Competing interests
The authors declare no conflicts of interest, except for C.L. for the patent WO 2024/223549 A1, owned by Università degli Studi di Milano, which is directly related to the content of this publication, since regards the ALVs production method. The patent WO 2024/223549 A1, “Method for the production of plant-derived nanovesicles and their applications”, owned by University of Milan and licensed to Plantech s.r.l., a company in which C.L. is a scientific director and founder. Moreover, C.L., L.d’A., and C.B for Patent IT n° 102025000007569 “VESCICOLE DA ERUCA SATIVA E LORO USI” co-owned by Università degli Studi di Milano and Plantech srl. This potential conflict of interest has been managed in accordance with the ethical guidelines of the journal.