Hector Institute for Artificial Intelligence in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Fabian Streit, Joonas Naamanka & Emanuel Schwarz
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Fabian Streit, Joonas Naamanka, Maria Gilles, Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg, Emanuel Schwarz, Tabea Sarah Send & Michael Deuschle
Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Fabian Streit, Josef Frank, Lea Zillich, Carolin M. Callies, Diana Avetyan, Eric Zillich, Helene Dukal, Mariana K. Espinola, Jerome C. Foo, Katja Simon-Keller, Maja P. Völker, Marcella Rietschel & Stephanie H. Witt
German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, Mannheim-Heidelberg-Ulm, Germany
Fabian Streit, Lea Zillich, Emanuel Schwarz, Michael Deuschle, Sabine C. Herpertz, Christian Schmahl & Stephanie H. Witt
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
Swapnil Awasthi, Alice Braun, Julia Kraft & Stephan Ripke
Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
Swapnil Awasthi, Alice Braun & Stephan Ripke
Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Alisha S. M. Hall & Christian Erikstrup
Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
Alisha S. M. Hall
Department of Medicine, Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Maria Niarchou, Annika Faucon, Peter Straub, Lea K. Davis & Sandra Sanchez-Roige
William Harvey Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University London, London, UK
Eirini Marouli & Oladapo Babajide
Hector Institute for Translational Brain Research, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Lea Zillich
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Lea Zillich
Health Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
Carolin M. Callies
SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Joonas Naamanka
Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Jean Gonzalez & Sandra Sanchez-Roige
Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
Arvid Harder & Yi Lu
Institute for Cardiogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
Zouhair Aherrahrou
DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
Zouhair Aherrahrou
University Heart Center Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
Zouhair Aherrahrou
Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
Zain-Ul-Abideen Ahmad, Christopher Hübel, Yuhao Lin, Rujia Wang & Gerome Breen
PsychGen Centre for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Helga Ask, Elizabeth C. Corfield, Alexandra Havdahl & Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
Department of Child Health and Development, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Helga Ask
PROMENTA Research Center, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Helga Ask & Alexandra Havdahl
Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Anthony Batzler, Brandon J. Coombes & Joanna M. Biernacka
Copenhagen Research Centre for Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
Michael E. Benros
Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Michael E. Benros, Henrik Hjalgrim, Anders Jorgensen, Sisse R. Ostrowski, Ole B. V. Pedersen & Thomas Werge
Netherlands Institute for Personality Disorders, Halsteren, Netherlands
Odette M. Brand-de Wilde
Department of Public Health & Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Søren Brunak
Clinical Immunology Research Unit, Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
Mie T. Bruun
Department of Clinical Immunology, Zealand University Hospital, Køge, Denmark
Lea A. N. Christoffersen, Ole B. V. Pedersen & Liam Quinn
Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Lea A. N. Christoffersen & Thomas Werge
Brain and Mental Health Research Program, QIMR Berghofer, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Lucía Colodro-Conde
School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
Lucía Colodro-Conde
Psychiatric Genetic Epidemiology Group, Research Department & Nic Waals Institute, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Elizabeth C. Corfield & Alexandra Havdahl
MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
Elizabeth C. Corfield
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
Norbert Dahmen, Arian Mobascher & Klaus Lieb
Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Maria Didriksen
Department of Clinical Immunology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Maria Didriksen, Khoa M. Dinh, Joseph Dowsett, Christina Mikkelsen, Sisse R. Ostrowski, Michael Schwinn, Erik Sørensen & Jacob Træholt
Department of Clinical Immunology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
Khoa M. Dinh, Christian Erikstrup & Susan Mikkelsen
Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Srdjan Djurovic
Centre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Srdjan Djurovic, Ole Kristian Drange & Ole A. Andreassen
Department of Psychiatry, Sørlandet Hospital, Kristiansand, Agder, Norway
Ole Kristian Drange
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Susanne Edelmann, Nora Knoblich & Vanessa Nieratschker
German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), partner site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
Susanne Edelmann & Vanessa Nieratschker
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
Eva Fassbinder
Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
Diana S. Ferreira de Sá
Institute for Psychopharmacology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Jerome C. Foo
Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Jerome C. Foo
Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Jerome C. Foo
Hospital Universitari Institut Pere Mata (HUIPM), Institute de Recerca Biomédica Catalunya Sud (IRB-CatSud) previously IISPV-CERCA, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), Reus, Spain
Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes, Gerard Muntané, Lourdes Martorell & Elisabet Vilella
Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
Alfonso Gutiérrez-Zotes, Gerard Muntané, Lourdes Martorell, Josep A. Ramos-Quiroga, Marta Ribases & Elisabet Vilella
Neurogenomic, Translational Research Centre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
Thomas F. Hansen
Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Thomas F. Hansen
Landspitali University Hospital, Reykjavik, Iceland
Magnus Haraldsson & Engilbert Sigurdsson
Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Magnus Haraldsson & Engilbert Sigurdsson
Bradford District Care NHS Foundation Trust, Bradford, UK
R. Patrick Harper
Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
Urs Heilbronner
Human Genomics Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Stefan Herms
Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn & University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Stefan Herms
Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
Henrik Hjalgrim
Department of Haematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
Henrik Hjalgrim
UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley Hospital and King’s College London, London, UK
Christopher Hübel, Yuhao Lin, Rujia Wang & Gerome Breen
National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
Christopher Hübel
Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, German Red Cross Hospitals Westend, Berlin, Germany
Christopher Hübel
Institute for Psychology, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Gitta A. Jacob
Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
Bitten Aagaard
Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
Anders Jorgensen
Institute for Medical and Data Ethics, Heidelberg University, Faculty of Medicine, Heidelberg, Germany
Martin Jungkunz
German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
Martin Jungkunz
Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Nikolaus Kleindienst, Stefanie Lis, Martin Bohus & Christian Schmahl
Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt- Universität zu Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
Stefanie Koglin, Tolou Maslahati & Stefan Roepke
Estonian Genome Centre, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
Kristi Krebs & Kelli Lehto
Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
Christopher W. Lee
Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Stefanie Lis
Molecular Brain Science, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Amanda Lisoway & James L. Kennedy
Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Amanda Lisoway & James L. Kennedy
First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
Ioannis A. Malogiannis
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Amy Martinsen, John-Anker Zwart & Bendik S. Winsvold
Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Amy Martinsen & John-Anker Zwart
HUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
Amy Martinsen, John-Anker Zwart & Bendik S. Winsvold
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
Katharina Merz, Matthias A. Reinhard, Peter Zill, Andrea Jobst, Richard Musil & Frank Padberg
Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (UPF-CSIC), Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Gerard Muntané
deCODE genetics / AMGEN, Reykjavik, Iceland
Asmundur Oddsson, Astros T. Skuladottir, Hreinn Stefansson, G. Bragi Walters, Kari Stefansson & Thorgeir E. Thorgeirsson
Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
Teemu Palviainen, Jaakko Kaprio & Aarno Palotie
Department of Research and Innovation, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Geir Pedersen & Benjamin Hummelen
Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Geir Pedersen
German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Partner Site Munich-Augsburg, Munich-Augsburg, Germany
Matthias A. Reinhard & Frank Padberg
South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
Florian A. Ruths
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
Björn H. Schott
German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Göttingen, Germany
Björn H. Schott
Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
Björn H. Schott
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
Björn H. Schott
Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Sleep Laboratory, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Michael Schredl & Claudia Schilling
Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Charlotte Fresenius University, Wiesbaden, Germany
Cornelia E. Schwarze
Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
Astros T. Skuladottir & Kari Stefansson
Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
Joaquim Soler & Juan C. Pascual
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
Joaquim Soler & Juan C. Pascual
Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine & Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
Joaquim Soler
Borderline Personality Disorder Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Anne Sonley
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Anne Sonley, James L. Kennedy & Shelley McMain
Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
Jaana Suvisaari
Mental health and suicide, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
Martin Tesli
Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Martin Tesli
Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
Henrik Ullum
Department of Anaesthesiology and Operative Intensive Care, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
Christian C. Witt
IVAH, Institut für Verhaltenstherapie-Ausbildung Hamburg, gemeinnützige GmbH, Hamburg, Germany
Gerhard Zarbock
KG Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ole A. Andreassen
Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
Arnoud Arntz
Department of Psychiatry & Psychology, Division of Computational Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
Joanna M. Biernacka
Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Alexander L. Chapman
DBT Centre of Vancouver, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
Alexander L. Chapman
Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Sven Cichon
Medical Genetics, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Sven Cichon
Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany
Sven Cichon
Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
Lea K. Davis
Department of Consultation Psychiatry and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
Sebastian Euler
Department of General Psychiatry, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
Sabine C. Herpertz
Borderline Personality Disorder Clinic, General Adult Psychiatry and Health Systems Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Shelley McMain
Oberberg Fachkliniken for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Bad Tölz, Germany
Richard Musil
Insitute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Bonn & University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
Markus M. Nöthen
Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Aarno Palotie
The Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
Aarno Palotie
Mental Health and Psychiatry Department, Vic Hospital Consortium, Vic, Spain
Juan C. Pascual
Department of Psychiatric, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Nader Perroud
Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Group of Psychiatry, Mental Health and Addiction, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Josep A. Ramos-Quiroga & Marta Ribases
Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
Josep A. Ramos-Quiroga & Marta Ribases
Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
Josep A. Ramos-Quiroga
Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
Department of Genetics, Microbiology, and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
Marta Ribases
Department of Psychiatry, Oberberg Fachkliniken for Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Wendisch Rietz, Germany
Stefan Roepke
Department of Psychiatry, University of Halle, Halle, Germany
Dan Rujescu
Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Sandra Sanchez-Roige
Douglas Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Gustavo Turecki
Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
Bendik S. Winsvold
Medical Faculty, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
Johannes Wrege
Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Stephan Ripke
F.S. and S.A. conceived of and designed the study, led the project and coordinated analyses. F.S., S.A., A.S.M.H., A. Braun, M.N., E.M., O.B., J.F., L.Z., C.M.C., D.A., E.Z., J.N., J.G., A. Harder and Y. Lu performed central analyses and contributed to data interpretation. F.S., S.A., A.S.M.H., A. Braun, M.N., E.M., L.C.-C., M.K.E., D.S.F.d.S., J.C.F., S.L., B.H.S., M. Schredl, E. Schwarz, M.P.V., C.C.W., S.S.-R., S. Ripke and S.H.W. drafted and revised the paper. The following authors contributed to the individual cohorts included in the study: Z.A., Z.-U.-A.A., H.A., A. Batzler, M.E.B., O.M.B.-d.W., S.B., M.T.B., L.A.N.C., B.J.C., E.C.C., N.D., M. Didriksen, K.M.D., S.D., J.D., O.K.D., H.D., S. Edelmann, C.E., E.F., A.F., J.C.F., M.G., A.G.-Z., T.F.H., M.H., R.P.H., A. Havdahl, U.H., S.H., H.H., C.H., G.A.J., B.A., A. Jorgensen, M.J., N. Kleindienst, N. Knoblich, S.K., J. Kraft, K.K., C.W.L., Y. Lin, S.L., A.L., I.A.M., A. Martinsen, T.M., K.M., A.M.-L., S. Mikkelsen, C.M., A. Mobascher, G.M., A.O., S.R.O., T.P., O.B.V.P., G.P., L.Q., M.A.R., F.A.R., B.H.S., M. Schredl, C.E.S., M. Schwinn, T.S.S., E. Sigurdsson, K.S.-K., A.T.S., J. Soler, A.S., E. Sørensen, H.S., P.S., J. Suvisaari, M.T., J.T., H.U., G.B.W., R.W., C.C.W., G.Z., P.Z. and J.-A.Z. performed cohort collection, genotyping, data generation and cohort-level analyses. O.A.A., A.A., J.M.B., M.B., G.B., A.L.C., S.C., L.K.D., M. Deuschle, S. Euler, S.C.H., B.H., A. Jobst, J. Kaprio, J.L.K., K. Lehto, K. Lieb, L.M., S. McMain, R.M., V.N., M.M.N., F.P., A.P., J.C.P., N.P., J.A.R.-Q., T.R.-K., M. Ribases, S. Roepke, D.R., S.S.-R., C. Schilling, C. Schmahl, K. Stefansson, T.E.T., G.T., E.V., T.W., B.S.W. and J.W. were the principal investigators responsible for individual cohorts and resources. M. Rietschel, S. Ripke and S.H.W. jointly supervised the study. All authors reviewed and approved the final paper.