasmids&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-020-17278-2&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Redondo-Salvo%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR41\">Yu, M. K., Fogarty, E. C. &amp; Eren, A. M. Diverse plasmid systems and their ecology across human gut metagenomes revealed by PlasX and MobMess. Nat. Microbiol. 9, 830\u2013847 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41564-024-01610-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41564-024-01610-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41564-024-01610-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 41\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41564-024-01610-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXlt1Olu74%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38443576\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10914615\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 41\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 41\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Diverse%20plasmid%20systems%20and%20their%20ecology%20across%20human%20gut%20metagenomes%20revealed%20by%20PlasX%20and%20MobMess&amp;journal=Nat.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41564-024-01610-3&amp;volume=9&amp;pages=830-847&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Yu%2CMK&amp;author=Fogarty%2CEC&amp;author=Eren%2CAM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR42\">Frolova, D. et al. Applying rearrangement distances to enable plasmid epidemiology with pling. Microb. Genom. 10, 001300 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXlsVOhu7g%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39401066\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11472880\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 42\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 42\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Applying%20rearrangement%20distances%20to%20enable%20plasmid%20epidemiology%20with%20pling&amp;journal=Microb.%20Genom.&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Frolova%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR43\">Norberg, P. et al. The IncP-1 plasmid backbone adapts to different host bacterial species and evolves through homologous recombination. Nat. Commun. 2, 268 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/ncomms1267\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/ncomms1267\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fncomms1267\" aria-label=\"Article reference 43\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/ncomms1267\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21468020\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3104523\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 43\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 43\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20IncP-1%20plasmid%20backbone%20adapts%20to%20different%20host%20bacterial%20species%20and%20evolves%20through%20homologous%20recombination&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fncomms1267&amp;volume=2&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Norberg%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR44\">Elken, E., Heinaru, E., J\u00f5esaar, M. &amp; Heinaru, A. Formation of new PHE plasmids in pseudomonads in a phenol-polluted environment. Plasmid 110, 102504 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2020.102504\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2020.102504\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2020.102504\" aria-label=\"Article reference 44\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2020.102504\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXotlWnsr4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32289323\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 44\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 44\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Formation%20of%20new%20PHE%20plasmids%20in%20pseudomonads%20in%20a%20phenol-polluted%20environment&amp;journal=Plasmid&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2020.102504&amp;volume=110&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Elken%2CE&amp;author=Heinaru%2CE&amp;author=J%C3%B5esaar%2CM&amp;author=Heinaru%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR45\">Peters, M. et al. Acquisition of a deliberately introduced phenol degradation operon, pheBA, by different indigenous pseudomonas species. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63, 4899\u20134906 (1997).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/aem.63.12.4899-4906.1997\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/aem.63.12.4899-4906.1997\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Faem.63.12.4899-4906.1997\" aria-label=\"Article reference 45\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/aem.63.12.4899-4906.1997\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXnvV2rtb0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9406411\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC168818\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 45\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 45\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Acquisition%20of%20a%20deliberately%20introduced%20phenol%20degradation%20operon%2C%20pheBA%2C%20by%20different%20indigenous%20pseudomonas%20species&amp;journal=Appl.%20Environ.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Faem.63.12.4899-4906.1997&amp;volume=63&amp;pages=4899-4906&amp;publication_year=1997&amp;author=Peters%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR46\">Sheppard, A. E. et al. Nested Russian doll-like genetic mobility drives rapid dissemination of the carbapenem resistance gene blaKPC. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60, 3767\u20133778 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.00464-16\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.00464-16\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.00464-16\" aria-label=\"Article reference 46\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.00464-16\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhslKrsLvF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27067320\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4879409\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 46\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 46\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Nested%20Russian%20doll-like%20genetic%20mobility%20drives%20rapid%20dissemination%20of%20the%20carbapenem%20resistance%20gene%20blaKPC&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.00464-16&amp;volume=60&amp;pages=3767-3778&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Sheppard%2CAE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR47\">Cazares, A. et al. Pre- and postantibiotic epoch: the historical spread of antimicrobial resistance. Science 390, eadr1522 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.adr1522\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.adr1522\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.adr1522\" aria-label=\"Article reference 47\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.adr1522\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXjtVerurbN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40997220\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 47\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 47\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Pre-%20and%20postantibiotic%20epoch%3A%20the%20historical%20spread%20of%20antimicrobial%20resistance&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.adr1522&amp;volume=390&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Cazares%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR48\">Ipoutcha, T., Wang, Y., Rocha, E. P. C. &amp; Penades, J. R. Interplay between mobile genetic elements drives a fusion\u2013deletion life cycle of plasmids to fuel antimicrobial resistance. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.01.09.696371\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.64898\/2026.01.09.696371\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.01.09.696371<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR49\">Hays, M., Young, J. M., Levan, P. F. &amp; Malik, H. S. A natural variant of the essential host gene MMS21 restricts the parasitic 2-micron plasmid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. eLife 9, e62337 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.62337\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.62337\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.62337\" aria-label=\"Article reference 49\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.62337\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXjsFSgsLc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33063663\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7652418\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 49\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 49\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20natural%20variant%20of%20the%20essential%20host%20gene%20MMS21%20restricts%20the%20parasitic%202-micron%20plasmid%20in%20Saccharomyces%20cerevisiae&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.62337&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Hays%2CM&amp;author=Young%2CJM&amp;author=Levan%2CPF&amp;author=Malik%2CHS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR50\">Hurst, G. D. &amp; Werren, J. H. The role of selfish genetic elements in eukaryotic evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2, 597\u2013606 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/35084545\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/35084545\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2F35084545\" aria-label=\"Article reference 50\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/35084545\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXlvVaqt7Y%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11483984\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 50\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 50\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20role%20of%20selfish%20genetic%20elements%20in%20eukaryotic%20evolution&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1038%2F35084545&amp;volume=2&amp;pages=597-606&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Hurst%2CGD&amp;author=Werren%2CJH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR51\">Trivers, A. B. R. Genes in Conflict: The Biology of Selfish Genetic Elements (Harvard Univ. Press, 2006).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR52\">Leigh, E. G. How does selection reconcile individual advantage with the good of the group? Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 74, 4542\u20134546 (1977).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.74.10.4542\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.74.10.4542\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.74.10.4542\" aria-label=\"Article reference 52\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.74.10.4542\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DC%2BC3cngslKktQ%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=16592453\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC431981\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 52\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 52\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20does%20selection%20reconcile%20individual%20advantage%20with%20the%20good%20of%20the%20group%3F&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.74.10.4542&amp;volume=74&amp;pages=4542-4546&amp;publication_year=1977&amp;author=Leigh%2CEG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR53\">Hotta, Y. &amp; Bassel, A. Molecular size and circularity of DNA in cells of mammals and higher plants. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 53, 356\u2013362 (1965).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.53.2.356\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.53.2.356\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.53.2.356\" aria-label=\"Article reference 53\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.53.2.356\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaF2MXotlOltw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=14294069\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC219520\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 53\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 53\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Molecular%20size%20and%20circularity%20of%20DNA%20in%20cells%20of%20mammals%20and%20higher%20plants&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.53.2.356&amp;volume=53&amp;pages=356-362&amp;publication_year=1965&amp;author=Hotta%2CY&amp;author=Bassel%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR54\">Gaubatz, J. W. Extrachromosomal circular DNAs and genomic sequence plasticity in eukaryotic cells. Mutat. Res. 237, 271\u2013292 (1990).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/0921-8734(90)90009-G\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/0921-8734(90)90009-G\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0921-8734%2890%2990009-G\" aria-label=\"Article reference 54\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/0921-8734(90)90009-G\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK3MXitVCit78%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=2079966\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 54\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 54\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20circular%20DNAs%20and%20genomic%20sequence%20plasticity%20in%20eukaryotic%20cells&amp;journal=Mutat.%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1016%2F0921-8734%2890%2990009-G&amp;volume=237&amp;pages=271-292&amp;publication_year=1990&amp;author=Gaubatz%2CJW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR55\">Dillon, L. W. et al. Production of extrachromosomal microDNAs is linked to mismatch repair pathways and transcriptional activity. Cell Rep. 11, 1749\u20131759 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.05.020\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.05.020\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2015.05.020\" aria-label=\"Article reference 55\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.05.020\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXhtVejtLfI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26051933\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4481157\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 55\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 55\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Production%20of%20extrachromosomal%20microDNAs%20is%20linked%20to%20mismatch%20repair%20pathways%20and%20transcriptional%20activity&amp;journal=Cell%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.celrep.2015.05.020&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=1749-1759&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Dillon%2CLW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR56\">Vilenchik, M. M. &amp; Knudson, A. G. Endogenous DNA double-strand breaks: production, fidelity of repair, and induction of cancer. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 100, 12871\u201312876 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2135498100\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2135498100\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2135498100\" aria-label=\"Article reference 56\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2135498100\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXoslKnurY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=14566050\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC240711\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 56\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 56\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Endogenous%20DNA%20double-strand%20breaks%3A%20production%2C%20fidelity%20of%20repair%2C%20and%20induction%20of%20cancer&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2135498100&amp;volume=100&amp;pages=12871-12876&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Vilenchik%2CMM&amp;author=Knudson%2CAG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR57\">Eugen-Olsen, R. A. B., Hariprakash, J. M., Oestergaard, V. H. &amp; Regenberg, B. Molecular mechanisms of extrachromosomal circular DNA formation. Nucleic Acids Res. 53, gkaf122 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf122\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf122\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkaf122\" aria-label=\"Article reference 57\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkaf122\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhtlShurfN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40037708\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11879418\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 57\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 57\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Molecular%20mechanisms%20of%20extrachromosomal%20circular%20DNA%20formation&amp;journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkaf122&amp;volume=53&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Eugen-Olsen%2CRAB&amp;author=Hariprakash%2CJM&amp;author=Oestergaard%2CVH&amp;author=Regenberg%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR58\">M\u00f8ller, H. D. et al. Circular DNA elements of chromosomal origin are common in healthy human somatic tissue. Nat. Commun. 9, 1069 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-03369-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-03369-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03369-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 58\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-018-03369-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29540679\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 58\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5852086\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 58\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 58\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Circular%20DNA%20elements%20of%20chromosomal%20origin%20are%20common%20in%20healthy%20human%20somatic%20tissue&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03369-8&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=M%C3%B8ller%2CHD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR59\">Gao, Z. et al. Excised DNA circles from V(D)J recombination promote relapsed leukaemia. Nature 645, 774\u2013783 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-09372-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-09372-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-025-09372-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 59\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-025-09372-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhvFOru7zJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40770098\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12443594\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 59\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 59\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Excised%20DNA%20circles%20from%20V%28D%29J%20recombination%20promote%20relapsed%20leukaemia&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-025-09372-6&amp;volume=645&amp;pages=774-783&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Gao%2CZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR60\">Shee, C. et al. Engineered proteins detect spontaneous DNA breakage in human and bacterial cells. eLife 2, e01222 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.01222\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.01222\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.01222\" aria-label=\"Article reference 60\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.01222\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24171103\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 60\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3809393\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 60\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 60\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Engineered%20proteins%20detect%20spontaneous%20DNA%20breakage%20in%20human%20and%20bacterial%20cells&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.01222&amp;volume=2&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Shee%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR61\">Wang, W. et al. Genome-wide mapping of human DNA replication by optical replication mapping supports a stochastic model of eukaryotic replication. Mol. Cell 81, 2975\u20132988.e6 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.05.024\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.05.024\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2021.05.024\" aria-label=\"Article reference 61\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.molcel.2021.05.024\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhtl2jtrnF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34157308\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8286344\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 61\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 61\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genome-wide%20mapping%20of%20human%20DNA%20replication%20by%20optical%20replication%20mapping%20supports%20a%20stochastic%20model%20of%20eukaryotic%20replication&amp;journal=Mol.%20Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.molcel.2021.05.024&amp;volume=81&amp;pages=2975-2988.e6&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Wang%2CW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR62\">Venter, J. C. et al. The sequence of the human genome. Science 291, 1304\u20131351 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.1058040\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.1058040\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.1058040\" aria-label=\"Article reference 62\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.1058040\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXhtlSgsbo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11181995\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 62\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 62\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20sequence%20of%20the%20human%20genome&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1058040&amp;volume=291&amp;pages=1304-1351&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Venter%2CJC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR63\">Turner, K. M. et al. Extrachromosomal oncogene amplification drives tumour evolution and genetic heterogeneity. Nature 543, 122\u2013125 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature21356\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature21356\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature21356\" aria-label=\"Article reference 63\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature21356\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXisV2ktbs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28178237\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5334176\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 63\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 63\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20oncogene%20amplification%20drives%20tumour%20evolution%20and%20genetic%20heterogeneity&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature21356&amp;volume=543&amp;pages=122-125&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Turner%2CKM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR64\">Noer, J. B., H\u00f8rsdal, O. K., Xiang, X., Luo, Y. &amp; Regenberg, B. Extrachromosomal circular DNA in cancer: history, current knowledge, and methods. Trends Genet. 38, 766\u2013781 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tig.2022.02.007\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tig.2022.02.007\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2022.02.007\" aria-label=\"Article reference 64\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tig.2022.02.007\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XlsVGktrs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35277298\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 64\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 64\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20circular%20DNA%20in%20cancer%3A%20history%2C%20current%20knowledge%2C%20and%20methods&amp;journal=Trends%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tig.2022.02.007&amp;volume=38&amp;pages=766-781&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Noer%2CJB&amp;author=H%C3%B8rsdal%2COK&amp;author=Xiang%2CX&amp;author=Luo%2CY&amp;author=Regenberg%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR65\">Haughey, M., Noorani, I., Swanton, C., Mischel, P. S. &amp; Werner, B. Extrachromosomal DNA: shaping the evolutionary dynamics of cancer. Trends Cancer 11, 901\u2013916 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.trecan.2025.06.004\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.trecan.2025.06.004\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.trecan.2025.06.004\" aria-label=\"Article reference 65\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.trecan.2025.06.004\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXitVSksLzP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40640072\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12313332\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 65\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 65\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20DNA%3A%20shaping%20the%20evolutionary%20dynamics%20of%20cancer&amp;journal=Trends%20Cancer&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.trecan.2025.06.004&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=901-916&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Haughey%2CM&amp;author=Noorani%2CI&amp;author=Swanton%2CC&amp;author=Mischel%2CPS&amp;author=Werner%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR66\">Shoshani, O. et al. Chromothripsis drives the evolution of gene amplification in cancer. Nature 591, 137\u2013141 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-020-03064-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-020-03064-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03064-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 66\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-020-03064-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXis1ygsLfE\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 66\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33361815\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 66\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 66\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Chromothripsis%20drives%20the%20evolution%20of%20gene%20amplification%20in%20cancer&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-020-03064-z&amp;volume=591&amp;pages=137-141&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Shoshani%2CO\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR67\">Noorani, I. et al. Extrachromosomal DNA-driven oncogene spatial heterogeneity and evolution in glioblastoma. Cancer Discov. 15, 2078\u20132095 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-1555\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-1555\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158%2F2159-8290.CD-24-1555\" aria-label=\"Article reference 67\" data-doi=\"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-24-1555\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXivF2nurjL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40920091\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12498097\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 67\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 67\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20DNA-driven%20oncogene%20spatial%20heterogeneity%20and%20evolution%20in%20glioblastoma&amp;journal=Cancer%20Discov.&amp;doi=10.1158%2F2159-8290.CD-24-1555&amp;volume=15&amp;pages=2078-2095&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Noorani%2CI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR68\">Maddamsetti, R. et al. Scaling laws of bacterial and archaeal plasmids. Nat. Commun. 16, 6023 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-61205-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-61205-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-025-61205-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 68\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-61205-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhs1artbnK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40603865\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12222811\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 68\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 68\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Scaling%20laws%20of%20bacterial%20and%20archaeal%20plasmids&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-025-61205-2&amp;volume=16&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Maddamsetti%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR69\">Prelich, G. Gene overexpression: uses, mechanisms, and interpretation. Genetics 190, 841\u2013854 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1534\/genetics.111.136911\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1534\/genetics.111.136911\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1534%2Fgenetics.111.136911\" aria-label=\"Article reference 69\" data-doi=\"10.1534\/genetics.111.136911\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XmslKgurg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22419077\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3296252\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 69\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 69\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Gene%20overexpression%3A%20uses%2C%20mechanisms%2C%20and%20interpretation&amp;journal=Genetics&amp;doi=10.1534%2Fgenetics.111.136911&amp;volume=190&amp;pages=841-854&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Prelich%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR70\">Schimke, R. T., Kaufman, R. J., Alt, F. W. &amp; Kellems, R. F. Gene amplification and drug resistance in cultured murine cells. Science 202, 1051\u20131055 (1978).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.715457\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.715457\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.715457\" aria-label=\"Article reference 70\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.715457\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaE1MXpslWgtg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=715457\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 70\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 70\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Gene%20amplification%20and%20drug%20resistance%20in%20cultured%20murine%20cells&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.715457&amp;volume=202&amp;pages=1051-1055&amp;publication_year=1978&amp;author=Schimke%2CRT&amp;author=Kaufman%2CRJ&amp;author=Alt%2CFW&amp;author=Kellems%2CRF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR71\">Normark, S., Edlund, T., Grundstr\u00f6m, T., Bergstr\u00f6m, S. &amp; Wolf-Watz, H. Escherichia coli K-12 mutants hyperproducing chromosomal \u03b2-lactamase by gene repetitions. J. Bacteriol. 132, 912\u2013922 (1977).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/jb.132.3.912-922.1977\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/jb.132.3.912-922.1977\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fjb.132.3.912-922.1977\" aria-label=\"Article reference 71\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/jb.132.3.912-922.1977\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaE1cXkslersw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=336612\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC235595\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 71\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 71\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Escherichia%20coli%20K-12%20mutants%20hyperproducing%20chromosomal%20%CE%B2-lactamase%20by%20gene%20repetitions&amp;journal=J.%20Bacteriol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fjb.132.3.912-922.1977&amp;volume=132&amp;pages=912-922&amp;publication_year=1977&amp;author=Normark%2CS&amp;author=Edlund%2CT&amp;author=Grundstr%C3%B6m%2CT&amp;author=Bergstr%C3%B6m%2CS&amp;author=Wolf-Watz%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR72\">Sandegren, L. &amp; Andersson, D. I. Bacterial gene amplification: implications for the evolution of antibiotic resistance. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7, 578\u2013588 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nrmicro2174\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nrmicro2174\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnrmicro2174\" aria-label=\"Article reference 72\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nrmicro2174\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXos1WktrY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 72\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=19609259\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 72\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 72\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Bacterial%20gene%20amplification%3A%20implications%20for%20the%20evolution%20of%20antibiotic%20resistance&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnrmicro2174&amp;volume=7&amp;pages=578-588&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Sandegren%2CL&amp;author=Andersson%2CDI\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR73\">Yao, Y. et al. Intra- and interpopulation transposition of mobile genetic elements driven by antibiotic selection. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 6, 555\u2013564 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41559-022-01705-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41559-022-01705-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01705-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 73\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41559-022-01705-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35347261\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 73\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12520065\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 73\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 73\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intra-%20and%20interpopulation%20transposition%20of%20mobile%20genetic%20elements%20driven%20by%20antibiotic%20selection&amp;journal=Nat.%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41559-022-01705-2&amp;volume=6&amp;pages=555-564&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Yao%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR74\">Maddamsetti, R. et al. Duplicated antibiotic resistance genes reveal ongoing selection and horizontal gene transfer in bacteria. Nat. Commun. 15, 1449 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-45638-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-45638-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45638-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 74\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-45638-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXksVajsb4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 74\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38365845\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 74\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10873360\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 74\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 74\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Duplicated%20antibiotic%20resistance%20genes%20reveal%20ongoing%20selection%20and%20horizontal%20gene%20transfer%20in%20bacteria&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45638-9&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Maddamsetti%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR75\">Venkatesan, M. M. et al. Complete DNA sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid of Shigella flexneri. Infect. Immun. 69, 3271\u20133285 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3271-3285.2001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3271-3285.2001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FIAI.69.5.3271-3285.2001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 75\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/IAI.69.5.3271-3285.2001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtV2qsb8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11292750\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC98286\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 75\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 75\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Complete%20DNA%20sequence%20and%20analysis%20of%20the%20large%20virulence%20plasmid%20of%20Shigella%20flexneri&amp;journal=Infect.%20Immun.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FIAI.69.5.3271-3285.2001&amp;volume=69&amp;pages=3271-3285&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Venkatesan%2CMM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR76\">Cornelis, G. R. et al. The virulence plasmid of Yersinia, an antihost genome. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62, 1315\u20131352 (1998).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/MMBR.62.4.1315-1352.1998\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/MMBR.62.4.1315-1352.1998\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FMMBR.62.4.1315-1352.1998\" aria-label=\"Article reference 76\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/MMBR.62.4.1315-1352.1998\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXhs1Ontg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9841674\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC98948\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 76\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 76\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20virulence%20plasmid%20of%20Yersinia%2C%20an%20antihost%20genome&amp;journal=Microbiol.%20Mol.%20Biol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FMMBR.62.4.1315-1352.1998&amp;volume=62&amp;pages=1315-1352&amp;publication_year=1998&amp;author=Cornelis%2CGR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR77\">Pilla, G. &amp; Tang, C. M. Going around in circles: virulence plasmids in enteric pathogens. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16, 484\u2013495 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41579-018-0031-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41579-018-0031-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41579-018-0031-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 77\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41579-018-0031-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXhtVOlsLnJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29855597\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 77\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 77\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Going%20around%20in%20circles%3A%20virulence%20plasmids%20in%20enteric%20pathogens&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41579-018-0031-2&amp;volume=16&amp;pages=484-495&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Pilla%2CG&amp;author=Tang%2CCM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR78\">Wang, H. et al. Increased plasmid copy number is essential for Yersinia T3SS function and virulence. Science 353, 492\u2013495 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.aaf7501\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.aaf7501\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.aaf7501\" aria-label=\"Article reference 78\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.aaf7501\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28Xht1ehtL7L\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 78\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=27365311\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 78\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 78\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Increased%20plasmid%20copy%20number%20is%20essential%20for%20Yersinia%20T3SS%20function%20and%20virulence&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.aaf7501&amp;volume=353&amp;pages=492-495&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=Wang%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR79\">Clewell, D. B., Yagi, Y. &amp; Bauer, B. Plasmid-determined tetracycline resistance in Streptococcus faecalis: evidence for gene amplification during growth in presence of tetracycline. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 72, 1720\u20131724 (1975).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.72.5.1720\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.72.5.1720\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.72.5.1720\" aria-label=\"Article reference 79\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.72.5.1720\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaE2MXksVSjtb4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=807914\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC432617\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 79\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 79\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Plasmid-determined%20tetracycline%20resistance%20in%20Streptococcus%20faecalis%3A%20evidence%20for%20gene%20amplification%20during%20growth%20in%20presence%20of%20tetracycline&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.72.5.1720&amp;volume=72&amp;pages=1720-1724&amp;publication_year=1975&amp;author=Clewell%2CDB&amp;author=Yagi%2CY&amp;author=Bauer%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR80\">Rownd, R. &amp; Mickel, S. Dissociation and reassociation of RTF and r-determinants of the R-factor NR1 in Proteus mirabilis. Nat. New Biol. 234, 40\u201343 (1971).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/newbio234040a0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/newbio234040a0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnewbio234040a0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 80\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/newbio234040a0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaE38Xls1Gjuw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=4942895\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 80\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 80\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Dissociation%20and%20reassociation%20of%20RTF%20and%20r-determinants%20of%20the%20R-factor%20NR1%20in%20Proteus%20mirabilis&amp;journal=Nat.%20New%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnewbio234040a0&amp;volume=234&amp;pages=40-43&amp;publication_year=1971&amp;author=Rownd%2CR&amp;author=Mickel%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR81\">Tian, R. et al. HPV integration generates a cellular super-enhancer which functions as ecDNA to regulate genome-wide transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 51, 4237\u20134251 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkad105\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkad105\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkad105\" aria-label=\"Article reference 81\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkad105\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhslKlt7jL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 81\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36864748\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 81\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10201430\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 81\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 81\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=HPV%20integration%20generates%20a%20cellular%20super-enhancer%20which%20functions%20as%20ecDNA%20to%20regulate%20genome-wide%20transcription&amp;journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkad105&amp;volume=51&amp;pages=4237-4251&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Tian%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR82\">Purshouse, K. et al. Oncogene expression from extrachromosomal DNA is driven by copy number amplification and does not require spatial clustering in glioblastoma stem cells. eLife 11, e80207 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.80207\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.80207\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.80207\" aria-label=\"Article reference 82\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.80207\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXisVKksbvL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 82\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36476408\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 82\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9728993\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 82\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 82\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Oncogene%20expression%20from%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20is%20driven%20by%20copy%20number%20amplification%20and%20does%20not%20require%20spatial%20clustering%20in%20glioblastoma%20stem%20cells&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.80207&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Purshouse%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR83\">Bryant, J. A., Sellars, L. E., Busby, S. J. W. &amp; Lee, D. J. Chromosome position effects on gene expression in Escherichia coli K-12. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, 11383\u201311392 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/nar\/gku828\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/nar\/gku828\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgku828\" aria-label=\"Article reference 83\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/nar\/gku828\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC28XhsVKmurzP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 83\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25209233\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 83\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4191405\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 83\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 83\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Chromosome%20position%20effects%20on%20gene%20expression%20in%20Escherichia%20coli%20K-12&amp;journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgku828&amp;volume=42&amp;pages=11383-11392&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Bryant%2CJA&amp;author=Sellars%2CLE&amp;author=Busby%2CSJW&amp;author=Lee%2CDJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR84\">Chong, S., Chen, C., Ge, H. &amp; Xie, X. S. Mechanism of transcriptional bursting in bacteria. Cell 158, 314\u2013326 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.038\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.038\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2014.05.038\" aria-label=\"Article reference 84\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.05.038\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtFyjtLbO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 84\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25036631\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 84\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4105854\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 84\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 84\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mechanism%20of%20transcriptional%20bursting%20in%20bacteria&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2014.05.038&amp;volume=158&amp;pages=314-326&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Chong%2CS&amp;author=Chen%2CC&amp;author=Ge%2CH&amp;author=Xie%2CXS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR85\">Dixon, J. R. et al. Topological domains in mammalian genomes identified by analysis of chromatin interactions. Nature 485, 376\u2013380 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nature11082\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nature11082\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnature11082\" aria-label=\"Article reference 85\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nature11082\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38XlslShurw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 85\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22495300\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 85\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3356448\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 85\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 85\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Topological%20domains%20in%20mammalian%20genomes%20identified%20by%20analysis%20of%20chromatin%20interactions&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnature11082&amp;volume=485&amp;pages=376-380&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Dixon%2CJR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR86\">Chen, W. et al. Sequencing of methylase-accessible regions in integral circular extrachromosomal DNA reveals differences in chromatin structure. Epigenetics Chromatin 14, 40 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s13072-021-00416-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s13072-021-00416-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s13072-021-00416-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 86\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s13072-021-00416-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitVSkt7jO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34425889\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8383416\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 86\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 86\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sequencing%20of%20methylase-accessible%20regions%20in%20integral%20circular%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20reveals%20differences%20in%20chromatin%20structure&amp;journal=Epigenetics%20Chromatin&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs13072-021-00416-5&amp;volume=14&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Chen%2CW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR87\">Partridge, S. R. Analysis of antibiotic resistance regions in Gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 35, 820\u2013855 (2011).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00277.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00277.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2011.00277.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 87\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2011.00277.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3MXhtVyjsr7J\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 87\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=21564142\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 87\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 87\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Analysis%20of%20antibiotic%20resistance%20regions%20in%20Gram-negative%20bacteria&amp;journal=FEMS%20Microbiol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2011.00277.x&amp;volume=35&amp;pages=820-855&amp;publication_year=2011&amp;author=Partridge%2CSR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR88\">Lipszyc, A., Szuplewska, M. &amp; Bartosik, D. How do transposable elements activate expression of transcriptionally silent antibiotic resistance genes? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 8063 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3390\/ijms23158063\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3390\/ijms23158063\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390%2Fijms23158063\" aria-label=\"Article reference 88\" data-doi=\"10.3390\/ijms23158063\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XitFCgsLjI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 88\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35897639\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 88\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9330008\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 88\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 88\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=How%20do%20transposable%20elements%20activate%20expression%20of%20transcriptionally%20silent%20antibiotic%20resistance%20genes%3F&amp;journal=Int.%20J.%20Mol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.3390%2Fijms23158063&amp;volume=23&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Lipszyc%2CA&amp;author=Szuplewska%2CM&amp;author=Bartosik%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR89\">Jacoby, G. A. AmpC \u03b2-lactamases. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 22, 161\u2013182, Table of Contents (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FCMR.00036-08\" aria-label=\"Article reference 89\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/CMR.00036-08\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXnslKrs7Y%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 89\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=19136439\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 89\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2620637\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 89\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 89\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=AmpC%20%CE%B2-lactamases&amp;journal=Clin.%20Microbiol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FCMR.00036-08&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=161-182%2C%20Table%20of%20Contents&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Jacoby%2CGA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR90\">Poirel, L., Decousser, J.-W. &amp; Nordmann, P. Insertion sequence ISEcp1B is involved in expression and mobilization of a bla(CTX-M) \u03b2-lactamase gene. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 47, 2938\u20132945 (2003).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2938-2945.2003\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2938-2945.2003\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.47.9.2938-2945.2003\" aria-label=\"Article reference 90\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.47.9.2938-2945.2003\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3sXntFegtrw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 90\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=12936998\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 90\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC182628\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 90\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 90\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Insertion%20sequence%20ISEcp1B%20is%20involved%20in%20expression%20and%20mobilization%20of%20a%20bla%28CTX-M%29%20%CE%B2-lactamase%20gene&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.47.9.2938-2945.2003&amp;volume=47&amp;pages=2938-2945&amp;publication_year=2003&amp;author=Poirel%2CL&amp;author=Decousser%2CJ-W&amp;author=Nordmann%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR91\">Shaw, L. P. &amp; Neher, R. A. Visualizing and quantifying structural diversity around mobile resistance genes. Microb. Genom. 9, 001168 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXnsFKnsb4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 91\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38117673\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 91\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10763510\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 91\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 91\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Visualizing%20and%20quantifying%20structural%20diversity%20around%20mobile%20resistance%20genes&amp;journal=Microb.%20Genom.&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Shaw%2CLP&amp;author=Neher%2CRA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR92\">Ogunlana, L. et al. Regulatory fine-tuning of mcr-1 increases bacterial fitness and stabilises antibiotic resistance in agricultural settings. ISME J. 17, 2058\u20132069 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41396-023-01509-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41396-023-01509-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41396-023-01509-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 92\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41396-023-01509-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhvFGru7bI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37723338\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10579358\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 92\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 92\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Regulatory%20fine-tuning%20of%20mcr-1%20increases%20bacterial%20fitness%20and%20stabilises%20antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20agricultural%20settings&amp;journal=ISME%20J.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41396-023-01509-7&amp;volume=17&amp;pages=2058-2069&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Ogunlana%2CL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR93\">Ludden, C. et al. Defining nosocomial transmission of Escherichia coli and antimicrobial resistance genes: a genomic surveillance study. Lancet Microbe 2, e472\u2013e480 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00117-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00117-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS2666-5247%2821%2900117-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 93\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00117-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXitF2ls7nM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 93\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34485958\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 93\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8410606\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 93\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 93\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Defining%20nosocomial%20transmission%20of%20Escherichia%20coli%20and%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20genes%3A%20a%20genomic%20surveillance%20study&amp;journal=Lancet%20Microbe&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS2666-5247%2821%2900117-8&amp;volume=2&amp;pages=e472-e480&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Ludden%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR94\">Yi, H. et al. ecDNA-borne PVT1 fusion stabilizes oncogenic mRNAs. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.04.01.646515\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/2025.04.01.646515\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.04.01.646515<\/a> (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR95\">Hung, K. L. et al. ecDNA hubs drive cooperative intermolecular oncogene expression. Nature 600, 731\u2013736 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-04116-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-04116-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04116-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 95\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-04116-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXisFyrsbfL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 95\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34819668\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 95\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9126690\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 95\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 95\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=ecDNA%20hubs%20drive%20cooperative%20intermolecular%20oncogene%20expression&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04116-8&amp;volume=600&amp;pages=731-736&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Hung%2CKL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR96\">Deniz, \u00d6 et al. Endogenous retroviruses are a source of enhancers with oncogenic potential in acute myeloid leukaemia. Nat. Commun. 11, 3506 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-17206-4\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-17206-4\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-17206-4\" aria-label=\"Article reference 96\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-17206-4\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsVSmtrrO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 96\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32665538\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 96\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7360734\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 96\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 96\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Endogenous%20retroviruses%20are%20a%20source%20of%20enhancers%20with%20oncogenic%20potential%20in%20acute%20myeloid%20leukaemia&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-020-17206-4&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Deniz%2C%C3%96\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR97\">Suzuki-Minakuchi, C. et al. Effects of three different nucleoid-associated proteins encoded on IncP-7 plasmid pCAR1 on host Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 81, 2869\u20132880 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AEM.00023-15\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AEM.00023-15\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAEM.00023-15\" aria-label=\"Article reference 97\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AEM.00023-15\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXls1KktLo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 97\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25681185\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 97\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4375338\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 97\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 97\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Effects%20of%20three%20different%20nucleoid-associated%20proteins%20encoded%20on%20IncP-7%20plasmid%20pCAR1%20on%20host%20Pseudomonas%20putida%20KT2440&amp;journal=Appl.%20Environ.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAEM.00023-15&amp;volume=81&amp;pages=2869-2880&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Suzuki-Minakuchi%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR98\">Shintani, M., Suzuki-Minakuchi, C. &amp; Nojiri, H. Nucleoid-associated proteins encoded on plasmids: occurrence and mode of function. Plasmid 80, 32\u201344 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2015.04.008\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2015.04.008\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2015.04.008\" aria-label=\"Article reference 98\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2015.04.008\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXnvF2rt70%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 98\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25952329\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 98\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 98\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Nucleoid-associated%20proteins%20encoded%20on%20plasmids%3A%20occurrence%20and%20mode%20of%20function&amp;journal=Plasmid&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2015.04.008&amp;volume=80&amp;pages=32-44&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Shintani%2CM&amp;author=Suzuki-Minakuchi%2CC&amp;author=Nojiri%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR99\">Billane, K., Harrison, E., Cameron, D. &amp; Brockhurst, M. A. Why do plasmids manipulate the expression of bacterial phenotypes? Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci. 377, 20200461 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0461\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0461\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frstb.2020.0461\" aria-label=\"Article reference 99\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0461\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34839708\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 99\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 99\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Why%20do%20plasmids%20manipulate%20the%20expression%20of%20bacterial%20phenotypes%3F&amp;journal=Philos.%20Trans.%20R.%20Soc.%20Lond.%20B%20Biol.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frstb.2020.0461&amp;volume=377&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Billane%2CK&amp;author=Harrison%2CE&amp;author=Cameron%2CD&amp;author=Brockhurst%2CMA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR100\">Hall, R. J., Snaith, A. E., Thomas, M. J. N., Brockhurst, M. A. &amp; McNally, A. Multidrug resistance plasmids commonly reprogram the expression of metabolic genes in Escherichia coli. mSystems 9, e0119323 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/msystems.01193-23\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/msystems.01193-23\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fmsystems.01193-23\" aria-label=\"Article reference 100\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/msystems.01193-23\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38376169\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 100\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10949484\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 100\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 100\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Multidrug%20resistance%20plasmids%20commonly%20reprogram%20the%20expression%20of%20metabolic%20genes%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=mSystems&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fmsystems.01193-23&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Hall%2CRJ&amp;author=Snaith%2CAE&amp;author=Thomas%2CMJN&amp;author=Brockhurst%2CMA&amp;author=McNally%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR101\">Zhu, Y. et al. Oncogenic extrachromosomal DNA functions as mobile enhancers to globally amplify chromosomal transcription. Cancer Cell 39, 694\u2013707.e7 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.03.006\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.03.006\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ccell.2021.03.006\" aria-label=\"Article reference 101\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ccell.2021.03.006\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXovVKrtrw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 101\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33836152\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 101\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8119378\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 101\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 101\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Oncogenic%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20functions%20as%20mobile%20enhancers%20to%20globally%20amplify%20chromosomal%20transcription&amp;journal=Cancer%20Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ccell.2021.03.006&amp;volume=39&amp;pages=694-707.e7&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Zhu%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR102\">Grafen, A. A simple completion of Fisher\u2019s fundamental theorem of natural selection. Ecol. Evol. 11, 735\u2013742 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/ece3.6918\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/ece3.6918\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fece3.6918\" aria-label=\"Article reference 102\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/ece3.6918\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33520161\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 102\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 102\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20simple%20completion%20of%20Fisher%E2%80%99s%20fundamental%20theorem%20of%20natural%20selection&amp;journal=Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fece3.6918&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=735-742&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Grafen%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR103\">Fisher, R. A. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection p. 308 (Clarendon, 1930).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR104\">Dewan, I. &amp; Uecker, H. A mathematician\u2019s guide to plasmids: an introduction to plasmid biology for modellers. Microbiology 169, 001362 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1099\/mic.0.001362\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1099\/mic.0.001362\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099%2Fmic.0.001362\" aria-label=\"Article reference 104\" data-doi=\"10.1099\/mic.0.001362\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhvVKmt7fJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 104\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37505810\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 104\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10433428\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 104\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 104\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=A%20mathematician%E2%80%99s%20guide%20to%20plasmids%3A%20an%20introduction%20to%20plasmid%20biology%20for%20modellers&amp;journal=Microbiology&amp;doi=10.1099%2Fmic.0.001362&amp;volume=169&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Dewan%2CI&amp;author=Uecker%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR105\">Levan, G., Mandahl, N., Bregula, U., Klein, G. &amp; Levan, A. Double minute chromosomes are not centromeric regions of the host chromosomes. Hereditas 83, 83\u201390 (1976).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1976.tb01573.x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1976.tb01573.x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fj.1601-5223.1976.tb01573.x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 105\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/j.1601-5223.1976.tb01573.x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaE2s%2FgsFOgsg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 105\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=965243\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 105\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 105\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Double%20minute%20chromosomes%20are%20not%20centromeric%20regions%20of%20the%20host%20chromosomes&amp;journal=Hereditas&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fj.1601-5223.1976.tb01573.x&amp;volume=83&amp;pages=83-90&amp;publication_year=1976&amp;author=Levan%2CG&amp;author=Mandahl%2CN&amp;author=Bregula%2CU&amp;author=Klein%2CG&amp;author=Levan%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR106\">Nathanson, D. A. et al. Targeted therapy resistance mediated by dynamic regulation of extrachromosomal mutant EGFR DNA. Science 343, 72\u201376 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.1241328\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.1241328\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.1241328\" aria-label=\"Article reference 106\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.1241328\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXkslOl\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 106\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24310612\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 106\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 106\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Targeted%20therapy%20resistance%20mediated%20by%20dynamic%20regulation%20of%20extrachromosomal%20mutant%20EGFR%20DNA&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1241328&amp;volume=343&amp;pages=72-76&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Nathanson%2CDA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR107\">M\u00fcnch, K., M\u00fcnch, R., Biedendieck, R., Jahn, D. &amp; M\u00fcller, J. Evolutionary model for the unequal segregation of high copy plasmids. PLoS Comput. Biol. 15, e1006724 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006724\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006724\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1006724\" aria-label=\"Article reference 107\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1006724\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30835726\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 107\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6420036\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 107\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 107\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Evolutionary%20model%20for%20the%20unequal%20segregation%20of%20high%20copy%20plasmids&amp;journal=PLoS%20Comput.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1006724&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=M%C3%BCnch%2CK&amp;author=M%C3%BCnch%2CR&amp;author=Biedendieck%2CR&amp;author=Jahn%2CD&amp;author=M%C3%BCller%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR108\">Wang, Y. Spatial distribution of high copy number plasmids in bacteria. Plasmid 91, 2\u20138 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2017.02.005\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2017.02.005\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2017.02.005\" aria-label=\"Article reference 108\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2017.02.005\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXjvFantbY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 108\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28263761\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 108\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 108\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Spatial%20distribution%20of%20high%20copy%20number%20plasmids%20in%20bacteria&amp;journal=Plasmid&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2017.02.005&amp;volume=91&amp;pages=2-8&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Wang%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR109\">Werbowy, O., Werbowy, S. &amp; Kaczorowski, T. Plasmid stability analysis based on a new theoretical model employing stochastic simulations. PLoS ONE 12, e0183512 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183512\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183512\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0183512\" aria-label=\"Article reference 109\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pone.0183512\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28846713\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 109\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5573283\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 109\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 109\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Plasmid%20stability%20analysis%20based%20on%20a%20new%20theoretical%20model%20employing%20stochastic%20simulations&amp;journal=PLoS%20ONE&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0183512&amp;volume=12&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=Werbowy%2CO&amp;author=Werbowy%2CS&amp;author=Kaczorowski%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR110\">Reyes-Lamothe, R. et al. High-copy bacterial plasmids diffuse in the nucleoid-free space, replicate stochastically and are randomly partitioned at cell division. Nucleic Acids Res. 42, 1042\u20131051 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkt918\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkt918\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt918\" aria-label=\"Article reference 110\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkt918\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhtlShsr4%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 110\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24137005\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 110\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 110\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=High-copy%20bacterial%20plasmids%20diffuse%20in%20the%20nucleoid-free%20space%2C%20replicate%20stochastically%20and%20are%20randomly%20partitioned%20at%20cell%20division&amp;journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkt918&amp;volume=42&amp;pages=1042-1051&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Reyes-Lamothe%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR111\">Pogliano, J., Ho, T. Q., Zhong, Z. &amp; Helinski, D. R. Multicopy plasmids are clustered and localized in Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4486\u20134491 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.081075798\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.081075798\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.081075798\" aria-label=\"Article reference 111\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.081075798\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXjtVagt7s%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 111\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11274369\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 111\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC31861\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 111\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 111\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Multicopy%20plasmids%20are%20clustered%20and%20localized%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.081075798&amp;volume=98&amp;pages=4486-4491&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Pogliano%2CJ&amp;author=Ho%2CTQ&amp;author=Zhong%2CZ&amp;author=Helinski%2CDR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR112\">Wein, T., H\u00fclter, N. F., Mizrahi, I. &amp; Dagan, T. Emergence of plasmid stability under non-selective conditions maintains antibiotic resistance. Nat. Commun. 10, 2595 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-10600-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-10600-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-019-10600-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 112\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-019-10600-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31197163\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 112\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6565834\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 112\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 112\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Emergence%20of%20plasmid%20stability%20under%20non-selective%20conditions%20maintains%20antibiotic%20resistance&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-019-10600-7&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Wein%2CT&amp;author=H%C3%BClter%2CNF&amp;author=Mizrahi%2CI&amp;author=Dagan%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR113\">Shimizu, N., Miura, Y., Sakamoto, Y. &amp; Tsutsui, K. Plasmids with a mammalian replication origin and a matrix attachment region initiate the event similar to gene amplification. Cancer Res. 61, 6987\u20136990 (2001).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD3MXnsVeiu7Y%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 113\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11585721\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 113\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 113\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Plasmids%20with%20a%20mammalian%20replication%20origin%20and%20a%20matrix%20attachment%20region%20initiate%20the%20event%20similar%20to%20gene%20amplification&amp;journal=Cancer%20Res.&amp;volume=61&amp;pages=6987-6990&amp;publication_year=2001&amp;author=Shimizu%2CN&amp;author=Miura%2CY&amp;author=Sakamoto%2CY&amp;author=Tsutsui%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR114\">Girard, F. et al. Parasitic plasmids are anchored to inactive regions of eukaryotic chromosomes through a nucleosome signal. EMBO J. 44, 2134\u20132156 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s44318-025-00389-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s44318-025-00389-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs44318-025-00389-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 114\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s44318-025-00389-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXnvV2iu70%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 114\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40016420\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 114\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11962162\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 114\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 114\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Parasitic%20plasmids%20are%20anchored%20to%20inactive%20regions%20of%20eukaryotic%20chromosomes%20through%20a%20nucleosome%20signal&amp;journal=EMBO%20J.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs44318-025-00389-1&amp;volume=44&amp;pages=2134-2156&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Girard%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR115\">Sherratt, D. Plasmid partition: sisters drifting apart. EMBO J. 32, 1208\u20131210 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/emboj.2013.84\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/emboj.2013.84\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Femboj.2013.84\" aria-label=\"Article reference 115\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/emboj.2013.84\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXltlOls74%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 115\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23563119\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 115\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3642688\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 115\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 115\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Plasmid%20partition%3A%20sisters%20drifting%20apart&amp;journal=EMBO%20J.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Femboj.2013.84&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=1208-1210&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Sherratt%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR116\">Gordon, G. S. et al. Chromosome and low copy plasmid segregation in E. coli: visual evidence for distinct mechanisms. Cell 90, 1113\u20131121 (1997).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80377-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80377-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980377-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 116\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80377-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK2sXmtlOlsrY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 116\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=9323139\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 116\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 116\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Chromosome%20and%20low%20copy%20plasmid%20segregation%20in%20E.%20coli%3A%20visual%20evidence%20for%20distinct%20mechanisms&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0092-8674%2800%2980377-3&amp;volume=90&amp;pages=1113-1121&amp;publication_year=1997&amp;author=Gordon%2CGS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR117\">Million-Weaver, S. &amp; Camps, M. Mechanisms of plasmid segregation: have multicopy plasmids been overlooked? Plasmid 75, 27\u201336 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2014.07.002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2014.07.002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2014.07.002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 117\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2014.07.002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXht12mtrbI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 117\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25107339\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 117\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4163524\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 117\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 117\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mechanisms%20of%20plasmid%20segregation%3A%20have%20multicopy%20plasmids%20been%20overlooked%3F&amp;journal=Plasmid&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2014.07.002&amp;volume=75&amp;pages=27-36&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Million-Weaver%2CS&amp;author=Camps%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR118\">Barker, P. E., Drwinga, H. L., Hittelman, W. N. &amp; Maddox, A. M. Double minutes replicate once during S phase of the cell cycle. Exp. Cell Res. 130, 353\u2013360 (1980).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/0014-4827(80)90012-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/0014-4827(80)90012-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2F0014-4827%2880%2990012-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 118\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/0014-4827(80)90012-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaL3MXotFOrtA%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 118\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=7449855\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 118\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 118\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Double%20minutes%20replicate%20once%20during%20S%20phase%20of%20the%20cell%20cycle&amp;journal=Exp.%20Cell%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1016%2F0014-4827%2880%2990012-9&amp;volume=130&amp;pages=353-360&amp;publication_year=1980&amp;author=Barker%2CPE&amp;author=Drwinga%2CHL&amp;author=Hittelman%2CWN&amp;author=Maddox%2CAM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR119\">Morrison, P. F. &amp; Chattoraj, D. K. Replication of a unit-copy plasmid F in the bacterial cell cycle: a replication rate function analysis. Plasmid 52, 13\u201330 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2004.04.001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2004.04.001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2004.04.001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 119\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2004.04.001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXkvFylsbk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 119\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15212889\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 119\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 119\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Replication%20of%20a%20unit-copy%20plasmid%20F%20in%20the%20bacterial%20cell%20cycle%3A%20a%20replication%20rate%20function%20analysis&amp;journal=Plasmid&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2004.04.001&amp;volume=52&amp;pages=13-30&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Morrison%2CPF&amp;author=Chattoraj%2CDK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR120\">San Millan, A., Heilbron, K. &amp; MacLean, R. C. Positive epistasis between co-infecting plasmids promotes plasmid survival in bacterial populations. ISME J. 8, 601\u2013612 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/ismej.2013.182\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/ismej.2013.182\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fismej.2013.182\" aria-label=\"Article reference 120\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/ismej.2013.182\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXivFyis78%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 120\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24152711\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 120\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 120\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Positive%20epistasis%20between%20co-infecting%20plasmids%20promotes%20plasmid%20survival%20in%20bacterial%20populations&amp;journal=ISME%20J.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fismej.2013.182&amp;volume=8&amp;pages=601-612&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=San%20Millan%2CA&amp;author=Heilbron%2CK&amp;author=MacLean%2CRC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR121\">Hung, K. L. et al. Coordinated inheritance of extrachromosomal DNAs in cancer cells. Nature 635, 201\u2013209 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07861-8\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07861-8\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07861-8\" aria-label=\"Article reference 121\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-024-07861-8\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXisVehu7nI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 121\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39506152\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 121\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11541006\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 121\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 121\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Coordinated%20inheritance%20of%20extrachromosomal%20DNAs%20in%20cancer%20cells&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07861-8&amp;volume=635&amp;pages=201-209&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Hung%2CKL\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR122\">Matlock, W. &amp; MacLean, R. C. Conjugation structures plasmid populations through host-lineage restriction. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.02.19.706745\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.64898\/2026.02.19.706745\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.02.19.706745<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR123\">Ho, T. Q., Zhong, Z., Aung, S. &amp; Pogliano, J. Compatible bacterial plasmids are targeted to independent cellular locations in Escherichia coli. EMBO J. 21, 1864\u20131872 (2002).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/emboj\/21.7.1864\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/emboj\/21.7.1864\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Femboj%2F21.7.1864\" aria-label=\"Article reference 123\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/emboj\/21.7.1864\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD38XjtVOgtb0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 123\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11927570\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 123\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC125944\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 123\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 123\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Compatible%20bacterial%20plasmids%20are%20targeted%20to%20independent%20cellular%20locations%20in%20Escherichia%20coli&amp;journal=EMBO%20J.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Femboj%2F21.7.1864&amp;volume=21&amp;pages=1864-1872&amp;publication_year=2002&amp;author=Ho%2CTQ&amp;author=Zhong%2CZ&amp;author=Aung%2CS&amp;author=Pogliano%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR124\">Pfeifer, E. &amp; Rocha, E. P. C. Phage-plasmids promote recombination and emergence of phages and plasmids. Nat. Commun. 15, 1545 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-45757-3\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-45757-3\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45757-3\" aria-label=\"Article reference 124\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-024-45757-3\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXksValtbg%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 124\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38378896\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 124\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10879196\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 124\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 124\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Phage-plasmids%20promote%20recombination%20and%20emergence%20of%20phages%20and%20plasmids&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-024-45757-3&amp;volume=15&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Pfeifer%2CE&amp;author=Rocha%2CEPC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR125\">Ilhan, J. et al. Segregational drift and the interplay between plasmid copy number and evolvability. Mol. Biol. Evol. 36, 472\u2013486 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msy225\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msy225\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsy225\" aria-label=\"Article reference 125\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msy225\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXitVShtbbK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 125\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30517696\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 125\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6389322\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 125\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 125\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Segregational%20drift%20and%20the%20interplay%20between%20plasmid%20copy%20number%20and%20evolvability&amp;journal=Mol.%20Biol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsy225&amp;volume=36&amp;pages=472-486&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Ilhan%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR126\">Ramiro-Mart\u00ednez, P. et al. Plasmid mutation rates scale with copy number. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 123, e2526088123 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2526088123\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2526088123\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2526088123\" aria-label=\"Article reference 126\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2526088123\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41570072\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 126\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12846797\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 126\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 126\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Plasmid%20mutation%20rates%20scale%20with%20copy%20number&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2526088123&amp;volume=123&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Ramiro-Mart%C3%ADnez%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR127\">San Millan, A., Escudero, J. A., Gifford, D. R., Mazel, D. &amp; MacLean, R. C. Multicopy plasmids potentiate the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 1, 10 (2016).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41559-016-0010\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41559-016-0010\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41559-016-0010\" aria-label=\"Article reference 127\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41559-016-0010\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28812563\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 127\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 127\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Multicopy%20plasmids%20potentiate%20the%20evolution%20of%20antibiotic%20resistance%20in%20bacteria&amp;journal=Nat.%20Ecol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41559-016-0010&amp;volume=1&amp;publication_year=2016&amp;author=San%20Millan%2CA&amp;author=Escudero%2CJA&amp;author=Gifford%2CDR&amp;author=Mazel%2CD&amp;author=MacLean%2CRC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR128\">Escudero, J. A., MacLean, R. C. &amp; San Millan, A. Testing the role of multicopy plasmids in the evolution of antibiotic resistance. J. Vis. Exp. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/57386\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.3791\/57386\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/57386<\/a> (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3791\/57386\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3791\/57386\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791%2F57386\" aria-label=\"Article reference 128\" data-doi=\"10.3791\/57386\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29781985\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 128\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6101099\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 128\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 128\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Testing%20the%20role%20of%20multicopy%20plasmids%20in%20the%20evolution%20of%20antibiotic%20resistance&amp;journal=J.%20Vis.%20Exp.&amp;doi=10.3791%2F57386&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Escudero%2CJA&amp;author=MacLean%2CRC&amp;author=San%20Millan%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR129\">M\u00fcller, N. F. et al. Quantifying plasmid movement in drug-resistant Shigella species using phylodynamic inference. PLoS Pathog. 21, e1013621 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013621\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013621\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1013621\" aria-label=\"Article reference 129\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1013621\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41325432\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 129\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12677775\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 129\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 129\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Quantifying%20plasmid%20movement%20in%20drug-resistant%20Shigella%20species%20using%20phylodynamic%20inference&amp;journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1013621&amp;volume=21&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=M%C3%BCller%2CNF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR130\">Dillon, M. M., Sung, W., Lynch, M. &amp; Cooper, V. S. Periodic variation of mutation rates in bacterial genomes associated with replication timing. MBio 9, e01371-18 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/mBio.01371-18\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/mBio.01371-18\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FmBio.01371-18\" aria-label=\"Article reference 130\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/mBio.01371-18\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=30131359\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 130\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6106087\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 130\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 130\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Periodic%20variation%20of%20mutation%20rates%20in%20bacterial%20genomes%20associated%20with%20replication%20timing&amp;journal=MBio&amp;doi=10.1128%2FmBio.01371-18&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Dillon%2CMM&amp;author=Sung%2CW&amp;author=Lynch%2CM&amp;author=Cooper%2CVS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR131\">Higgins, N. P. &amp; Vologodskii, A. V. Topological behavior of plasmid DNA. Microbiol. Spectr. 3, 105\u2013131 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PLAS-0036-2014\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PLAS-0036-2014\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fmicrobiolspec.PLAS-0036-2014\" aria-label=\"Article reference 131\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PLAS-0036-2014\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 131\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Topological%20behavior%20of%20plasmid%20DNA&amp;journal=Microbiol.%20Spectr.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fmicrobiolspec.PLAS-0036-2014&amp;volume=3&amp;pages=105-131&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Higgins%2CNP&amp;author=Vologodskii%2CAV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR132\">Makova, K. D. &amp; Weissensteiner, M. H. Noncanonical DNA structures are drivers of genome evolution. Trends Genet. 39, 109\u2013124 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tig.2022.11.005\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tig.2022.11.005\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tig.2022.11.005\" aria-label=\"Article reference 132\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tig.2022.11.005\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXivVyiug%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 132\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36604282\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 132\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9877202\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 132\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 132\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Noncanonical%20DNA%20structures%20are%20drivers%20of%20genome%20evolution&amp;journal=Trends%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tig.2022.11.005&amp;volume=39&amp;pages=109-124&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Makova%2CKD&amp;author=Weissensteiner%2CMH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR133\">Bergstrom, E. N. et al. Mapping clustered mutations in cancer reveals APOBEC3 mutagenesis of ecDNA. Nature 602, 510\u2013517 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-04398-6\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-04398-6\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04398-6\" aria-label=\"Article reference 133\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-022-04398-6\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XjtlSgurs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 133\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35140399\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 133\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8850194\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 133\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 133\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mapping%20clustered%20mutations%20in%20cancer%20reveals%20APOBEC3%20mutagenesis%20of%20ecDNA&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-022-04398-6&amp;volume=602&amp;pages=510-517&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Bergstrom%2CEN\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR134\">Coluzzi, C. &amp; Rocha, E. P. C. The spread of antibiotic resistance is driven by plasmids among the fastest evolving and of broadest host range. Mol. Biol. Evol. 42, msaf060 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf060\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf060\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaf060\" aria-label=\"Article reference 134\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf060\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhtVOhsb3I\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 134\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40098486\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 134\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11952959\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 134\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 134\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20spread%20of%20antibiotic%20resistance%20is%20driven%20by%20plasmids%20among%20the%20fastest%20evolving%20and%20of%20broadest%20host%20range&amp;journal=Mol.%20Biol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaf060&amp;volume=42&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Coluzzi%2CC&amp;author=Rocha%2CEPC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR135\">Yancopoulos, A., Attie, O. &amp; Friedberg, R. Efficient sorting of genomic permutations by translocation, inversion and block interchange. Bioinformatics 21, 3340\u20133346 (2005).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti535\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti535\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbti535\" aria-label=\"Article reference 135\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti535\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2MXovVKru7Y%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 135\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15951307\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 135\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 135\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Efficient%20sorting%20of%20genomic%20permutations%20by%20translocation%2C%20inversion%20and%20block%20interchange&amp;journal=Bioinformatics&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fbioinformatics%2Fbti535&amp;volume=21&amp;pages=3340-3346&amp;publication_year=2005&amp;author=Yancopoulos%2CA&amp;author=Attie%2CO&amp;author=Friedberg%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR136\">Braga, M. D. V., Willing, E. &amp; Stoye, J. Genomic distance with DCJ and indels. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science 90\u2013101 (Springer, 2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR137\">Compeau, P. E. C. A simplified view of DCJ-indel distance. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science 365\u2013377 (Springer, 2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR138\">Shao, M., Lin, Y. &amp; Moret, B. M. E. An exact algorithm to compute the double-cut-and-join distance for genomes with duplicate genes. J. Comput. Biol. 22, 425\u2013435 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1089\/cmb.2014.0096\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1089\/cmb.2014.0096\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089%2Fcmb.2014.0096\" aria-label=\"Article reference 138\" data-doi=\"10.1089\/cmb.2014.0096\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2MXnsVantbY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 138\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25517208\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 138\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 138\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=An%20exact%20algorithm%20to%20compute%20the%20double-cut-and-join%20distance%20for%20genomes%20with%20duplicate%20genes&amp;journal=J.%20Comput.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1089%2Fcmb.2014.0096&amp;volume=22&amp;pages=425-435&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Shao%2CM&amp;author=Lin%2CY&amp;author=Moret%2CBME\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR139\">Bohnenk\u00e4mper, L., Braga, M. D. V., Doerr, D. &amp; Stoye, J. Computing the rearrangement distance of natural genomes. J. Comput. Biol. 28, 410\u2013431 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1089\/cmb.2020.0434\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1089\/cmb.2020.0434\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089%2Fcmb.2020.0434\" aria-label=\"Article reference 139\" data-doi=\"10.1089\/cmb.2020.0434\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33393848\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 139\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 139\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Computing%20the%20rearrangement%20distance%20of%20natural%20genomes&amp;journal=J.%20Comput.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1089%2Fcmb.2020.0434&amp;volume=28&amp;pages=410-431&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Bohnenk%C3%A4mper%2CL&amp;author=Braga%2CMDV&amp;author=Doerr%2CD&amp;author=Stoye%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR140\">Molano, L.-A. G., Hirsch, P., Hannig, M., M\u00fcller, R. &amp; Keller, A. The PLSDB 2025 update: enhanced annotations and improved functionality for comprehensive plasmid research. Nucleic Acids Res. 53, D189\u2013D196 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1095\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1095\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkae1095\" aria-label=\"Article reference 140\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1095\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB28Xhs1eitLw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 140\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39565221\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 140\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11701622\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 140\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 140\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20PLSDB%202025%20update%3A%20enhanced%20annotations%20and%20improved%20functionality%20for%20comprehensive%20plasmid%20research&amp;journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkae1095&amp;volume=53&amp;pages=D189-D196&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Molano%2CL-AG&amp;author=Hirsch%2CP&amp;author=Hannig%2CM&amp;author=M%C3%BCller%2CR&amp;author=Keller%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR141\">Chamorro Gonz\u00e1lez, R. et al. Parallel sequencing of extrachromosomal circular DNAs and transcriptomes in single cancer cells. Nat. Genet. 55, 880\u2013890 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41588-023-01386-y\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41588-023-01386-y\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41588-023-01386-y\" aria-label=\"Article reference 141\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41588-023-01386-y\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37142849\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 141\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10181933\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 141\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 141\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Parallel%20sequencing%20of%20extrachromosomal%20circular%20DNAs%20and%20transcriptomes%20in%20single%20cancer%20cells&amp;journal=Nat.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41588-023-01386-y&amp;volume=55&amp;pages=880-890&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Chamorro%20Gonz%C3%A1lez%2CR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR142\">Luebeck, J. et al. AmpliconReconstructor integrates NGS and optical mapping to resolve the complex structures of focal amplifications. Nat. Commun. 11, 4374 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-18099-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-18099-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-020-18099-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 142\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-020-18099-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXhsl2isLjF\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 142\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32873787\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 142\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7463033\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 142\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 142\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=AmpliconReconstructor%20integrates%20NGS%20and%20optical%20mapping%20to%20resolve%20the%20complex%20structures%20of%20focal%20amplifications&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-020-18099-z&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Luebeck%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR143\">Giurgiu, M. et al. Reconstructing extrachromosomal DNA structural heterogeneity from long-read sequencing data using Decoil. Genom. Res. 34, 1355\u20131364 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/gr.279123.124\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1101\/gr.279123.124\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101%2Fgr.279123.124\" aria-label=\"Article reference 143\" data-doi=\"10.1101\/gr.279123.124\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXisFGgs7bJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 143\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 143\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Reconstructing%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20structural%20heterogeneity%20from%20long-read%20sequencing%20data%20using%20Decoil&amp;journal=Genom.%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1101%2Fgr.279123.124&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=1355-1364&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Giurgiu%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR144\">Zhu, K. et al. CoRAL accurately resolves extrachromosomal DNA genome structures with long-read sequencing. Cancer Biol. 34, 1344\u20131354 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXisFGgs7jI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 144\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 144\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=CoRAL%20accurately%20resolves%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20genome%20structures%20with%20long-read%20sequencing&amp;journal=Cancer%20Biol.&amp;volume=34&amp;pages=1344-1354&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Zhu%2CK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR145\">Zhang, J.-H. et al. eccDNABase: a comprehensive and high-quality database for extrachromosomal circular DNA. Mol. Biol. Evol. 42, msaf223 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf223\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf223\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaf223\" aria-label=\"Article reference 145\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/molbev\/msaf223\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXislaqtLzJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 145\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40971512\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 145\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12485997\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 145\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 145\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=eccDNABase%3A%20a%20comprehensive%20and%20high-quality%20database%20for%20extrachromosomal%20circular%20DNA&amp;journal=Mol.%20Biol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsaf223&amp;volume=42&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Zhang%2CJ-H\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR146\">Luebeck, J. et al. AmpliconSuite: an end-to-end workflow for analyzing focal amplifications in cancer genomes. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.06.592768\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.1101\/2024.05.06.592768\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2024.05.06.592768<\/a> (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR147\">Baharoglu, Z., Bikard, D. &amp; Mazel, D. Conjugative DNA transfer induces the bacterial SOS response and promotes antibiotic resistance development through integron activation. PLoS Genet. 6, e1001165 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001165\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001165\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1001165\" aria-label=\"Article reference 147\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001165\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20975940\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 147\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2958807\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 147\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 147\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Conjugative%20DNA%20transfer%20induces%20the%20bacterial%20SOS%20response%20and%20promotes%20antibiotic%20resistance%20development%20through%20integron%20activation&amp;journal=PLoS%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1001165&amp;volume=6&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Baharoglu%2CZ&amp;author=Bikard%2CD&amp;author=Mazel%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR148\">Sastre-Dominguez, J. et al. Plasmids promote antimicrobial resistance through insertion sequence-mediated gene inactivation. Nat. Microbiol. 11, 976\u2013992\u00a0(2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41564-026-02290-x\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41564-026-02290-x\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41564-026-02290-x\" aria-label=\"Article reference 148\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41564-026-02290-x\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB28XmvFCqsrk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 148\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41826686\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 148\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 148\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Plasmids%20promote%20antimicrobial%20resistance%20through%20insertion%20sequence-mediated%20gene%20inactivation&amp;journal=Nat.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41564-026-02290-x&amp;volume=11&amp;pages=976-992&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Sastre-Dominguez%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR149\">Heap, J. T. et al. Integration of DNA into bacterial chromosomes from plasmids without a counter-selection marker. Nucleic Acids Res. 40, e59 (2012).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1321\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1321\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkr1321\" aria-label=\"Article reference 149\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/nar\/gkr1321\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC38Xmt12jsLc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 149\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=22259038\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 149\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3333862\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 149\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 149\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Integration%20of%20DNA%20into%20bacterial%20chromosomes%20from%20plasmids%20without%20a%20counter-selection%20marker&amp;journal=Nucleic%20Acids%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fnar%2Fgkr1321&amp;volume=40&amp;publication_year=2012&amp;author=Heap%2CJT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR150\">Jones, M. G. et al. scAmp analyzes focal gene amplifications at single-cell resolution. Preprint at bioRxiv <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.02.14.705928\" data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"external reference\" data-track-value=\"external reference\" data-track-label=\"10.64898\/2026.02.14.705928\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.64898\/2026.02.14.705928<\/a> (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR151\">Koche, R. P. et al. Extrachromosomal circular DNA drives oncogenic genome remodeling in neuroblastoma. Nat. Genet. 52, 29\u201334 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41588-019-0547-z\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41588-019-0547-z\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41588-019-0547-z\" aria-label=\"Article reference 151\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41588-019-0547-z\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXisVSktb%2FK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 151\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31844324\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 151\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 151\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20circular%20DNA%20drives%20oncogenic%20genome%20remodeling%20in%20neuroblastoma&amp;journal=Nat.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41588-019-0547-z&amp;volume=52&amp;pages=29-34&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Koche%2CRP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR152\">Wentzensen, N., Vinokurova, S. &amp; von Knebel Doeberitz, M. Systematic review of genomic integration sites of human papillomavirus genomes in epithelial dysplasia and invasive cancer of the female lower genital tract. Cancer Res. 64, 3878\u20133884 (2004).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0009\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0009\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-04-0009\" aria-label=\"Article reference 152\" data-doi=\"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0009\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD2cXksVKnsr0%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 152\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=15172997\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 152\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 152\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Systematic%20review%20of%20genomic%20integration%20sites%20of%20human%20papillomavirus%20genomes%20in%20epithelial%20dysplasia%20and%20invasive%20cancer%20of%20the%20female%20lower%20genital%20tract&amp;journal=Cancer%20Res.&amp;doi=10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-04-0009&amp;volume=64&amp;pages=3878-3884&amp;publication_year=2004&amp;author=Wentzensen%2CN&amp;author=Vinokurova%2CS&amp;author=von%20Knebel%20Doeberitz%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR153\">H\u00fclter, N. F., Wein, T., Effe, J., Garo\u00f1a, A. &amp; Dagan, T. Intracellular competitions reveal determinants of plasmid evolutionary success. Front. Microbiol. 11, 2062 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02062\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02062\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2020.02062\" aria-label=\"Article reference 153\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.02062\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33013753\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 153\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7500096\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 153\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 153\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intracellular%20competitions%20reveal%20determinants%20of%20plasmid%20evolutionary%20success&amp;journal=Front.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffmicb.2020.02062&amp;volume=11&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=H%C3%BClter%2CNF&amp;author=Wein%2CT&amp;author=Effe%2CJ&amp;author=Garo%C3%B1a%2CA&amp;author=Dagan%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR154\">Rossine, F., Sanchez, C., Eaton, D., Paulsson, J. &amp; Baym, M. Intracellular competition shapes plasmid population dynamics. Science 390, eadx0665 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.adx0665\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.adx0665\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.adx0665\" aria-label=\"Article reference 154\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.adx0665\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB28Xjtlw%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 154\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41264676\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 154\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC13316098\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 154\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 154\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Intracellular%20competition%20shapes%20plasmid%20population%20dynamics&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.adx0665&amp;volume=390&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Rossine%2CF&amp;author=Sanchez%2CC&amp;author=Eaton%2CD&amp;author=Paulsson%2CJ&amp;author=Baym%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR155\">Santer, M., Kupczok, A., Dagan, T. &amp; Uecker, H. Fixation dynamics of beneficial alleles in prokaryotic polyploid chromosomes and plasmids. Genetics 222, iyac121 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/genetics\/iyac121\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/genetics\/iyac121\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2Fiyac121\" aria-label=\"Article reference 155\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/genetics\/iyac121\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=35959975\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 155\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9526072\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 155\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 155\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Fixation%20dynamics%20of%20beneficial%20alleles%20in%20prokaryotic%20polyploid%20chromosomes%20and%20plasmids&amp;journal=Genetics&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fgenetics%2Fiyac121&amp;volume=222&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Santer%2CM&amp;author=Kupczok%2CA&amp;author=Dagan%2CT&amp;author=Uecker%2CH\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR156\">Novick, R. P. Plasmid incompatibility. Microbiol. Rev. 51, 381\u2013395 (1987).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/mr.51.4.381-395.1987\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/mr.51.4.381-395.1987\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fmr.51.4.381-395.1987\" aria-label=\"Article reference 156\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/mr.51.4.381-395.1987\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaL1cXhtVOisbo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 156\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=3325793\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 156\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC373122\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 156\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 156\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Plasmid%20incompatibility&amp;journal=Microbiol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fmr.51.4.381-395.1987&amp;volume=51&amp;pages=381-395&amp;publication_year=1987&amp;author=Novick%2CRP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR157\">San Millan, A. &amp; MacLean, R. C. Fitness costs of plasmids: a limit to plasmid transmission. Microbiol. Spectr. 5, 65\u201379 (2017).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MTBP-0016-2017\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MTBP-0016-2017\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fmicrobiolspec.MTBP-0016-2017\" aria-label=\"Article reference 157\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/microbiolspec.MTBP-0016-2017\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 157\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Fitness%20costs%20of%20plasmids%3A%20a%20limit%20to%20plasmid%20transmission&amp;journal=Microbiol.%20Spectr.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fmicrobiolspec.MTBP-0016-2017&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=65-79&amp;publication_year=2017&amp;author=San%20Millan%2CA&amp;author=MacLean%2CRC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR158\">Stayton, C. T. What does convergent evolution mean? The interpretation of convergence and its implications in the search for limits to evolution. Interface Focus. 5, 20150039 (2015).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1098\/rsfs.2015.0039\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1098\/rsfs.2015.0039\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098%2Frsfs.2015.0039\" aria-label=\"Article reference 158\" data-doi=\"10.1098\/rsfs.2015.0039\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=26640646\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 158\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4633856\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 158\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 158\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=What%20does%20convergent%20evolution%20mean%3F%20The%20interpretation%20of%20convergence%20and%20its%20implications%20in%20the%20search%20for%20limits%20to%20evolution&amp;journal=Interface%20Focus.&amp;doi=10.1098%2Frsfs.2015.0039&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2015&amp;author=Stayton%2CCT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR159\">Moxon, E. R., Rainey, P. B., Nowak, M. A. &amp; Lenski, R. E. Adaptive evolution of highly mutable loci in pathogenic bacteria. Curr. Biol. 4, 24\u201333 (1994).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00005-1\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00005-1\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2800%2900005-1\" aria-label=\"Article reference 159\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/S0960-9822(00)00005-1\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK2cXktVCmtrk%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 159\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=7922307\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 159\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 159\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Adaptive%20evolution%20of%20highly%20mutable%20loci%20in%20pathogenic%20bacteria&amp;journal=Curr.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2800%2900005-1&amp;volume=4&amp;pages=24-33&amp;publication_year=1994&amp;author=Moxon%2CER&amp;author=Rainey%2CPB&amp;author=Nowak%2CMA&amp;author=Lenski%2CRE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR160\">Barnett, M., Meister, L. &amp; Rainey, P. B. Experimental evolution of evolvability. Science 387, eadr2756 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/science.adr2756\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/science.adr2756\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscience.adr2756\" aria-label=\"Article reference 160\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/science.adr2756\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXkslOqsrc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 160\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39977489\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 160\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 160\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Experimental%20evolution%20of%20evolvability&amp;journal=Science&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscience.adr2756&amp;volume=387&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Barnett%2CM&amp;author=Meister%2CL&amp;author=Rainey%2CPB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR161\">Brockhurst, M. A. &amp; Harrison, E. Ecological and evolutionary solutions to the plasmid paradox. Trends Microbiol. 30, 534\u2013543 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.11.001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.11.001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.tim.2021.11.001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 161\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.tim.2021.11.001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXisFWhurvM\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 161\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34848115\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 161\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 161\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Ecological%20and%20evolutionary%20solutions%20to%20the%20plasmid%20paradox&amp;journal=Trends%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.tim.2021.11.001&amp;volume=30&amp;pages=534-543&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Brockhurst%2CMA&amp;author=Harrison%2CE\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR162\">Rojas-Triana, M., Boomsma, J. J. &amp; Regenberg, B. DNA circles as vehicles for genes to evade chromosomal discipline. Genom. Biol. Evol. 17, evaf223 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/gbe\/evaf223\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/gbe\/evaf223\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevaf223\" aria-label=\"Article reference 162\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/gbe\/evaf223\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXjt1Sht7bK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 162\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 162\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=DNA%20circles%20as%20vehicles%20for%20genes%20to%20evade%20chromosomal%20discipline&amp;journal=Genom.%20Biol.%20Evol.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fgbe%2Fevaf223&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Rojas-Triana%2CM&amp;author=Boomsma%2CJJ&amp;author=Regenberg%2CB\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR163\">Hull, R. M. et al. Transcription-induced formation of extrachromosomal DNA during yeast ageing. PLoS Biol. 17, e3000471 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000471\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000471\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3000471\" aria-label=\"Article reference 163\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3000471\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31794573\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 163\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6890164\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 163\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 163\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Transcription-induced%20formation%20of%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20during%20yeast%20ageing&amp;journal=PLoS%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3000471&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Hull%2CRM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR164\">Benoit, M. Glyphosate resistance decoded: the reference sequence of the extrachromosomal DNA replicon in Amaranth. Plant Cell 32, 2059\u20132060 (2020).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1105\/tpc.20.00339\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1105\/tpc.20.00339\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1105%2Ftpc.20.00339\" aria-label=\"Article reference 164\" data-doi=\"10.1105\/tpc.20.00339\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXisVemsbrJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 164\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=32354789\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 164\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7346547\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 164\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 164\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Glyphosate%20resistance%20decoded%3A%20the%20reference%20sequence%20of%20the%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20replicon%20in%20Amaranth&amp;journal=Plant%20Cell&amp;doi=10.1105%2Ftpc.20.00339&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=2059-2060&amp;publication_year=2020&amp;author=Benoit%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR165\">Joubert, P. M. &amp; Krasileva, K. V. The extrachromosomal circular DNAs of the rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae contain a wide variety of LTR retrotransposons, genes, and effectors. BMC Biol. 20, 260 (2022).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1186\/s12915-022-01457-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1186\/s12915-022-01457-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1186\/s12915-022-01457-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 165\" data-doi=\"10.1186\/s12915-022-01457-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XjtValurvN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 165\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36424609\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 165\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9694575\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 165\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 165\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20extrachromosomal%20circular%20DNAs%20of%20the%20rice%20blast%20pathogen%20Magnaporthe%20oryzae%20contain%20a%20wide%20variety%20of%20LTR%20retrotransposons%2C%20genes%2C%20and%20effectors&amp;journal=BMC%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1186%2Fs12915-022-01457-2&amp;volume=20&amp;publication_year=2022&amp;author=Joubert%2CPM&amp;author=Krasileva%2CKV\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR166\">McDaniels, J. M. et al. Extrachromosomal DNA amplicons in antimalarial-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Mol. Microbiol. 115, 574\u2013590 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/mmi.14624\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/mmi.14624\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fmmi.14624\" aria-label=\"Article reference 166\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/mmi.14624\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitlKku7%2FK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 166\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33053232\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 166\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 166\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extrachromosomal%20DNA%20amplicons%20in%20antimalarial-resistant%20Plasmodium%20falciparum&amp;journal=Mol.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fmmi.14624&amp;volume=115&amp;pages=574-590&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=McDaniels%2CJM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR167\">Zhang, X., Deitsch, K. W. &amp; Kirkman, L. A. The contribution of extrachromosomal DNA to genome plasticity in malaria parasites. Mol. Microbiol. 115, 503\u2013507 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1111\/mmi.14632\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1111\/mmi.14632\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111%2Fmmi.14632\" aria-label=\"Article reference 167\" data-doi=\"10.1111\/mmi.14632\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3cXitlKku7%2FL\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 167\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33103309\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 167\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 167\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20contribution%20of%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20to%20genome%20plasticity%20in%20malaria%20parasites&amp;journal=Mol.%20Microbiol.&amp;doi=10.1111%2Fmmi.14632&amp;volume=115&amp;pages=503-507&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Zhang%2CX&amp;author=Deitsch%2CKW&amp;author=Kirkman%2CLA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR168\">Maurais, E. G. et al. Genome instability triggers intercellular DNA transfer between human cells. Cell 189, 4548\u20134561.e14 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.04.041\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.04.041\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2026.04.041\" aria-label=\"Article reference 168\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2026.04.041\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB28Xht1OntLnN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 168\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=42161273\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 168\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC13193222\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 168\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 168\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Genome%20instability%20triggers%20intercellular%20DNA%20transfer%20between%20human%20cells&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2026.04.041&amp;volume=189&amp;pages=4548-4561.e14&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Maurais%2CEG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR169\">Imamovic, L. &amp; Sommer, M. O. A. Use of collateral sensitivity networks to design drug cycling protocols that avoid resistance development. Sci. Transl. Med. 5, 204ra132 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006609\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006609\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.3006609\" aria-label=\"Article reference 169\" data-doi=\"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006609\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=24068739\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 169\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 169\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Use%20of%20collateral%20sensitivity%20networks%20to%20design%20drug%20cycling%20protocols%20that%20avoid%20resistance%20development&amp;journal=Sci.%20Transl.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.1126%2Fscitranslmed.3006609&amp;volume=5&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Imamovic%2CL&amp;author=Sommer%2CMOA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR170\">Herencias, C. et al. Collateral sensitivity associated with antibiotic resistance plasmids. eLife 10, e65130 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.7554\/eLife.65130\" data-track-item_id=\"10.7554\/eLife.65130\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7554%2FeLife.65130\" aria-label=\"Article reference 170\" data-doi=\"10.7554\/eLife.65130\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhslahsrnK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 170\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=33470194\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 170\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7837676\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 170\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 170\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Collateral%20sensitivity%20associated%20with%20antibiotic%20resistance%20plasmids&amp;journal=eLife&amp;doi=10.7554%2FeLife.65130&amp;volume=10&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Herencias%2CC\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR171\">Kuosmanen, T. et al. Drug-induced resistance evolution necessitates less aggressive treatment. PLoS Comput. Biol. 17, e1009418 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009418\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009418\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1009418\" aria-label=\"Article reference 171\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009418\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXit1Wnt7vK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 171\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34555024\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 171\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8491903\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 171\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 171\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Drug-induced%20resistance%20evolution%20necessitates%20less%20aggressive%20treatment&amp;journal=PLoS%20Comput.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pcbi.1009418&amp;volume=17&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Kuosmanen%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR172\">Rodrigues, M., McBride, S. W., Hullahalli, K., Palmer, K. L. &amp; Duerkop, B. A. Conjugative delivery of CRISPR\u2013Cas9 for the selective depletion of antibiotic-resistant enterococci. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 63, e01454-19 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/AAC.01454-19\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/AAC.01454-19\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FAAC.01454-19\" aria-label=\"Article reference 172\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/AAC.01454-19\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXitlClsbfO\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 172\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31527030\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 172\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6811441\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 172\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 172\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Conjugative%20delivery%20of%20CRISPR%E2%80%93Cas9%20for%20the%20selective%20depletion%20of%20antibiotic-resistant%20enterococci&amp;journal=Antimicrob.%20Agents%20Chemother.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FAAC.01454-19&amp;volume=63&amp;pages=e01454-19&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Rodrigues%2CM&amp;author=McBride%2CSW&amp;author=Hullahalli%2CK&amp;author=Palmer%2CKL&amp;author=Duerkop%2CBA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR173\">S\u00fcnderhauf, D. et al. Removal of AMR plasmids using a mobile, broad host-range CRISPR\u2013Cas9 delivery tool. Microbiology 169, 001334 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1099\/mic.0.001334\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1099\/mic.0.001334\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099%2Fmic.0.001334\" aria-label=\"Article reference 173\" data-doi=\"10.1099\/mic.0.001334\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37226834\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 173\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10268836\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 173\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 173\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Removal%20of%20AMR%20plasmids%20using%20a%20mobile%2C%20broad%20host-range%20CRISPR%E2%80%93Cas9%20delivery%20tool&amp;journal=Microbiology&amp;doi=10.1099%2Fmic.0.001334&amp;volume=169&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=S%C3%BCnderhauf%2CD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR174\">Zhou, Y. et al. Exploiting a conjugative endogenous CRISPR\u2013Cas3 system to tackle multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. EBioMedicine 88, 104445 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104445\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104445\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ebiom.2023.104445\" aria-label=\"Article reference 174\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104445\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXhslGmu7k%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 174\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=36696817\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 174\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC9879765\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 174\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 174\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Exploiting%20a%20conjugative%20endogenous%20CRISPR%E2%80%93Cas3%20system%20to%20tackle%20multidrug-resistant%20Klebsiella%20pneumoniae&amp;journal=EBioMedicine&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ebiom.2023.104445&amp;volume=88&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Zhou%2CY\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR175\">Kippnich, J., Benz, F., Uecker, H. &amp; Baumdicker, F. Effectiveness of CRISPR\u2013Cas in sensitizing bacterial populations with plasmid-encoded antimicrobial resistance. Genetics 231, iyaf192 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaf192\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaf192\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fgenetics%2Fiyaf192\" aria-label=\"Article reference 175\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/genetics\/iyaf192\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXjt1Gms7zJ\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 175\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40985758\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 175\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12606438\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 175\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 175\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Effectiveness%20of%20CRISPR%E2%80%93Cas%20in%20sensitizing%20bacterial%20populations%20with%20plasmid-encoded%20antimicrobial%20resistance&amp;journal=Genetics&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fgenetics%2Fiyaf192&amp;volume=231&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Kippnich%2CJ&amp;author=Benz%2CF&amp;author=Uecker%2CH&amp;author=Baumdicker%2CF\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR176\">Colom, J. et al. Sex pilus specific bacteriophage to drive bacterial population towards antibiotic sensitivity. Sci. Rep. 9, 12616 (2019).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41598-019-48483-9\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41598-019-48483-9\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-48483-9\" aria-label=\"Article reference 176\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41598-019-48483-9\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=31471549\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 176\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC6717204\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 176\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 176\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Sex%20pilus%20specific%20bacteriophage%20to%20drive%20bacterial%20population%20towards%20antibiotic%20sensitivity&amp;journal=Sci.%20Rep.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41598-019-48483-9&amp;volume=9&amp;publication_year=2019&amp;author=Colom%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR177\">Wong, I. T.-L. et al. Targeting extrachromosomal DNA in human cancers. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 25, 374\u2013389 (2026).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41573-025-01369-0\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41573-025-01369-0\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41573-025-01369-0\" aria-label=\"Article reference 177\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41573-025-01369-0\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB28XjsVyntbc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 177\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=41634401\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 177\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC13380329\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 177\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 177\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Targeting%20extrachromosomal%20DNA%20in%20human%20cancers&amp;journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Drug%20Discov.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41573-025-01369-0&amp;volume=25&amp;pages=374-389&amp;publication_year=2026&amp;author=Wong%2CIT-L\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR178\">Okasha, S. Cancer and the levels of selection. Br. J. Philos. Sci. 75, 537\u2013560 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1086\/716178\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1086\/716178\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086%2F716178\" aria-label=\"Article reference 178\" data-doi=\"10.1086\/716178\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 178\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cancer%20and%20the%20levels%20of%20selection&amp;journal=Br.%20J.%20Philos.%20Sci.&amp;doi=10.1086%2F716178&amp;volume=75&amp;pages=537-560&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Okasha%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR179\">Bussey, K. J. &amp; Davies, P. C. W. Reverting to single-cell biology: the predictions of the atavism theory of cancer. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 165, 49\u201355 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2021.08.002\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2021.08.002\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2021.08.002\" aria-label=\"Article reference 179\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.pbiomolbio.2021.08.002\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB38XlsFWitw%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 179\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34371024\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 179\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8833046\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 179\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 179\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Reverting%20to%20single-cell%20biology%3A%20the%20predictions%20of%20the%20atavism%20theory%20of%20cancer&amp;journal=Prog.%20Biophys.%20Mol.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2021.08.002&amp;volume=165&amp;pages=49-55&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Bussey%2CKJ&amp;author=Davies%2CPCW\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR180\">Daignan-Fornier, B. &amp; Pradeu, T. Critically assessing atavism, an evolution-centered and deterministic hypothesis on cancer. Bioessays 46, e2300221 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1002\/bies.202300221\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1002\/bies.202300221\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002%2Fbies.202300221\" aria-label=\"Article reference 180\" data-doi=\"10.1002\/bies.202300221\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38644621\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 180\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 180\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Critically%20assessing%20atavism%2C%20an%20evolution-centered%20and%20deterministic%20hypothesis%20on%20cancer&amp;journal=Bioessays&amp;doi=10.1002%2Fbies.202300221&amp;volume=46&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Daignan-Fornier%2CB&amp;author=Pradeu%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR181\">Ofir, G. et al. Antiviral activity of bacterial TIR domains via immune signalling molecules. Nature 600, 116\u2013120 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-04098-7\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-04098-7\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04098-7\" aria-label=\"Article reference 181\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41586-021-04098-7\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXis1eqsbbI\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 181\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34853457\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 181\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 181\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Antiviral%20activity%20of%20bacterial%20TIR%20domains%20via%20immune%20signalling%20molecules&amp;journal=Nature&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04098-7&amp;volume=600&amp;pages=116-120&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Ofir%2CG\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR182\">Bernheim, A., Cury, J. &amp; Poirier, E. Z. The immune modules conserved across the tree of life: towards a definition of ancestral immunity. PLoS Biol. 22, e3002717 (2024).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002717\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002717\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3002717\" aria-label=\"Article reference 182\" data-doi=\"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3002717\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXitVagtLrP\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 182\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=39008452\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 182\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC11249213\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 182\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 182\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20immune%20modules%20conserved%20across%20the%20tree%20of%20life%3A%20towards%20a%20definition%20of%20ancestral%20immunity&amp;journal=PLoS%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.3002717&amp;volume=22&amp;publication_year=2024&amp;author=Bernheim%2CA&amp;author=Cury%2CJ&amp;author=Poirier%2CEZ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR183\">Lederberg, J. Cell genetics and hereditary symbiosis. Physiol. Rev. 32, 403\u2013430 (1952).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1152\/physrev.1952.32.4.403\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1152\/physrev.1952.32.4.403\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152%2Fphysrev.1952.32.4.403\" aria-label=\"Article reference 183\" data-doi=\"10.1152\/physrev.1952.32.4.403\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:STN:280:DyaG3s%2Fisl2lug%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 183\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=13003535\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 183\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 183\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Cell%20genetics%20and%20hereditary%20symbiosis&amp;journal=Physiol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1152%2Fphysrev.1952.32.4.403&amp;volume=32&amp;pages=403-430&amp;publication_year=1952&amp;author=Lederberg%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR184\">Sakamoto, W. &amp; Takami, T. Chloroplast DNA dynamics: copy number, quality control and degradation. Plant Cell Physiol. 59, 1120\u20131127 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/pcp\/pcy084\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/pcp\/pcy084\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fpcp%2Fpcy084\" aria-label=\"Article reference 184\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/pcp\/pcy084\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1MXlvFKksrs%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 184\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29860378\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 184\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 184\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Chloroplast%20DNA%20dynamics%3A%20copy%20number%2C%20quality%20control%20and%20degradation&amp;journal=Plant%20Cell%20Physiol.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fpcp%2Fpcy084&amp;volume=59&amp;pages=1120-1127&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Sakamoto%2CW&amp;author=Takami%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR185\">Wai, T. et al. The role of mitochondrial DNA copy number in mammalian fertility. Biol. Reprod. 83, 52\u201362 (2010).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.080887\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.080887\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095%2Fbiolreprod.109.080887\" aria-label=\"Article reference 185\" data-doi=\"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.080887\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3cXotlWqtLo%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 185\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=20130269\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 185\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2888963\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 185\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 185\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20role%20of%20mitochondrial%20DNA%20copy%20number%20in%20mammalian%20fertility&amp;journal=Biol.%20Reprod.&amp;doi=10.1095%2Fbiolreprod.109.080887&amp;volume=83&amp;pages=52-62&amp;publication_year=2010&amp;author=Wai%2CT\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR186\">Prescott, D. M. The DNA of ciliated protozoa. Microbiol. Rev. 58, 233\u2013267 (1994).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/mr.58.2.233-267.1994\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/mr.58.2.233-267.1994\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2Fmr.58.2.233-267.1994\" aria-label=\"Article reference 186\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/mr.58.2.233-267.1994\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK2MXitVyqsg%3D%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 186\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=8078435\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 186\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC372963\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 186\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 186\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20DNA%20of%20ciliated%20protozoa&amp;journal=Microbiol.%20Rev.&amp;doi=10.1128%2Fmr.58.2.233-267.1994&amp;volume=58&amp;pages=233-267&amp;publication_year=1994&amp;author=Prescott%2CDM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR187\">Stefanov, B.-A. &amp; Nowacki, M. Functions and mechanisms of eukaryotic RNA-guided programmed DNA elimination. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 53, 473\u2013485 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1042\/BST20253006\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1042\/BST20253006\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042%2FBST20253006\" aria-label=\"Article reference 187\" data-doi=\"10.1042\/BST20253006\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2MXhsVCgtrnK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 187\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40305257\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 187\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12203969\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 187\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 187\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Functions%20and%20mechanisms%20of%20eukaryotic%20RNA-guided%20programmed%20DNA%20elimination&amp;journal=Biochem.%20Soc.%20Trans.&amp;doi=10.1042%2FBST20253006&amp;volume=53&amp;pages=473-485&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Stefanov%2CB-A&amp;author=Nowacki%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR188\">Cohen, S., Menut, S. &amp; M\u00e9chali, M. Regulated formation of extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules during development in Xenopus laevis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19, 6682\u20136689 (1999).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1128\/MCB.19.10.6682\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1128\/MCB.19.10.6682\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128%2FMCB.19.10.6682\" aria-label=\"Article reference 188\" data-doi=\"10.1128\/MCB.19.10.6682\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DyaK1MXmtlamurc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 188\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=10490607\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 188\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC84653\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 188\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 188\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Regulated%20formation%20of%20extrachromosomal%20circular%20DNA%20molecules%20during%20development%20in%20Xenopus%20laevis&amp;journal=Mol.%20Cell.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1128%2FMCB.19.10.6682&amp;volume=19&amp;pages=6682-6689&amp;publication_year=1999&amp;author=Cohen%2CS&amp;author=Menut%2CS&amp;author=M%C3%A9chali%2CM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR189\">Chan, K.-M., Liu, Y.-T., Ma, C.-H., Jayaram, M. &amp; Sau, S. The 2\u2009micron plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a miniaturized selfish genome with optimized functional competence. Plasmid 70, 2\u201317 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2013.03.001\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2013.03.001\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2013.03.001\" aria-label=\"Article reference 189\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.plasmid.2013.03.001\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXmvVSqtLY%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 189\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23541845\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 189\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 189\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%202%E2%80%89micron%20plasmid%20of%20Saccharomyces%20cerevisiae%3A%20a%20miniaturized%20selfish%20genome%20with%20optimized%20functional%20competence&amp;journal=Plasmid&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.plasmid.2013.03.001&amp;volume=70&amp;pages=2-17&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Chan%2CK-M&amp;author=Liu%2CY-T&amp;author=Ma%2CC-H&amp;author=Jayaram%2CM&amp;author=Sau%2CS\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR190\">Rizvi, S. M. A., Prajapati, H. K. &amp; Ghosh, S. K. The 2\u2009micron plasmid: a selfish genetic element with an optimized survival strategy within Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Curr. Genet. 64, 25\u201342 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"noopener nofollow\" data-track-label=\"10.1007\/s00294-017-0719-2\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1007\/s00294-017-0719-2\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s00294-017-0719-2\" aria-label=\"Article reference 190\" data-doi=\"10.1007\/s00294-017-0719-2\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2sXps1emtbc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 190\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=28597305\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 190\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 190\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%202%E2%80%89micron%20plasmid%3A%20a%20selfish%20genetic%20element%20with%20an%20optimized%20survival%20strategy%20within%20Saccharomyces%20cerevisiae&amp;journal=Curr.%20Genet.&amp;doi=10.1007%2Fs00294-017-0719-2&amp;volume=64&amp;pages=25-42&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Rizvi%2CSMA&amp;author=Prajapati%2CHK&amp;author=Ghosh%2CSK\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR191\">Lee, W.-I. et al. Applying T-cell receptor excision circles and immunoglobulin \u03ba-deleting recombination excision circles to patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases. Ann. Med. 46, 555\u2013565 (2014).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3109\/07853890.2014.941920\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3109\/07853890.2014.941920\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109%2F07853890.2014.941920\" aria-label=\"Article reference 191\" data-doi=\"10.3109\/07853890.2014.941920\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC2cXhvFaqur3L\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 191\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=25109505\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 191\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 191\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Applying%20T-cell%20receptor%20excision%20circles%20and%20immunoglobulin%20%CE%BA-deleting%20recombination%20excision%20circles%20to%20patients%20with%20primary%20immunodeficiency%20diseases&amp;journal=Ann.%20Med.&amp;doi=10.3109%2F07853890.2014.941920&amp;volume=46&amp;pages=555-565&amp;publication_year=2014&amp;author=Lee%2CW-I\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR192\">Tomaska, L., Nosek, J., Kramara, J. &amp; Griffith, J. D. Telomeric circles: universal players in telomere maintenance? Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 16, 1010\u20131015 (2009).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/nsmb.1660\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/nsmb.1660\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fnsmb.1660\" aria-label=\"Article reference 192\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/nsmb.1660\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BD1MXht1ant7vK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 192\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=19809492\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 192\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4041010\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 192\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 192\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Telomeric%20circles%3A%20universal%20players%20in%20telomere%20maintenance%3F&amp;journal=Nat.%20Struct.%20Mol.%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fnsmb.1660&amp;volume=16&amp;pages=1010-1015&amp;publication_year=2009&amp;author=Tomaska%2CL&amp;author=Nosek%2CJ&amp;author=Kramara%2CJ&amp;author=Griffith%2CJD\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR193\">Smalheiser, N. R. Mobile circular DNAs regulating memory and communication in CNS neurons. Front. Mol. Neurosci. 16, 1304667 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1304667\" data-track-item_id=\"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1304667\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389%2Ffnmol.2023.1304667\" aria-label=\"Article reference 193\" data-doi=\"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1304667\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB2cXpvFCjtL8%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 193\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=38125007\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 193\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10730651\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 193\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 193\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Mobile%20circular%20DNAs%20regulating%20memory%20and%20communication%20in%20CNS%20neurons&amp;journal=Front.%20Mol.%20Neurosci.&amp;doi=10.3389%2Ffnmol.2023.1304667&amp;volume=16&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Smalheiser%2CNR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR194\">Dimitriu, T., Matthews, A. C. &amp; Buckling, A. Increased copy number couples the evolution of plasmid horizontal transmission and plasmid-encoded antibiotic resistance. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 118, e2107818118 (2021).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1073\/pnas.2107818118\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1073\/pnas.2107818118\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073%2Fpnas.2107818118\" aria-label=\"Article reference 194\" data-doi=\"10.1073\/pnas.2107818118\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3MXhslOgtbvN\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 194\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=34326267\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 194\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8346908\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 194\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 194\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Increased%20copy%20number%20couples%20the%20evolution%20of%20plasmid%20horizontal%20transmission%20and%20plasmid-encoded%20antibiotic%20resistance&amp;journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&amp;doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.2107818118&amp;volume=118&amp;publication_year=2021&amp;author=Dimitriu%2CT&amp;author=Matthews%2CAC&amp;author=Buckling%2CA\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR195\">Kalluri, R. &amp; McAndrews, K. M. The role of extracellular vesicles in cancer. Cell 186, 1610\u20131626 (2023).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.010\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.010\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2023.03.010\" aria-label=\"Article reference 195\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.03.010\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BB3sXnvVCnu7g%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 195\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=37059067\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 195\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC10484374\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 195\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 195\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20role%20of%20extracellular%20vesicles%20in%20cancer&amp;journal=Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2023.03.010&amp;volume=186&amp;pages=1610-1626&amp;publication_year=2023&amp;author=Kalluri%2CR&amp;author=McAndrews%2CKM\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR196\">Cai, J. et al. Extracellular vesicle-mediated transfer of donor genomic DNA to recipient cells is a novel mechanism for genetic influence between cells. J. Mol. Cell Biol. 5, 227\u2013238 (2013).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjt011\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjt011\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093%2Fjmcb%2Fmjt011\" aria-label=\"Article reference 196\" data-doi=\"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjt011\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC3sXht1yku7jK\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 196\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=23580760\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 196\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3733418\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 196\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 196\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Extracellular%20vesicle-mediated%20transfer%20of%20donor%20genomic%20DNA%20to%20recipient%20cells%20is%20a%20novel%20mechanism%20for%20genetic%20influence%20between%20cells&amp;journal=J.%20Mol.%20Cell%20Biol.&amp;doi=10.1093%2Fjmcb%2Fmjt011&amp;volume=5&amp;pages=227-238&amp;publication_year=2013&amp;author=Cai%2CJ\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR197\">Ramiro-Mart\u00ednez, P. et al. Universal rules govern plasmid copy number. Nat. Commun. 16, 6022 (2025).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-61202-5\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-61202-5\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038%2Fs41467-025-61202-5\" aria-label=\"Article reference 197\" data-doi=\"10.1038\/s41467-025-61202-5\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=40603299\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 197\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC12223202\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 197\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 197\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=Universal%20rules%20govern%20plasmid%20copy%20number&amp;journal=Nat.%20Commun.&amp;doi=10.1038%2Fs41467-025-61202-5&amp;volume=16&amp;publication_year=2025&amp;author=Ramiro-Mart%C3%ADnez%2CP\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__text\" id=\"ref-CR198\">Stammnitz, M. R. et al. The origins and vulnerabilities of two transmissible cancers in Tasmanian devils. Cancer Cell 33, 607\u2013619.e15 (2018).<\/p>\n<p class=\"c-article-references__links u-hide-print\"><a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.013\" data-track-item_id=\"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.013\" data-track-value=\"article reference\" data-track-action=\"article reference\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016%2Fj.ccell.2018.03.013\" aria-label=\"Article reference 198\" data-doi=\"10.1016\/j.ccell.2018.03.013\" target=\"_blank\">Article<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"cas reference\" data-track-action=\"cas reference\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/cas-redirect\/1:CAS:528:DC%2BC1cXntlCitLc%3D\" aria-label=\"CAS reference 198\" target=\"_blank\">CAS<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/entrez\/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=PubMed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=29634948\" aria-label=\"PubMed reference 198\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" data-track-value=\"pubmed central reference\" data-track-action=\"pubmed central reference\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5896245\" aria-label=\"PubMed Central reference 198\" target=\"_blank\">PubMed Central<\/a>\u00a0<br \/>\n    <a data-track=\"click_references\" data-track-action=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-value=\"google scholar reference\" data-track-label=\"link\" data-track-item_id=\"link\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" aria-label=\"Google Scholar reference 198\" href=\"http:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?&amp;title=The%20origins%20and%20vulnerabilities%20of%20two%20transmissible%20cancers%20in%20Tasmanian%20devils&amp;journal=Cancer%20Cell&amp;doi=10.1016%2Fj.ccell.2018.03.013&amp;volume=33&amp;pages=607-619.e15&amp;publication_year=2018&amp;author=Stammnitz%2CMR\" target=\"_blank\"><br \/>\n                    Google Scholar<\/a>\u00a0\n                <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Kuzminov, A. Bacterial nucleoid is a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma. J. Bacteriol. 206, e0021123&hellip;\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":847696,"comment_status":"","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[2342,13114,258,23090,8869,70007,13113,257,200,3870,103330,79],"class_list":["post-847695","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","category-genetics","tag-agriculture","tag-animal-genetics-and-genomics","tag-biomedicine","tag-cancer-genetics","tag-cancer-research","tag-evolutionary-genetics","tag-gene-function","tag-general","tag-genetics","tag-human-genetics","tag-microbial-genetics","tag-science"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/847695","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=847695"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/847695\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/847696"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=847695"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=847695"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.newsbeep.com\/us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=847695"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}