Pei W, Xu L, Zhong H, Wang Z, Yao R, Zhang L, et al. Clinical features of inflammatory arthritis in daily practice-China’s perspective. Clin Rheumatol. 2025;44(3):969–78.


Google Scholar 

Yao Q, Wu X, Tao C, Gong W, Chen M, Qu M, et al. Osteoarthritis: pathogenic signaling pathways and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8(1):56.


Google Scholar 

Zhou Y, Luo X, Li P, Liu X, Li J, Su L, et al. The burden of rheumatoid arthritis in China from 1990 to 2019 and projections to 2030. Public Health. 2025;242:71–8.


Google Scholar 

Bournia VK, Fragoulis GE, Mitrou P, Tsolakidis A, Mathioudakis K, Vassilopoulos D, et al. Increased prevalence of inflammatory arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis, during 2020–2023 versus 2016–2019 in a nation-wide cohort study. Rheumatol Int. 2024;44(12):2837–46.


Google Scholar 

Eze B, Green JT, Asante R, Okobi OE, Mercene KGF, Ogbodo CT, et al. Trends in arthritis prevalence and associated chronic health indicators among adults: insights from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system (BRFSS) database. Cureus. 2024;16(4):e58925.


Google Scholar 

Han Z, Wang K, Ding S, Zhang M. Cross-talk of inflammation and cellular senescence: a new insight into the occurrence and progression of osteoarthritis. Bone Res. 2024;12(1):69.


Google Scholar 

Liu S, Deng Z, Chen K, Jian S, Zhou F, Yang Y, et al. Cartilage tissue engineering: from proinflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines to osteoarthritis treatments (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2022;25(3):99.


Google Scholar 

Zimba O, Gasparyan AY. Cardiovascular issues in rheumatic diseases. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(10):2535–9.


Google Scholar 

Weber B, Liao KP. Evidence for biologic drug modifying anti-rheumatoid drugs and association with cardiovascular disease risk mitigation in inflammatory arthritis. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2023;49(1):165–78.


Google Scholar 

Cornwall N, Swaithes L, Woodcock C, Healey EL, Hider SL. Implementation of physical activity interventions for people with inflammatory arthritis: an overview and future recommendations. Rheumatol Adv Pract. 2023;7(1):rkac094.


Google Scholar 

Mathieu S, Couderc M, Tournadre A, Soubrier M. Cardiovascular profile in osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis of cardiovascular events and risk factors. Joint Bone Spine. 2019;86(6):679–84.


Google Scholar 

Barkhane Z, Zaree A, Zulfiqar S, Qudoos A, Vaidhyula S, Jaiprada F, et al. Comparison of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with and without rheumatoid arthritis: A Meta-Analysis of observational studies. Cureus. 2023;15(6):e40348.


Google Scholar 

Mathieu S, Soubrier M. Cardiovascular events in ankylosing spondylitis: a 2018 meta-analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2019;78(6):e57.


Google Scholar 

Polachek A, Touma Z, Anderson M, Eder L. Risk of cardiovascular morbidity in patients with psoriatic arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2017;69(1):67–74.


Google Scholar 

Sampath SJP, Venkatesan V, Ghosh S, Kotikalapudi N. Obesity, metabolic syndrome, and osteoarthritis-an updated review. Curr Obes Rep. 2023;12(3):308–31.


Google Scholar 

Kattamuri L, Duggal S, Aparece JP, Sairam S. Cardiovascular risk factor and atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Curr Cardiol Rep. 2025;27(1):31.


Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G. Cohort profile: the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43(1):61–8.


Google Scholar 

Ni J, Huang JX, Wang P, Huang YX, Yin KJ, Tian T, et al. Arthritis and incident pulmonary diseases in middle-aged and elderly Chinese: a longitudinal population-based study. Clin Rheumatol. 2023;42(3):687–93.


Google Scholar 

Li H, Zheng D, Li Z, Wu Z, Feng W, Cao X, et al. Association of depressive symptoms with incident cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged and older Chinese adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2(12):e1916591.


Google Scholar 

Zeng M, Cicuttini F, Lim YZ, Samaras K, Brodaty H, Sachdev PS, et al. Associations of osteoarthritis with prevalence and incidence of cardiovascular disease over 10 years in community-dwelling older adults: the Sydney memory and ageing study. Gerontology. 2024;70(4):351–60.


Google Scholar 

Veronese N, Stubbs B, Solmi M, Smith TO, Reginster JY, Maggi S. Osteoarthristis increases the risk of cardiovascular disease: data from the osteoarthritis initiative. J Nutr Health Aging. 2018;22(3):371–6.


Google Scholar 

Kang S, Han K, Jung JH, Eun Y, Kim IY, Hwang J, et al. Associations between cardiovascular outcomes and rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Clin Med. 2022;11(22):6812.


Google Scholar 

Eriksson JK, Jacobsson L, Bengtsson K, Askling J. Is ankylosing spondylitis a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, and how do these risks compare with those in rheumatoid arthritis? Ann Rheum Dis. 2017;76(2):364–70.


Google Scholar 

Jialal I, Devaraj S. Anti-inflammatory strategies to prevent diabetic cardiovascular disease. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2015;98(2):121–3.


Google Scholar 

Mooradian AD, Haas MJ. Endoplasmic reticulum stress: a common pharmacologic target of cardioprotective drugs. Eur J Pharmacol. 2022;931:175221.


Google Scholar 

Fan KJ, Wu J, Wang QS, Xu BX, Zhao FT, Wang TY. Metformin inhibits inflammation and bone destruction in collagen-induced arthritis in rats. Ann Transl Med. 2020;8(23):1565.


Google Scholar 

Li J, Zhang B, Liu WX, Lu K, Pan H, Wang T, et al. Metformin limits osteoarthritis development and progression through activation of AMPK signalling. Ann Rheum Dis. 2020;79(5):635–45.


Google Scholar 

Liang J, Cai Y, Zhang J, Jing Z, Lv L, Zhang G, et al. Metformin treatment reduces the incidence of rheumatoid arthritis: a two-sample Mendelian randomized study. J Clin Med. 2023;12(7):2461.


Google Scholar 

Heidari B, Babaei M, Yosefghahri B. Prevention of osteoarthritis progression by statins, targeting metabolic and inflammatory aspects: a review. Mediterr J Rheumatol. 2021;32(3):227–36.


Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Sui L, Li J, Zhang R, Pan W, Lv T. Potential benefits of statin therapy in reducing osteoarthritis risk: a Mendelian randomization study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2024;76(9):1260–8.


Google Scholar 

Zemedikun DT, Gokhale K, Chandan JS, Cooper J, Lord JM, Filer A, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus, glycaemic control, associated therapies and risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a retrospective cohort study. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2021;60(12):5567–75.


Google Scholar 

Khalid M, Petroianu G, Adem A. Advanced glycation end products and diabetes mellitus: mechanisms and perspectives. Biomolecules. 2022;12(4):542.


Google Scholar 

Awan UN, Waraich RS, Nangrejo R, Noor SS, Siddiqui IA, Ikram K. RAGE signalling contributes to oxidative stress and inflammation in knee osteoarthritis patients with metabolic syndrome. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2024;42(11):2258–64.


Google Scholar 

Monu, Agnihotri P, Biswas S. AGE/Non-AGE glycation: an important event in rheumatoid arthritis pathophysiology. Inflammation. 2022;45(2):477–96.


Google Scholar 

Delrue C, Speeckaert R, Delanghe JR, Speeckaert MM. The potential influence of advanced glycation end products and (s)RAGE in rheumatic diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3):2894.


Google Scholar