Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ CollaborationEffects of statin therapy on diagnoses of new-onset diabetes and worsening glycaemia in large-scale randomised blinded statin trials: an individual participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 12, 306–319 (2024).
Freedman, A. A. et al. Sex differences in age of onset of premature cardiovascular disease and subtypes: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 15, e044922 (2026).
Regensteiner, J. G. & Reusch, J. E. B. Sex differences in cardiovascular consequences of hypertension, obesity, and diabetes: JACC Focus Seminar 4/7. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 79, 1492–1505 (2022).
El Khoudary, S. R. et al. Menopause transition and cardiovascular disease risk: implications for timing of early prevention: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 142, e506–e532 (2020).
Bairey Merz, C. N., Pepine, C. J., Walsh, M. N. & Fleg, J. L. Ischemia and no obstructive coronary artery disease (INOCA): developing evidence-based therapies and research agenda for the next decade. Circulation 135, 1075–1092 (2017).
Regensteiner, J. G. et al. Sex differences in the cardiovascular consequences of diabetes mellitus: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 132, 2424–2447 (2015).
Shepherd, J. et al. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 333, 1301–1307 (1995).
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial: risk factor changes and mortality results. JAMA 248, 1465–1477 (1982).
Frick, M. H. et al. Helsinki Heart Study: primary-prevention trial with gemfibrozil in middle-aged men with dyslipidemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 317, 1237–1245 (1987).
Lipid Research Clinics Program. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial results. I. Reduction in incidence of coronary heart disease. JAMA 251, 351–364 (1984).
Rubins, H. B. et al. Gemfibrozil for the secondary prevention of coronary heart disease in men with low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. N. Engl. J. Med. 341, 410–418 (1999).
Khan, S. U. et al. Participation of women and older participants in randomized clinical trials of lipid-lowering therapies: a systematic review. JAMA Netw. Open 3, e205202 (2020).
Blumenthal, R. S. et al. 2026 ACC/AHA/AACVPR/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of dyslipidemia: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 153, e1154–e1276 (2026).
Kim, H., Park, J., Ahn, S. & Lee, H. The impact of sex/gender-specific funding and editorial policies on biomedical research outcomes: a cross-national analysis (2000–2021). Sci. Rep. 14, 26599 (2024).
NIH Office of Extramural Research. Consideration of Sex as a Biological Variable in NIH-funded Research (NOT-OD-15-102). National Institutes of Health https://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not-od-15-102.html (2015).
Goodarzi, M. O., Li, X., Krauss, R. M., Rotter, J. I. & Chen, Y. D. Relationship of sex to diabetes risk in statin trials. Diabetes Care 36, e100–e101 (2013).
Engeda, J. C. et al. Projections of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and incident type 2 diabetes across evolving statin treatment guidelines and recommendations: a modelling study. PLoS Med. 17, e1003280 (2020).
Smit, R. A. J. et al. Statin-induced LDL cholesterol response and type 2 diabetes: a bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization study. Pharmacogenomics J 20, 462–470 (2020).
Barrow, B. M., Wander, P. L. & Zraika, S. From cholesterol to glucose: uncovering how statins induce β-cell dysfunction to promote type 2 diabetes. J. Endocrinol. 266, e250048 (2025).
She, J. et al. Statins aggravate insulin resistance through reduced blood glucagon-like peptide-1 levels in a microbiota-dependent manner. Cell Metab 36, 408–421.e5 (2024).
Wang, Y. et al. Development of ROBUST-RCT: Risk Of Bias instrument for Use in SysTematic reviews-for Randomised Controlled Trials. BMJ 388, e081199 (2025).
Fitch, K. V. et al. Diabetes risk factors in people with HIV receiving pitavastatin versus placebo for cardiovascular disease prevention: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 177, 1449–1461 (2024).
Trevillyan, J. M. et al. Impact of rosuvastatin on atherosclerosis in people with HIV at moderate cardiovascular risk: a randomised, controlled trial. AIDS 35, 619–624 (2021).
Peters, S. A. E. et al. Sample size considerations to assess sex-related treatment effects. Eur. Heart J. 47, 1790–1798 (2026).