Bower M, Palmieri C, Stebbing J. AIDS associated malignancies. Update Cancer Ther. 2006;1(2):221–34.
Franceschi S, Lise M, Clifford GM, Rickenbach M, Levi F, Maspoli M, et al. Changing patterns of cancer incidence in the early- and late-HAART periods: the Swiss HIV cohort study. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(3):416–22.
Yuan T, Hu Y, Zhou X, Yang L, Wang H, Li L, et al. Incidence and mortality of non-AIDS-defining cancers among people living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine. 2022;52:101613.
Horner MJ, Shiels MS, Pfeiffer RM, Engels EA. Deaths attributable to cancer in the US human immunodeficiency virus population during 2001–2015. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;72(9):e224–31.
Smith CJ, Ryom L, Weber R, Morlat P, Pradier C, Reiss P, et al. Trends in underlying causes of death in people with HIV from 1999 to 2011 (D:A:D): a multicohort collaboration. Lancet. 2014;384(9939):241–8.
McGlynn KA, Petrick JL, El-Serag HB. Epidemiol Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepatol. 2021;73(Suppl 1):4–13.
Frick C, Rumgay H, Vignat J, Ginsburg O, Nolte E, Bray F, et al. Quantitative estimates of preventable and treatable deaths from 36 cancers worldwide: a population-based study. Lancet Glob Health. 2023;11(11):e1700–12.
Rumgay H, Ferlay J, de Martel C, Georges D, Ibrahim AS, Zheng R, et al. Global, regional and National burden of primary liver cancer by subtype. Eur J Cancer. 2022;161:108–18.
Liver cancer statistics | World Cancer Research Fund International. WCRF International. Cited 30 Jan 2023. Available from: https://www.wcrf.org/cancer-trends/liver-cancer-statistics/.
Sun J, Althoff KN, Jing Y, Horberg MA, Buchacz K, Gill MJ et al. Trends in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Incidence and Risk Among Persons With HIV in the US and Canada, 1996–2015. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(2). Cited 15 Dec 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7890526/.
Mehershanhi S, Haider A, Kandhi S, Sun H, Patel H. Prevalence of hepatocellular carcinoma in HIV patients Co-infected or triple infected with hepatitis B and hepatitis C in a community hospital in South Bronx. Cureus 14(6):e26089.
Otedo A, Simbiri KO, Were V, Ongati O, Estambale BA. Risk factors for liver cancer in HIV endemic areas of Western Kenya. Infect Agent Cancer. 2018;13:41.
Mak D, de Villiers CB, Chasela C, Urban MI, Kramvis A. Analysis of risk factors associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in black South Africans: 2000–2012. PLoS ONE. 2018 ;13(5). Cited 13 Oct 2023. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5931658/.
Nsibirwa SK, Aizire J, Thomas DL, Ocama P, Kirk GD. Rapid progression to death after hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis particularly among persons with advanced HIV disease in Kampala, Uganda. medRxiv; 2022: 2022.06.24.22276850. Cited 8 Nov 2022. Available from: https://www.medrxiv.org/content/https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.06.24.22276850v2.
El-Shenawy R, Farouk S, Helmy N, Din NBE, El-Shenawy R, Farouk S et al. Risk Factors Associated with Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Hepatitis C Virus Patients. In: Hepatitis C – Recent Advances. IntechOpen; 2023. Cited 19 Aug 2023. Available from: https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/1131136.
Global progress report on HIV. viral hepatitis and sexually transmitted infections, 2021. Cited 1 Apr 2023. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240027077.
Cheng Z, Lin P, Cheng N. HBV/HIV coinfection: impact on the development and clinical treatment of liver diseases. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:713981.
Ngcobo S, Molatlhegi RP, Osman F, Ngcapu S, Samsunder N, Garrett NJ, et al. Pre-infection plasma cytokines and chemokines as predictors of HIV disease progression. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2437.
Montanari NR, Anugwom CM, Boonstra A, Debes JD. The Role of Cytokines in the Different Stages of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers. 2021 ;13(19). Cited 16 Sep 2022. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8508513/.
Kany S, Vollrath JT, Relja B. Cytokines in inflammatory disease. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(23):6008.
Zamarron BF, Chen W. Dual roles of immune cells and their factors in cancer development and progression. Int J Biol Sci. 2011;7(5):651.
Budhu A, Wang XW. The role of cytokines in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Leukoc Biol. 2006;80(6):1197–213.
Lan T, Chen L, Wei X. Inflammatory cytokines in cancer: comprehensive Understanding and clinical progress in gene therapy. Cells. 2021;10(1):100.
Yan B, Wang H, Rabbani ZN, Zhao Y, Li W, Yuan Y, et al. Tumor necrosis Factor-α is a potent endogenous mutagen that promotes cellular transformation. Cancer Res. 2006;66(24):11565–70.
WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults, adolescents and children. In: Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach 2nd edition. World Health Organization. 2016 Cited 7 Jun 2025. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK374293/.
Tachi K, Agyei-Nkansah A, Archampong T. Hepatocellular carcinoma in ghana: a retrospective analysis of a tertiary hospital data. Pan Afr Med J. 2020;36:43.
Patridge EF, Bardyn TP. Research electronic data capture (REDCap). J Med Libr Assoc. 2018;106(1):142–4.
Lu Y, Ahmed S, Harari F, Vahter M. Impact of Ficoll density gradient centrifugation on major and trace element concentrations in erythrocytes and blood plasma. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2015;29:249–54.
Skrzypkowska M, Stasiak M, Sakowska J, Chmiel J, Maciejewska A, Buciński A, et al. Cytokines and chemokines multiplex analysis in patients with low disease activity rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatol Int. 2022;42(4):609–19.
Aztatzi-Aguilar OG, Sierra-Vargas MP, Ortega-Romero M, Jiménez-Corona AE. Osteopontin’s relationship with malnutrition and oxidative stress in adolescents. A pilot study. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(3):e0249057.
Chen T, He J, Shen L, Fang H, Nie H, Jin T, et al. The mitochondrial DNA 4,977-bp deletion and its implication in copy number alteration in colorectal cancer. BMC Med Genet. 2011;12:8.
Srinivasan S, Guha M, Kashina A, Avadhani NG. Mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial Dynamics-The cancer connection. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2017;1858(8):602–14.
Kowald A, Kirkwood TBL. Transcription could be the key to the selection advantage of mitochondrial deletion mutants in aging. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2014;111(8):2972–7.
Borges ÁH, Silverberg MJ, Wentworth D, Grulich AE, Fätkenheuer G, Mitsuyasu R, et al. Predicting risk of cancer during HIV infection: the role of inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. AIDS. 2013;27(9):1433–41.
Chen X, Liu X, Duan S, Tang R, Zhou S, Ye R, et al. Plasma inflammatory biomarkers associated with advanced liver fibrosis in HIV–HCV-Coinfected individuals. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(24):9474.
Hu S, Ghabril M, Amet T, Hu N, Byrd D, Yang K, et al. HIV-1 coinfection profoundly alters intrahepatic chemokine but not inflammatory cytokine profiles in HCV-Infected subjects. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(2):e86964.
Shata MTM, Abdel-hameed EA, Rouster SD, Yu L, Liang M, Song E, et al. HBV and HIV/HBV infected patients have distinct immune exhaustion and apoptotic serum biomarker profiles. Pathogens Immun. 2019;4(1):39–65.
Falasca K, Ucciferri C, Dalessandro M, Zingariello P, Mancino P, Petrarca C, et al. Cytokine patterns correlate with liver damage in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2006;36(2):144–50.
Gupta D, Rani M, Khan N, Jameel S. HIV-1 infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells modulate the fibrogenic activity of hepatic stellate cells through secreted TGF-β and JNK signaling. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(3):e91569.
Ribeiro CR, de Beghini A, Lemos DG, Martinelli AS, de Mello KG, da Almeida V. Cytokines profile in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B infection. Microbiol Immunol. 2022;66(1):31–9.
Zajkowska M, Mroczko B. Chemokines in primary liver cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(16):8846.
da Cruz NS, Pasquarelli-do-Nascimento G, e Oliveira ACP, Magalhães KG. Inflammasome-Mediated cytokines: A key connection between Obesity-Associated NASH and liver cancer progression. Biomedicines. 2022;10(10):2344.
Naseem S, Hussain T, Manzoor S. Interleukin-6: A promising cytokine to support liver regeneration and adaptive immunity in liver pathologies. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 2018;39:36–45.
You R, Jiang H, Xu Q, Yin G. Preintervention MCP-1 serum levels as an early predictive marker of tumor response in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial chemoembolization. Transl Cancer Res. 2021;10(2):966–76.
He Y, Ye M, Xia Y, Zhong Z, Wang W, Li Q. The role of cytokines as predictors for NAFLD-related diseases: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2025;49(3):102545.
Park EJ, Lee JH, Yu GY, He G, Ali SR, Holzer RG, et al. Dietary and genetic obesity promote liver inflammation and tumorigenesis by enhancing IL-6 and TNF expression. Cell. 2010;140(2):197–208.
El-Mikkawy DME, EL-Sadek MA, EL-Badawy MA, Samaha D. Circulating level of interleukin-6 in relation to body mass indices and lipid profile in Egyptian adults with overweight and obesity. Egypt Rheumatol Rehabilitation. 2020;47(1):7.
Matsui D, Nagai H, Mukozu T, Ogino Y, Sumino Y. VEGF in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma receiving Intra-arterial chemotherapy. Anticancer Res. 2015;35(4):2205–10.
Sadeghi M, Lahdou I, Oweira H, Daniel V, Terness P, Schmidt J, et al. Serum levels of chemokines CCL4 and CCL5 in cirrhotic patients indicate the presence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer. 2015;113(5):756–62.
Choi SB, Han HJ, Kim WB, Song TJ, Choi SY. VEGF overexpression predicts poor survival in hepatocellular carcinoma. Open Med. 2017;12(1):430–9.
Dong G, Fan F, He Y, Luo Y, Yu J, Liang P. T-Lymphocyte Gene-Regulated CCL5 and its association with extrahepatic metastasis in hepatocellular carcinoma. JHC. 2023;10:1267–79.
Soliman HH, Nagy H, Kotb N, El-Din MAA. The role of chemokine CC ligand 20 in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Biol Markers. 2012;27(2):125–31.
Beckebaum S, Zhang X, Chen X, Yu Z, Frilling A, Dworacki G, et al. Increased levels of Interleukin-10 in serum from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma correlate with profound numerical deficiencies and immature phenotype of Circulating dendritic cell subsets. Clin Cancer Res. 2004;10(21):7260–9.
Qian Q, Wu C, Chen J, Wang W. Relationship between IL10 and PD-L1 in liver hepatocellular carcinoma tissue and cell lines. Biomed Res Int. 2020;2020:e8910183.
Rubie C, Frick VO, Wagner M, Rau B, Weber C, Kruse B, et al. Enhanced expression and clinical significance of CC-Chemokine MIP-3α in hepatocellular carcinoma. Scand J Immunol. 2006;63(6):468–77.
Zhang S, Gan X, Qiu J, Ju Z, Gao J, Zhou J, et al. IL-10 derived from hepatocarcinoma cells improves human induced regulatory T cells function via JAK1/STAT5 pathway in tumor microenvironment. Mol Immunol. 2021;133:163–72.
Ji X, Guo W, Gu X, Guo S, Zhou K, Su L et al. Mutational profiling of mtDNA control region reveals tumor-specific evolutionary selection involved in mitochondrial dysfunction. eBioMedicine. 2022 ;80. Cited 19 Aug 2023. Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(22)00239-0/fulltext.
Li M, Foli Y, Liu Z, Wang G, Hu Y, Lu Q, et al. High frequency of mitochondrial DNA mutations in HIV-infected treatment‐experienced individuals. HIV Med. 2017;18(1):45–55.
de Mendoza C, Sánchez-Conde M, Timmermans E, Buitelaar M, de Baar MP, Gonzalez-Lahoz J, et al. Mitochondrial Dna depletion in HIV-Infected patients is more pronounced with chronic hepatitis C and enhanced following treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin. Antivir Ther. 2005;10(4):557–61.
Yu C, Wang X, Huang L, Tong Y, Chen L, Wu H, et al. Deciphering the spectrum of mitochondrial DNA mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma using High-Throughput sequencing. Gene Expr. 2018;18(2):125–34.
Vadrot N, Ghanem S, Braut F, Gavrilescu L, Pilard N, Mansouri A, et al. Mitochondrial DNA maintenance is regulated in human hepatoma cells by glycogen synthase kinase 3β and p53 in response to tumor necrosis factor α. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(7):e40879.
Giampazolias E, Tait SWG. Mitochondria and the hallmarks of cancer. FEBS J. 2016;283(5):803–14.